Basic Electronics (Questions 1–15)

1. What is the primary function of a Zener diode? A)

Rectification B) Voltage regulation C) Amplification
D) Oscillation
2. In a PN junction diode under forward bias, the
depletion region: A) Widens B) Narrows C) Remains
constant D) Disappears completely
3. Which of the following is a current-controlled
device? A) MOSFET B) BJT C) JFET D) SCR (in
some contexts, but primarily BJT)
4. The unit of resistivity is: A) Ohm B) Ohm-meter C)
Siemens D) Farad
5. In a transistor, the region with highest doping is: A)
Emitter B) Base C) Collector D) All equal
6. Feedback in amplifiers is used to: A) Increase
distortion B) Stabilize gain C) Decrease bandwidth
D) Increase noise
7. A half-wave rectifier uses how many diodes? A) 1 B)
2 C) 4 D) 6
8. The input impedance of an ideal op-amp is: A) Zero
B) Infinite C) Low D) 1 kΩ
9. Which material is commonly used as a
semiconductor? A) Copper B) Silicon C) Gold D)
Aluminum
10. Thermal runaway in transistors occurs due to: A)
Increase in temperature affecting leakage current B)
 Decrease in beta C) Constant collector current D)
None of these
11. FET stands for: A) Field Effect Transistor B)
Forward Effect Transistor C) Frequency Effect
Transistor D) Fast Effect Transistor
12. In a regulated power supply, the role of the
regulator IC is to: A) Step up voltage B) Maintain
constant output voltage C) Filter AC D) Amplify
signal
13. The color code for a 1 kΩ resistor (brown-black-
red) indicates: A) 1 kΩ ±5% B) 10 kΩ C) 100 Ω D) 1
MΩ
14. Hybrid parameters (h-parameters) are used for:
A) Small-signal analysis of transistors B) Large-
signal analysis C) Power amplifiers only D) Digital
circuits
15. An oscillator converts: A) DC to AC B) AC to
DC C) High frequency to low D) Voltage to current
Section 2: Digital Electronics (Questions 16–30)
16. The universal logic gates are: A) AND & OR B)
NAND & NOR C) XOR & XNOR D) NOT only
17. In Boolean algebra, A + A' = ? A) 0 B) 1 C) A
D) A'
18. A flip-flop stores: A) 1 bit of information B) 8
bits C) Analog value D) No information
19. The number of select lines in a 16:1 MUX is: A)
2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
20. Binary equivalent of decimal 13 is: A) 1101 B)
1110 C) 1011 D) 1001
21. De Morgan's theorem states: A) (A + B)' = A' .
B' B) (A . B)' = A' + B' C) Both A and B D) None
22. A counter that counts in both directions is called:
A) Up counter B) Down counter C) Up-down counter
D) Ring counter
23. In A/D conversion, the resolution depends on: A)
Number of bits B) Sampling rate C) Reference
voltage D) All of the above
24. CMOS logic family is known for: A) High
power consumption B) Low power consumption C)
High speed only D) TTL compatibility issues
25. The output of an XOR gate is 1 when: A) Both
inputs are same B) Inputs are different C) Both are 0
D) Both are 1
26. A register is a group of: A) Flip-flops B) Gates
C) Counters D) MUXes
27. VHDL is used for: A) Programming
microcontrollers B) Describing hardware (VLSI
design) C) Analog simulation D) Network protocols
28. The full form of FPGA is: A) Field
Programmable Gate Array B) Fast Programmable
Gate Array C) Flexible Programmable Gate Array D)
None
 29. In 2's complement, the representation is used for:
A) Positive numbers only B) Signed integers
(negative too) C) Floating point D) BCD only
30. A combinational circuit has output depending
on: A) Present inputs only B) Present and past inputs
C) Clock only D) Memory elements
Section 3: Communication Engineering & Wireless
(Questions 31–50)
31. Which modulation has constant envelope? A)
AM B) FM C) DSB-SC D) SSB
32. In AM, the modulation index μ should be: A)
Less than 1 to avoid distortion B) Greater than 1 C)
Exactly 1 D) Zero
33. The frequency range of VHF is: A) 30–300 MHz
B) 300–3000 MHz C) 3–30 MHz D) Below 30 MHz
34. Antenna gain is measured in: A) dB B) Watts C)
Volts D) Amps
35. What does FDMA stand for? A) Frequency
Division Multiple Access B) Frequency Division
Modulation Access C) Fast Data Multiple Access D)
None
36. In mobile communication, handoff is: A)
Transfer of call to another cell B) Frequency change
only C) Power control D) Channel coding
37. GSM is an example of: A) 1G B) 2G C) 3G D)
4G
38. The cellular concept uses: A) Frequency reuse B)
Single high power transmitter C) No cells D) Only
analog signals
39. Rayleigh fading is a type of: A) Large-scale
fading B) Small-scale fading C) Path loss D)
Shadowing
40. Bluetooth uses which modulation? A) GFSK B)
QPSK C) 16-QAM D) BPSK
41. Wi-Fi standard is: A) IEEE 802.11 B) IEEE
802.3 C) IEEE 802.15 D) IEEE 802.16
42. In digital communication, source coding reduces:
A) Bandwidth B) Redundancy C) Noise D)
Interference
43. The OSI model has how many layers? A) 5 B) 7
C) 4 D) 9
44. TCP/IP belongs to which layer primarily? A)
Transport and Network B) Physical only C)
Application only D) Data link
45. MIMO technique is used in: A) 4G/LTE for
higher data rates B) 1G only C) Analog systems D)
None
46. A satellite communication uses: A) Uplink and
downlink frequencies B) Only one frequency C)
Wired link D) No propagation delay
47. Spread spectrum technique provides: A) Security
and anti-jamming B) Higher power C) Lower
bandwidth D) Simpler receiver
 48. The unit of channel capacity (Shannon) is: A)
Bits per second B) Hertz C) Volts D) Watts
49. In fiber optic communication, the main
advantage over wireless is: A) Low attenuation and
high bandwidth B) Easy installation C) Low cost D)
Mobility
50. Network security threat like firewall protects
against: A) Unauthorized access B) Physical damage
C) Power failure D) None
Answers & Short Explanations (for self-checking):
Section 1:
1. B (Zener operates in reverse breakdown for
regulation)
2. B (Forward bias reduces barrier)
3. B (BJT current-controlled)
4. B
5. A (Emitter heavily doped)
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. A
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. A
 15. A
Section 2: 16. B (Can implement any function) 17. B 18.
A 19. C (2^4=16) 20. A 21. C 22. C 23. D 24. B 25. B 26.
A 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. A
Section 3: 31. B (Constant amplitude in FM) 32. A 33. A
34. A 35. A 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. A 41. A 42. B 43.
B 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. A 48. A 49. A 50. A
Modulation Techniques in Wireless Communication are a
core topic for the Gujarat Police Wireless PSI / Technical
Operator exam. They appear frequently in the
Communication Engineering section of the syllabus
(alongside AM/FM/PM, digital modulation like
ASK/FSK/PSK, pulse modulation, and mobile/wireless
concepts).
Modulation is the process of varying one or more
properties (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of a high-
frequency carrier signal according to the baseband
(message) signal (voice, data, video). This enables
efficient transmission over long distances, better
utilization of the spectrum, and overcoming
noise/interference.
Why Modulation is Needed in Wireless Systems
  Baseband signals (low frequency) cannot travel far
due to high attenuation and poor antenna size
requirements.
 High-frequency carriers allow smaller antennas,
better propagation, and frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).
 Modulation improves noise immunity, security, and
bandwidth efficiency in wireless/mobile
environments.
1. Analog Modulation Techniques
These are used in traditional radio broadcasting and some
legacy wireless systems.
 Amplitude Modulation (AM): The amplitude of the
carrier varies in proportion to the message signal.
Modulation index (μ) = Vm / Vc (should be ≤ 1 to
avoid distortion). Bandwidth = 2 × fm (where fm is
max modulating frequency). Advantages: Simple
transmitter/receiver, used in AM radio.
Disadvantages: Poor noise immunity (noise affects
amplitude), low power efficiency (carrier consumes
power). Variants: DSB-SC (suppressed carrier), SSB
(single sideband) – more efficient for wireless.
 Frequency Modulation (FM): The frequency of the
carrier varies with the message signal amplitude
(constant amplitude). Advantages: Excellent noise
 immunity (noise affects amplitude, not frequency),
better sound quality. Used in FM radio, police
wireless VHF/UHF systems. Disadvantages: Requires
more bandwidth (Carson’s rule: BW ≈ 2(Δf + fm)).
Constant envelope → good for non-linear amplifiers.
 Phase Modulation (PM): The phase of the carrier
varies with the message signal. Similar to FM but
phase deviation is proportional to message
amplitude. Used in some digital systems and
combined with FM.
Key Comparison:
 AM: Varies amplitude → susceptible to noise.
 FM/PM (Angle Modulation): Constant envelope →
robust to amplitude variations (fading, non-linear
amps).
2. Digital Modulation Techniques (Most Important for
Modern Wireless)
Modern wireless systems (GSM, LTE, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
police digital radios) use digital modulation because of
higher noise immunity, security (encryption), easier
multiplexing, and integration with digital signal
processing.
Digital modulation maps binary data (0s and 1s) to
changes in carrier amplitude, frequency, or phase.
a) Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 Binary ASK (On-Off Keying – OOK): Carrier present

for ‘1’, absent for ‘0’.
 Advantages: Simple implementation, high bandwidth
efficiency.
 Disadvantages: Very poor noise immunity (amplitude
variations due to fading/noise cause errors). SNR
requirement is high.
 Used in optical fiber (simple) and some low-speed
wireless.
b) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

 Two (or more) frequencies represent ‘0’ and ‘1’

(mark/space frequencies).
 Advantages: Better noise immunity than ASK
(constant amplitude), simple non-coherent detection
possible. Used in early modems, Bluetooth (GFSK),
pager systems.
 Disadvantages: Larger bandwidth than PSK
(spectrum is wider).
 Continuous Phase FSK (CPFSK) or GFSK reduces side
lobes.
c) Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 Binary PSK (BPSK): 0° phase for ‘1’, 180° for ‘0’. Most
robust digital modulation (best BER vs SNR
performance). Bandwidth = bit rate.
 Quadrature PSK (QPSK): 4 phases (0°, 90°, 180°,
270°) → 2 bits per symbol. Doubles data rate for
same bandwidth compared to BPSK. Used in
satellite, CDMA, Wi-Fi.
 Higher-order: 8-PSK, 16-PSK (more bits/symbol but
closer constellation points → higher error
probability).
Advantages of PSK: Power efficient, good bandwidth
efficiency, constant envelope (in basic PSK).
Disadvantages: Requires coherent detection (phase
synchronization) – complex receiver. Sensitive to phase
noise.
d) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

 Combines ASK + PSK: Varies both amplitude and

phase.
 Examples: 16-QAM (4 bits/symbol), 64-QAM, 256-
QAM.
 Advantages: Very high spectral efficiency (high data
rates in limited bandwidth) – used in 4G LTE, 5G, Wi-
Fi (802.11), DVB-C.
  Disadvantages: Requires high SNR (noise-sensitive
due to multiple amplitude levels), not constant
envelope (needs linear amplifiers).
Constellation Diagrams help visualize: Points represent
possible symbols. Closer points = higher error rate in
noise.
Other Advanced Techniques

 Spread Spectrum: DSSS (Direct Sequence – used in

CDMA, Wi-Fi), FHSS (Frequency Hopping –
Bluetooth). Provides anti-jamming, security, and
multipath resistance.
 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing):
Divides wideband into many narrow orthogonal
subcarriers. Used in Wi-Fi, 4G/5G, DAB. Robust to
multipath fading.
 GMSK / GFSK: Gaussian filtered versions for
smoother phase transitions (used in GSM,
Bluetooth).
Comparison Table (Key for MCQs)
Bandwidt Noise Power Applicatio
Techniqu
Varies h Immunit Efficienc ns in
e
Efficiency y y Wireless
AM Amplitud Low Poor Poor AM Radio
 Bandwidt Noise Power Applicatio
Techniqu
Varies h Immunit Efficienc ns in
e
Efficiency y y Wireless
e
FM Radio,
Frequen
FM Medium Good Good VHF Police
cy
Wireless
Optical,
Amplitud
ASK High Poor Medium simple
e
RFID
Modems,
Frequen
FSK Medium Good Good Bluetooth
cy
(GFSK)
Satellite,
Excellen
BPSK Phase Medium Good deep-
t
space
GSM, LTE,
QPSK Phase High Good Good
Wi-Fi
QAM Amp + Very Medium Poor 4G/5G,
Phase High -Poor Cable, Wi-
Fi (high
 Bandwidt Noise Power Applicatio
Techniqu
Varies h Immunit Efficienc ns in
e
Efficiency y y Wireless
rates)

Advantages of Digital over Analog Modulation:

 Greater noise immunity & robustness.
 Easier error detection/correction.
 Better security (encryption).
 Easier multiplexing and integration with DSP.
 Higher data rates possible.
Disadvantages: More complex circuitry, requires higher
SNR for higher-order schemes.
Pulse Modulation (Often Asked)
 PAM, PWM, PPM (analog pulse).
 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation): Sampling +
Quantization + Encoding → digital. Used in
telephony.
 Delta Modulation, ADM.
MCQ Practice Set (Expanded for Wireless PSI – 25
Questions)
Focus on these for your exam (similar to previous set).
1. In which modulation is the amplitude of carrier
constant? A) AM B) FM C) ASK D) QAM Ans: B
(Constant envelope)
2. Modulation index in AM is: A) Vm/Vc B) Δf/fm C)
Phase deviation D) None Ans: A
3. Which has highest bandwidth efficiency? A) BPSK B)
QPSK C) 64-QAM D) FSK Ans: C
4. In BPSK, number of phases used: A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16
Ans: A
5. FSK is a form of: A) Amplitude modulation B)
Frequency modulation C) Phase modulation D) None
Ans: B
6. Advantage of digital modulation over analog: A) Less
noise immunity B) Greater security C) More
bandwidth required D) Complex Ans: B
7. OFDM is used in: A) 1G B) 2G C) 4G/5G and Wi-Fi D)
AM radio Ans: C
8. Constant envelope modulation is preferred in
wireless because: A) Allows non-linear power
amplifiers (efficient) B) Low data rate C) High noise
D) None Ans: A
9. In QPSK, bits per symbol: A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Ans: B
10. Which technique is most susceptible to noise?
A) BPSK B) ASK C) QPSK D) FM Ans: B
(Continue with similar pattern: 11-25 covering
modulation index, bandwidth calculation, applications in
mobile/GSM, spread spectrum, etc.)