Routing is the process of establishing the routes that data packets must follow to reach the destination.

In this
process, a routing table is created which contains information regarding routes that data packets follow.
Various routing algorithms are used for the purpose of deciding which route an incoming data packet needs to
be transmitted on to reach the destination efficiently.
Classification of Routing Algorithms
The routing algorithms can be classified as follows:
1. Adaptive Algorithms
2. Non-Adaptive Algorithms
3. Hybrid Algorithms

Types of Routing Algorithm

Routing algorithms can be classified into various types such as distance vector, link state, and hybrid routing
algorithms. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses depending on the network structure.
1. Adaptive Algorithms
These are the algorithms that change their routing decisions whenever network topology or traffic load
changes. The changes in routing decisions are reflected in the topology as well as the traffic of the network.
Also known as dynamic routing, these make use of dynamic information such as current topology, load,
delay, etc. to select routes. Optimization parameters are distance, number of hops, and estimated transit time.

Isolated: In this method each, node makes its routing decisions using the information it has without seeking
information from other nodes. The sending nodes don't have information about the status of a particular link.
The disadvantage is that packets may be sent through a congested network which may result in delay.
Examples: Hot potato routing, and backward learning.
Centralized: In this method, a centralized node has entire information about the network and makes all the
routing decisions. The advantage of this is only one node is required to keep the information of the entire
network and the disadvantage is that if the central node goes down the entire network is done. The link state
algorithm is referred to as a centralized algorithm since it is aware of the cost of each link in the network.
Distributed: In this method, the node receives information from its neighbors and then takes the decision
about routing the packets. A disadvantage is that the packet may be delayed if there is a change in between
intervals in which it receives information and sends packets. It is also known as a decentralized algorithm as
it computes the least-cost path between source and destination.
2. Non-Adaptive Algorithms
These are the algorithms that do not change their routing decisions once they have been selected. This is also
known as static routing as a route to be taken is computed in advance and downloaded to routers when a
router is booted.
Flooding: This adapts the technique in which every incoming packet is sent on every outgoing line except
from which it arrived. One problem with this is that packets may go in a loop and as a result of which a node
may receive duplicate packets. These problems can be overcome with the help of sequence numbers, hop
count, and spanning trees.
Random walk: In this method, packets are sent host by host or node by node to one of its neighbours
randomly. This is a highly robust method that is usually implemented by sending packets onto the link which
is least queued.
 Random Walk

3. Hybrid Algorithms

Link-state: In this method, each router creates a detailed and complete map of the network which is then
shared with all other routers. This allows for more accurate and efficient routing decisions to be made.
Distance vector: In this method, each router maintains a table that contains information about the distance and
direction to every other node in the network. This table is then shared with other routers in the network. The
disadvantage of this method is that it may lead to routing loops.
Difference between Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Routing Algorithms
The main difference between Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Algorithms is:
Adaptive Algorithms are the algorithms that change their routing decisions whenever network topology or
traffic load changes. It is called Dynamic Routing. Adaptive Algorithm is used in a large amount of data,
highly complex network, and rerouting of data.
Non-Adaptive Algorithms are algorithms that do not change their routing decisions once they have been
selected. It is also called static Routing. Non-Adaptive Algorithm is used in case of a small amount of data
and a less complex network.
Types of Routing Protocol in Computer Networks

1. Routing information protocol (RIP) : One of the earliest protocols developed is the inner gateway
protocol, or RIP. we can use it with local area networks (LANs), that are linked computers in a short range, or
wide area networks (WANs), which are telecom networks that cover a big range. Hop counts are used by the
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) to calculate the shortest path between networks.

2. Interior gateway protocol (IGRP): IGRP was developed by the multinational technology corporation
Cisco. It makes use of many of the core features of RIP but raises the maximum number of supported hops to
100. It might therefore function better on larger networks. IGRPs are elegant and distance-vector protocols.
In order to work, IGRP requires comparisons across indicators such as load, reliability, and network capacity.
Additionally, this kind updates automatically when things change, such as the route. This aids in the
prevention of routing loops, which are mistakes that result in an unending data transfer cycle.

3. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

Exterior gateway protocols, such as EGP, are helpful for transferring data or information between several
gateway hosts in autonomous systems. In particular, it aids in giving routers the room they need to exchange
data between domains, such as the internet.

4. Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP)

This kind is categorised as a classless protocol, inner gateway, and distance vector routing. In order to
maximise efficiency, it makes use of the diffusing update method and the dependable transport protocol. A
router can use the tables of other routers to obtain information and store it for later use. Every router
communicates with its neighbour when something changes so that everyone is aware of which data paths are
active. It stops routers from miscommunicating with one another. The only external gateway protocol is
called Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

5. Open shortest path first (OSPF)

OSPF is an inner gateway, link state, and classless protocol that makes use of the shortest path first (SPF)
algorithm to guarantee effective data transfer. Multiple databases containing topology tables and details about
the network as a whole are maintained by it. The ads, which resemble reports, provide thorough explanations
of the path's length and potential resource requirements. When topology changes, OSPF recalculates paths
using the Dijkstra algorithm. In order to guarantee that its data is safe from modifications or network
intrusions, it also employs authentication procedures. Using OSPF can be advantageous for both large and
small network organisations because to its scalability features.

6. Border gateway protocol (BGP)

Another kind of outer gateway protocol that was first created to take the role of EGP is called BGP. It is also
a distance vector protocol since it performs data package transfers using the best path selection technique.
BGP defines communication over the internet. The internet is a vast network of interconnected autonomous
systems. Every autonomous system has autonomous system number (ASN) that it receives by registering with
the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
Difference between Routing and Flooding
The difference between Routing and Flooding is listed below:

Routing Flooding

A routing table is required. No Routing table is required.

May give the shortest path. Always gives the shortest path.

Less Reliable. More Reliable.

Traffic is less. Traffic is high.

No duplicate packets. Duplicate packets are present.