BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:1
Characteristics of Silicon Control Rectifier (SCR) Switching Power
Device

AIM
To study and analyze the characteristics of a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) by obtaining:
(a) V–I Characteristics of SCR
(b) Effect of Gate Current on Turn-ON Characteristics

THEORY
A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is a three-terminal, four-layer (PNPN) power
semiconductor device widely used in controlled rectifiers, AC voltage regulators, DC motor drives,
inverters, and industrial power control applications. The three terminals of an SCR are Anode (A),
Cathode (K), and Gate (G). Fig. 1 shows the symbol of SCR.

Fig. 1 Symbol of SCR

The SCR behaves as a controlled unidirectional switch. Under forward bias, the SCR
remains in the OFF state until a suitable gate current is applied. Once triggered, it turns ON and
conducts heavily. The SCR remains in the ON state even after removal of the gate signal, as long
as the anode current exceeds the holding current.
1. V–I Characteristics of SCR
The V–I characteristics of an SCR consist of the following regions:
(a) Reverse Blocking Region
When the anode is negative with respect to the cathode, the SCR is reverse biased. Only a
small reverse leakage current flows until reverse breakdown occurs.
(b) Forward Blocking Region
When the anode is positive with respect to the cathode and no gate signal is applied, the
SCR remains in the forward blocking state. A small leakage current flows until the forward
break over voltage is reached.
(c) Forward Conduction Region
When a gate current is applied, the SCR turns ON at a lower anode-to-cathode voltage. After
turn-ON, a large anode current flows with a small voltage drop across the SCR.
2. Effect of Gate Current on Turn-ON
The gate current plays a crucial role in SCR operation. Increasing the gate current reduces
the forward break-over voltage of the SCR. Thus, the SCR can be turned ON at lower anode-to-
cathode voltage by applying a suitable gate pulse. The V-I characteristics of SCR is shown in Fig.
2.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Fig. 2 V-I characteristics of SCR.

PROCEDURE:
A) V–I Characteristics of SCR

Fig. 3 Experiment set-up.

1. Connect the SCR in series with a load resistor and a variable DC supply.
2. Keep the gate current initially zero.
3. Gradually increase the anode-to-cathode voltage and record the corresponding anode cur-
rent.
4. Apply a gate current and repeat the readings.
5. Plot the V–I characteristics for different gate currents.
B) Effect of Gate Current

1. Set a fixed anode-to-cathode voltage below the breakover voltage.

2. Gradually increase the gate current until the SCR turns ON.
3. Note the turn-ON voltage for each gate current.
4. Repeat for different gate current values.

Fig. 4 Effect of Gate current.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

SIMULATION
The experiment can be simulated using any open-source simulation software.
 DC sweep analysis is used to obtain V–I characteristics.
 Gate pulse is applied to study turn-ON behavior.
 Switching waveforms are observed to determine turn-ON and turn-OFF times.
Simulated Outputs:
 V–I characteristics of SCR
 Effect of gate current on turn-ON voltage

RESULT:
Table 1: V–I Characteristics of SCR
Anode Voltage Volts Anode Current Amp

*Plot: Anode Current vs Anode-to-Cathode Voltage

Table 2: Effect of Gate Current (Gate Current= ____ (mA)
Anode Voltage Anode Current Amp
Volts

*Plot: Anode Current vs Anode-to-Cathode Voltage for different gate current.

CONCLUSION
The characteristics of a Silicon Controlled Rectifier were successfully studied. The V–I
characteristics revealed the forward blocking, reverse blocking, and conduction regions of the SCR.
It was observed that increasing gate current reduces the turn-ON voltage. The switching
characteristics demonstrated the finite turn-ON and turn-OFF times of the SCR, confirming its
suitability for controlled power conversion applications.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Answer in brief:
(1) Define Holding and latching current of SCR/
(2) Why snubber circuit is used?
(3) What is reason of non-conduction of SCR in forward blocking mode?
(4) Draw SOA for an SCR.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:2
Characteristics of High Frequency MOSFET Switching Power
Device

AIM
To study and analyze the characteristics of a high frequency MOSFET switching power device by
obtaining:
(a) Output Characteristics (Drain Current vs Drain-to-Source Voltage)
(b) Transfer Characteristics (Drain Current vs Gate-to-Source Voltage)
(c) Switching Characteristics during turn-ON and turn-OFF transitions

THEORY
A high frequency MOSFET switching power device is a voltage-controlled semiconductor
device widely used in power electronic applications such as switched-mode power supplies,
inverters, and motor drives. MOSFETs are preferred in high-frequency circuits due to their high
input impedance, fast switching speed, low switching losses, and ease of gate control.
The MOSFET consists of three terminals: gate, drain, and source. The conduction of the
device is controlled by the gate-to-source voltage (VGS). Fig. 1 shows the symbol of N-Channel
MOSFET on the left and the symbol of P-Channel MOSFET on the right. When VGS is greater than
the threshold voltage (VTH), a conductive channel is formed between the drain and source, allowing
current to flow. When VGS is below VTH, the device remains in the OFF state.

Fig. 1 Symbol of N-Channel and P-Channel MOSFET.

1. Output Characteristics (ID–VDS):

The output characteristics of a MOSFET describe the relationship between drain current
(ID) and drain-to-source voltage (VDS) for different constant values of gate-to-source voltage (VGS).
These characteristics indicate the various regions of operation of the MOSFET.
At low values of VDS, the MOSFET operates in the ohmic (linear) region, where ID increases
almost linearly with VDS. As VDS increases further, the channel near the drain end begins to pinch
off, and the MOSFET enters the saturation region, where ID becomes almost constant. When VGS
is less than the threshold voltage, the MOSFET remains in the cut-off region, and the drain current
is nearly zero. The output characteristics of the MOSFET is shown in Fig. 2.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Fig. 2 Output characteristics of MOSFET.

2. Transfer Characteristics (ID–VGS)

Transfer characteristics show the variation of drain current (ID) with gate-to-source voltage (VGS) at
a constant drain-to-source voltage (VDS). These characteristics highlight the voltage-controlled nature of the
MOSFET.
When VGS is less than VTH, the drain current is negligible. As VGS exceeds VTH, a conducting
channel is formed, and the drain current increases rapidly. The slope of the ID–VGS curve represents
the trans-conductance of the MOSFET, which is an important parameter in switching and
amplification applications. The transfer characteristics of the MOSFET is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Transfer characteristics of MOSFET.

3. Switching Characteristics
Switching characteristics describe the dynamic behavior of the MOSFET during turn-ON and turn-
OFF operations. When a pulse voltage is applied at the gate, the MOSFET does not switch instantaneously
due to internal capacitances between the gate, drain, and source terminals.
During the turn-ON process, the drain current gradually increases while the drain-to-source
voltage decreases. During the turn-OFF process, the drain current decreases and the drain-to-source
voltage increases. Parameters such as turn-ON delay time, rise time, turn-OFF delay time, and fall
time determine the switching performance of the MOSFET. Fast switching characteristics make
MOSFETs suitable for high-frequency power applications. The switching characteristics of the
MOSFET is shown in Fig. 4.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Fig. 4 Switching characteristics of the MOSFET.

PROCEDURE:
A) Output Characteristics

Fig. 5 Experiment set-up for Output & Transfer Characteristics.

1. Connect the MOSFET in common-source configuration.
2. Set the gate-to-source voltage (VGS) to a constant value above threshold voltage.
3. Vary the drain-to-source voltage (VDS) in steps.
4. Measure and record the corresponding drain current (ID).
5. Repeat the procedure for different values of VGS.
6. Plot ID vs VDS curves.
B) Transfer Characteristics
1. Keep the drain-to-source voltage (VDS) constant.
2. Gradually increase the gate-to-source voltage (VGS) from 0 V.
3. Measure the drain current (ID) for each value of VGS.
4. Plot ID vs VGS graph.
C) Switching Characteristics

Fig. 6 Experiment set-up for Switching Characteristics.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

1. Connect the MOSFET in a switching circuit with a resistive load.

2. Apply a square wave pulse to the gate terminal.
3. Observe the drain-to-source voltage (VDS) and drain current (ID) waveforms using a CRO.
4. Measure turn-ON and turn-OFF transition times.

SIMULATION:
The experiment can be simulated using any open source software.
 DC sweep analysis is used to obtain output and transfer characteristics.
 Pulse input is applied at the gate terminal for switching analysis.
 Drain current and drain-to-source voltage waveforms are observed.
Simulated Outputs:
 ID vs VDS curves
 ID vs VGS curve
 Switching waveforms during turn-ON and turn-OFF

RESULT:

Table 1: Output Characteristics of MOSFET

VGS Volts VDS Volts ID Amp

*Plot: ID vs VDS for different VGS

Table 2: Transfer Characteristics of MOSFET (VDS = ___V constant)
VDS Volts ID Amp

*Plot: ID vs VGS

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Table 3: Switching Characteristics

Parameter Symbol Typical Value
Turn-ON Delay td(ON)
Time
Rise Time tr
Turn-OFF Delay td(OFF)
Time
Fall Time tf

CONCLUSION
The characteristics of a high frequency MOSFET switching power device were successfully
studied. Output characteristics identified the various regions of operation, transfer characteristics
helped determine the threshold voltage, and switching characteristics demonstrated fast turn-ON
and turn-OFF behavior. The results confirm that MOSFETs are suitable for high-frequency power
switching applications.

Answer in brief:
(1) Define pinch-off voltage of an MOSFET.
(2) compare MOSFET with IGBT.
(3) Enlist various applications of MOSFET.
(4) Draw SOA for an MOSFET.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:3
Characteristics of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

AIM
To study and analyze the characteristics of an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) by
obtaining:
(a) Output Characteristics (IC vs VCE)
(b) Transfer Characteristics (IC vs VGE)
(c) Switching Characteristics of IGBT

THEORY
An Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor
device that combines the high input impedance of a MOSFET with the low conduction loss of a
BJT. Due to this hybrid nature, IGBTs are widely used in high-power and high-voltage
applications such as motor drives, inverters, UPS systems, and power converters.
The three terminals of an IGBT are Collector (C), Emitter (E), and Gate (G). The gate is
insulated from the main current-carrying terminals, resulting in very low gate current requirements.
Fig. 1 shows the symbol of IGBT.

Fig. 1 Symbol of IGBT.

1. Output Characteristics of IGBT

Fig. 2 Output Characteristics of IGBT.

The output characteristics of an IGBT represent the variation of collector current (IC) with
collector-emitter voltage (VCE) for different constant values of gate-emitter voltage (VGE).
 At low VGE, the IGBT remains in the OFF state.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

 When VGE exceeds the threshold voltage, the IGBT turns ON and IC increases.
 At higher VCE, the IGBT operates in the active region, and IC remains nearly constant for a
given VGE
2. Transfer Characteristics of IGBT

Fig. 3 Transfer Characteristics.

The transfer characteristics show the variation of collector current (IC) with gate-emitter
voltage (VGE) at a constant collector-emitter voltage (VCE).
 Below threshold voltage, IC is nearly zero.
 Above threshold voltage, IC increases rapidly with VGE.
 These characteristics are used to determine the threshold voltage of the IGBT.

3. Switching Characteristics of IGBT

Fig. 4 Switching Characteristics

Switching characteristics describe the dynamic behavior of the IGBT during turn-ON and turn-OFF
operations.
Turn-ON Characteristics
 Delay time (td(ON)): Time between application of gate voltage and start of collector current
rise.
 Rise time (tr): Time taken by IC to rise to its steady-state value.

Turn-OFF Characteristics
 Delay time (td(OFF)): Time between removal of gate voltage and start of current fall.
 Fall time (tf): Time taken by IC to fall to zero.
The total switching time determines the suitability of the IGBT for high-frequency applications.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

PROCEDURE:
A) Output Characteristics of IGBT

Fig. 5 Experiment set-up.

1. Connect the IGBT in common-emitter configuration.
2. Apply a variable DC supply to the collector circuit.
3. Keep the gate-emitter voltage (VGE) constant.
4. Vary the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) and note the corresponding collector current (IC).
5. Repeat the procedure for different values of VGE.
6. Plot IC vs VCE for various VGE values.
B) Transfer Characteristics of IGBT
1. Maintain the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) at a constant value.
2. Gradually vary the gate-emitter voltage (VGE).
3. Record the corresponding collector current (IC).
4. Plot IC vs VGE.
C) Switching Characteristics of IGBT
1. Connect the IGBT with a resistive load.
2. Apply a pulse signal to the gate through a gate resistor.
3. Observe gate-emitter voltage (VGE), collector-emitter voltage (VCE), and collector current
(IC) using a CRO.
4. Measure turn-ON and turn-OFF times from the waveforms.
SIMULATION
The experiment can be simulated using any open-source simulation software.
 DC sweep analysis is used to obtain output and transfer characteristics.
 Pulse input is applied to the gate to study switching behavior.
 Voltage and current waveforms are observed.

RESULT:
Table 1: V–I Characteristics of IGBT
VGE (V) VCE (V) IC (A)

*Plot: IC vs VCE for different VGE

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Table 2: Effect of Gate Current (VCE= ____ (V)

VGE (V) IC (A)

*Plot: Anode Current vs Anode-to-Cathode Voltage for different gate current.

Table 3: Switching Characteristics of IGBT

Parameter Symbol Typical Value
Turn-ON delay time td(ON)
Rise time tr
Turn-OFF delay time td(OFF)
Fall time tf

CONCLUSION
The characteristics of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor were successfully studied. The
output and transfer characteristics demonstrated the controlled operation of the IGBT using gate
voltage. The switching characteristics revealed finite turn-ON and turn-OFF times, confirming that
the IGBT is suitable for high-power switching applications such as motor drives and power
converters.

Answer in brief:
(1) Define threshold voltage of an IGBT.
(2) What is significance of total switching time in IGBT?
(3) Enlist two applications of IGBT with appropriate justification.
(4) Draw SOA for an IGBT.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:4
Single phase AC-DC controlled bridge rectifier with R and RL Load

AIM
To study and analyze the performance of a single-phase AC-DC fully controlled bridge rectifier
with:
(a) Resistive Load (R)
(b) Resistive-Inductive Load (RL)

THEORY
A single-phase fully controlled bridge rectifier utilizes four Thyristors (SCRs) to convert
an AC input into a controlled DC output. By adjusting the firing angle (α), the average output
voltage can be precisely regulated.
1. Operation with R Load
For a purely resistive load, the output current follows the shape of the output voltage. The
SCRs conduct only when they are triggered and the supply voltage is positive. When the supply
voltage reaches zero, the SCR turns off via natural commutation.

Fig. 1 Full bridge controlled rectifier with R Load.

Fig. 2. Voltage waveform for R Load

2. Operation with RL Load
In an RL load, the inductor opposes changes in current. This inductance causes the current to
continue flowing even after the input voltage has reversed polarity, until the stored energy in the
inductor is exhausted. This can result in "negative" portions in the voltage waveform if the
conduction is continuous.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Fig. 3 Full bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load.

Fig. 4 waveforms of Full bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load (Continuous
Conduction).

Key Performance Equations:

To analyze the performance of a single-phase fully controlled bridge rectifier, the equations
vary based on whether the load is purely resistive or includes inductance. These equations allow
you to calculate the theoretical values for your observation tables.

1. Resistive (R) Load

In a purely resistive load, the current is always in phase with the voltage, and the thyristors
naturally commutate when the supply voltage reaches zero.
 Average Output Voltage (Vdc):

 RMS Output Voltage (Vrms):

 Ripple Factor (RF):

 Average Output Current (Idc):

RMS Output Current (Iorms):

𝐕𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐬
𝐈𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐬 =
𝐑
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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

2. Resistive-Inductive (RL) Load

The equations for an RL load depend on whether the current is continuous (never reaches zero)
or discontinuous.
Case A: Continuous Conduction
(Usually occurs with high inductance or small firing angles).
 Average Output Voltage (Vdc):

 RMS Output Voltage (Vrms):

Case B: Discontinuous Conduction

(Occurs when the current falls to zero at an extinction angle β).
 Average Output Voltage (Vdc):

Where β is the extinction angle where the current hits zero.

3. General Performance Metrics

These apply to both load types to evaluate the "quality" of the DC output:
 Ripple Factor (RF):

 Voltage Ripple Factor: Measures the effectiveness of the rectification.

 Rectification Efficiency (η):

PROCEDURE
1. Circuit Setup: Connect the four SCRs in a bridge configuration (T1, T2, T3, T4).
2. Load Connection: * Connect the Resistive (R) load to the bridge output terminals.
3. Later, insert the Inductor (L) in series with the resistor for the RL load.
4. Triggering: Connect the gate pulses from the firing circuit to the SCR pairs (T1-T2 and T3-T4).
5. Observation: * Set the firing angle (α) using the firing control module.
6. Observe the input AC and output DC voltage waveforms on a CRO/DSO.
7. Data Collection: Vary α in increments (e.g., 0∘,30∘,60∘,90∘) and record Vdc and Idc.

SIMULATION

 Software: Use MATLAB/Simulink, PSpice, or any open-source power electronics simula-

tor.
 Analysis: Perform a Transient Analysis to observe the steady-state waveforms.
 Input: Apply a sinusoidal pulse to the gates with a phase delay corresponding to the firing
angle.

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 BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

RESULT:
Table 1: Calculation for R Load – (R=_____ ohm).
Sr. Firing Vdc (V) Vdc (V) Vorms (V) Vorms (V) Idc (A) Irms (A) Ripple
No. Angle (Measured) (Theoretical) (Measured) (Theoretical) Factor
(α)
1 0∘
2 30∘
3 45∘
4 60∘
5 75∘
6 90∘
7 120∘
8 150∘

*Plot: Vdc (V) (Measured) & Vorms (V) (Measured) vs Firing Angle (α)

Table 2: Calculation for R Load – (R=_____ ohm and L=_____mH).

Sr. Firing Vdc (V) Vorms (V) Idc (A) Irms (A) Extinction Conduction Nature of
No. Angle (Measured) (Measured) Angle (β) Angle (γ) Current
(α) (Continuous
/Discontinuous)
1 0∘
2 30∘
3 45∘
4 60∘
5 75∘
6 90∘
7 120∘
8 150∘

*Plot: Vdc (V) (Measured) & Vorms (V) (Measured) vs Firing Angle (α)

CONCLUSION
The performance of the single-phase fully controlled bridge rectifier was successfully
analyzed. It was observed that the average DC output voltage is inversely proportional to the firing
angle (α). Furthermore, the R-L load maintains current flow for a longer duration compared to the
R load, demonstrating the energy-storing property of the inductor which affects the voltage ripple
and conduction period.

Answer in brief:
(1) Define extinction angle of controlled rectifier.
(2) compare semi-converter and full controlled converter.
(3) Explain effect of inductance on full bridge controlled converter performance.
(4) Draw graph of firing angle α and output voltage for semi converter.

4
Experiment:5
Performance Measurement and Analysis of DC–DC Buck Regulator

AIM

To experimentally study the operation and performance characteristics of a DC–DC Buck

Regulator by measuring its voltage conversion ratio, ripple voltage, efficiency, line regulation,
and load regulation.
OBJECTIVES
1. To verify the voltage conversion relation of a buck converter.
2. To measure output voltage ripple.
3. To determine efficiency at different load conditions.
4. To evaluate line and load regulation.
5. To observe the mode of operation (CCM/DCM).

THEORY
A DC–DC Buck Regulator is a step-down switching converter that converts a higher DC
input voltage into a lower regulated DC output voltage using high-frequency switching. It
operates on the principle of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), where the average output voltage
is controlled by varying the duty cycle of the switching device.

Fig. 1 Buck Converter.

Unlike linear regulators, which dissipate excess power as heat, buck converters transfer
energy efficiently through energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The converter operates in two intervals during each switching cycle:
1. Switch ON Interval (Ton)
 MOSFET conducts.
 Diode is reverse biased.
 Inductor stores energy.
 Inductor current increases linearly.
Inductor voltage:

Rate of rise of current:

2. Switch OFF Interval (Toff)

 MOSFET turns OFF.
 Diode conducts.
 Inductor releases stored energy to load.
 Inductor current decreases linearly.
Inductor voltage:

Voltage Conversion Relation (CCM):

Applying volt-second balance to the inductor,

Let,

Then,

Thus, output voltage is directly proportional to duty cycle.

Inductor Ripple Current

Ripple decreases with higher inductance and higher switching frequency.

Output Voltage Ripple

Ripple reduces with higher capacitance and frequency.

Efficiency
Losses occur due to switching loss, conduction loss, and parasitic elements.
Modes of Operation
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)
 Inductor current never becomes zero.
 Lower ripple.
 Higher efficiency.
Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)
 Inductor current falls to zero.
 Higher ripple.
 Occurs at light load.

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.

2. Set input voltage to 12 V.
3. Set switching frequency (e.g., 25 kHz).
4. Keep load resistance constant (e.g., 100 Ω).
5. Vary duty cycle (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%).
6. Measure:

 Input voltage (Vin)

 Output voltage (Vo)
 Input current (Iin)
 Output current (Io)

7. Observe output ripple voltage using DSO.

8. Vary load resistance and record output voltage.
9. Vary input voltage slightly and record output voltage.
10. Tabulate all readings.

SIMULATION

 Software: Use MATLAB/Simulink, PSpice, or any open-source power electronics

simulator.
 Analysis: Perform a Simulation Analysis to observe the transient and steady-state
waveforms.
RESULT:
Table 1: Duty Cycle Variation

Sr. No. Vin (V) Duty Cycle (%) Vout (V) Vout (V) Iout (A)
(Theoretical) (Measured)
1
2
3
4
5

Table 2: Efficiency Calculation

Sr. No. Load (Ω) Pin (W) Pout (W) Efficiency (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Table 3: Ripple Measurement

Sr. No. Load (Ω) Vo (V) Ripple (mV p-p)
1
2
3
4

Table 4: Line Regulation

Sr. No. Vin (V) Vo (V)
1
2
3

Calculate:
Table 5: Load Regulation
Sr. No. Load (Ω) Vo (V)
1
2
3

WAVEFORMS OBSERVATION
 Gate Pulse waveform
 Inductor current waveform
 Output voltage waveform
 Ripple voltage waveform

CONCLUSION

The performance of the DC–DC Buck Regulator was experimentally evaluated. The
converter demonstrated efficient step-down voltage conversion with good regulation
characteristics. Proper selection of inductor and capacitor ensures low ripple and stable
operation. The study confirms that PWM control effectively regulates output voltage in switching
power converters.

Answer in brief:

(1) What is Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)?

(2) Why is an inductor used in buck converter?

(3) What is ripple voltage?

(4) What is line regulation and load regulation?

Experiment:6
Performance Measurement and Analysis of DC–DC Boost Regulator

AIM

To experimentally study the operation and performance characteristics of a DC–DC Boost

Regulator by measuring its voltage conversion ratio, ripple voltage, efficiency, line regulation,
and load regulation.
OBJECTIVES
1. To verify the voltage conversion relation of a boost converter.
2. To measure output voltage ripple.
3. To determine efficiency at different load conditions.
4. To evaluate line and load regulation.
5. To observe the mode of operation (CCM/DCM).

THEORY
DC–DC Boost Regulator is a step-up switching converter that increases a lower DC input
voltage to a higher DC output voltage. It operates using high-frequency switching and Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM), where the output voltage is controlled by varying the duty cycle of
the switching device.

Fig. 1 Buck Converter.

Unlike linear regulators, boost converters achieve high efficiency by transferring energy
through inductive energy storage rather than dissipating excess power as heat.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The converter operates in two intervals during each switching cycle:
1. Switch ON Interval (Ton)
 MOSFET conducts.
 Diode is reverse biased.
 Inductor stores energy.
 Inductor current increases linearly.
 Load is supplied by output capacitor.
Inductor voltage:
Rate of rise of current:

2. Switch OFF Interval (Toff)

 MOSFET turns OFF.
 Diode conducts.
 Inductor voltage reverses polarity.
 Output voltage becomes greater than input voltage.
Inductor voltage:

Voltage Conversion Relation (CCM):

Applying volt-second balance to the inductor,

Let,

Then,

Thus, output voltage increases as duty cycle increases.

Inductor Ripple Current

Ripple decreases with higher inductance and switching frequency.

Output Voltage Ripple

Ripple reduces with larger capacitance and higher frequency.

Efficiency

Losses occur due to switching loss, conduction loss, diode drop, and inductor losses.
Modes of Operation
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)
 Inductor current never becomes zero.
 Lower ripple and better performance.

Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)

 Inductor current falls to zero.
 Occurs at light load conditions.

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.

2. Set input voltage to 12 V.
3. Set switching frequency (e.g., 25 kHz).
4. Keep load resistance constant (e.g., 100 Ω).
5. Vary duty cycle (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%).
6. Measure:

 Input voltage (Vin)

 Output voltage (Vo)
 Input current (Iin)
 Output current (Io)

7. Observe output ripple voltage using DSO.

8. Vary load resistance and record output voltage.
9. Vary input voltage slightly and record output voltage.
10. Tabulate all readings.

SIMULATION

 Software: Use MATLAB/Simulink, PSpice, or any open-source power electronics

simulator.
 Analysis: Perform transient and steady-state simulation to observe waveforms.

RESULT:
 Table 1: Duty Cycle Variation

Sr. No. Vin (V) Duty Cycle (%) Vout (V) Vout (V) Iout (A)
(Theoretical) (Measured)
1
2
3
4
5

Table 2: Efficiency Calculation

Sr. No. Load (Ω) Pin (W) Pout (W) Efficiency (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Table 3: Ripple Measurement

Sr. No. Load (Ω) Vo (V) Ripple (mV p-p)
1
2
3
4

Table 4: Line Regulation

Sr. No. Vin (V) Vo (V)
1
2
3

Calculate:
Table 5: Load Regulation
Sr. No. Load (Ω) Vo (V)
1
2
3

WAVEFORMS OBSERVATION
 Gate Pulse waveform
 Inductor current waveform
 Output voltage waveform
 Ripple voltage waveform

CONCLUSION

The DC–DC Boost Regulator was successfully tested and analyzed. The experimental
results verified that the output voltage increases as duty cycle increases. Performance
parameters such as efficiency, ripple voltage, line regulation, and load regulation were evaluated
and found within acceptable limits. The converter demonstrated effective step-up voltage
conversion using PWM control.

Answer in brief:

(1) Why does output voltage increase in boost converter?

(2) Why is diode used in boost converter?

(3) What is the role of output capacitor?

(4) What is critical inductance?

BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:7
Performance Measurement and Analysis of Single Phase Bridge
Inverter

AIM
To simulate and analyze the performance of a single-phase bridge inverter with:
(a) Resistive Load (R)
(b) Resistive–Inductive Load (R-L)

THEORY
A single-phase bridge inverter is a power electronic converter that converts DC power into
AC power using switching devices such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, or SCRs.
The bridge inverter consists of four controlled switches arranged in an H-bridge configuration.
By switching these devices in a proper sequence, a square-wave AC voltage is produced at the
output.
The inverter operates by alternately connecting the load to the DC supply with opposite
polarity, thus generating alternating voltage.

1. Operation with R Load

For a purely resistive load, the current waveform is in phase with the voltage waveform.
Operation sequence:
 Switches S1 and S2 ON:
Positive voltage appears across the load.
 Switches S3 and S4 ON:
Negative voltage appears across the load.
Thus, the output voltage alternates between +Vdc and −Vdc, producing a square-wave AC output.
Since the load is resistive:
 Current waveform follows voltage waveform.
 Current changes instantly with voltage polarity.

Fig. 1 Single Phase Inverter with R Load.

Fig. 2. Output Voltage Waveform for R Load.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

2. Operation with R-L Load

When an inductive component is present in the load:
 The current lags behind voltage.
 Energy stored in the inductor causes current to continue flowing even after voltage reverses.
Because of this:
 Freewheeling paths are created through diodes.
 Current waveform becomes smoother compared to resistive load.
 The inductance reduces sudden changes in current and introduces phase shift between voltage and
current.

Fig. 3 Output Voltage and Current Waveforms for R-L Load

Key Performance Equations:

Output Voltage
For a bridge inverter:

RMS Output Voltage

Output Current
For R load:

For RL load:

PROCEDURE
Simulation Setup
1. Open MATLAB/Simulink (or any power electronics simulation software).
2. Create a single-phase full bridge inverter circuit using four switches.
3. Connect a DC voltage source to the inverter.
4. Add gate pulse generator blocks to control switching devices.
5. Connect Resistive Load (R) across the output terminals.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Simulation for R Load

6. Run the simulation.

7. Observe output voltage waveform and load current waveform using scope.
8. Record the values of output voltage and current.

Simulation for RL Load

9. Replace the resistive load with R-L load.

10. Run the simulation again.
11. Observe output voltage and current waveforms.
12. Compare the current waveform with the resistive case.

Observe:

 Output Voltage waveform

 Output Current waveform
 Phase difference between voltage and current

RESULT:
Table 1: Output Parameters for R Load
Sr. Load Resistance (Ω) Output Voltage (Vrms) Output Current (Irms)
No.
1
2

Table 2: Output Parameters for RL Load

Sr. R (Ω) L (mH) Output Voltage
No. (Vrms)
1
2

Observations
 For R load, voltage and current are in phase.
 For RL load, current lags behind voltage due to inductance.

CONCLUSION
The simulation of the single-phase bridge inverter was successfully performed. It was observed that
for a resistive load, current follows the voltage waveform. For an RL load, the inductance causes
current to lag behind the voltage and smooths the current waveform. Thus, load characteristics
significantly influence inverter performance.
Answer in brief:
(1) What is an inverter?
(2) What is a bridge inverter?
(3) Why does current lag in RL load?
(4) What is the advantage of bridge inverter?

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:8
Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter with 120° Conduction Mode

AIM
To simulate and analyze the operation of a Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) operating in
120° conduction mode and observe the output voltage waveforms for a three-phase load.

THEORY
A Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is a power electronic converter that converts DC power into AC
power with controlled voltage and frequency.
A three-phase VSI consists of six switching devices (IGBTs, MOSFETs, or SCRs) arranged in three
legs. Each leg corresponds to one phase of the load.
The inverter converts DC input into three-phase AC output by switching the devices in a
predetermined sequence.
Two main conduction modes are commonly used:
 180° Conduction Mode
 120° Conduction Mode
In 120° conduction mode, each switch conducts for 120° of the electrical cycle. At any instant:
 Two switches conduct
 One from the upper group
 One from the lower group

The third phase remains disconnected during that [Link] method reduces switching overlap
and simplifies control.

OPERATION OF 120° CONDUCTION MODE:

In a three phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) operating in 120° conduction mode, each
switching device conducts for 120° of an electrical cycle. The inverter consists of six switches
arranged in three legs, where each leg corresponds to one phase of the load.
The switches are generally denoted as:
 Upper switches: T1, T3, T5
 Lower switches: T4, T6, T2
In this conduction mode, only two switches conduct at any instant—one from the upper group
and one from the lower group. The third phase remains disconnected from the DC source during
that interval. The switching of devices takes place at every 60° interval of the electrical cycle.
During the operation, when one upper switch and one lower switch conduct simultaneously, the
load is connected across the DC source, producing the required phase voltage. As the switching
sequence progresses every 60°, the conduction shifts from one pair of switches to the next pair,
generating a three-phase AC output voltage.
The typical switching sequence for 120° conduction mode is as follows:
Electrical Angle Conducting Switches
0° – 60° T1 and T6
60° – 120° T1 and T2
120° – 180° T3 and T2
180° – 240° T3 and T4
240° – 300° T5 and T4
300° – 360° T5 and T6
Thus, by sequentially switching these devices, the inverter converts DC input voltage into a
balanced three-phase AC output suitable for driving three-phase loads.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Line Voltage:

Where:
Vdc = Vs = Input DC voltage

Phase Voltage: (For star connected load)

Output Frequency:

Where:
T = Period of switching cycle

Fig. 1 Three Phase Inverter with R Load.

Fig. 2 Waveforms for 120 ̊ conduction mod,

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

PROCEDURE
Simulation Setup
1. Open MATLAB/Simulink / PSpice / Multisim.
2. Construct a three-phase inverter circuit using six switches.
3. Connect a DC voltage source as input.
4. Connect a three-phase load (R or RL) at the inverter output.
5. Provide gate pulses to the switches with 120° conduction pattern.

Simulation Steps
6. Run the simulation.
7. Observe the phase voltage waveforms.
8. Observe the line voltage waveforms.
9. Verify the switching sequence and conduction intervals.
10. Record waveform characteristics using scope.

Observe:

 Output voltage
 Output current
 Switching frequency

RESULT:
Table 1: Output Parameters for R Load
Sr. Load Resistance (Ω) Output Voltage (Vrms) Output Current (Irms)
No.
1
2

CONCLUSION
The simulation of a three phase voltage source inverter operating in 120° conduction mode was
successfully performed. The inverter converts DC input into three-phase AC output using six
switching devices. The switching sequence ensures that only two switches conduct at a time, which
simplifies the control and reduces switching losses.

Answer in brief:
(1) What is a VSI?
(2) How many switches are used in three phase inverter?
(3) What is 120° conduction mode?
(4) How many switches conduct at a time in 120° mode of operation?

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:9
Performance Measurement and Analysis of Isolated DC-DC Flyback
Converter

AIM
To study the operation of an isolated DC-DC flyback converter, measure its performance
parameters and analyze the output characteristics such as output voltage, current, efficiency, and
voltage regulation.

THEORY
A flyback converter is a type of isolated DC-DC converter widely used in low-power power
supplies such as chargers, adapters, and standby power systems.
Unlike other converters, the flyback converter uses a transformer for energy storage and
electrical isolation between input and output circuits.
The flyback converter operates in two modes during one switching cycle:

1. Switch ON Period
 The switch (MOSFET/IGBT) is turned ON.
 Input voltage is applied across the primary winding of the transformer.
 Energy is stored in the magnetizing inductance of the transformer.
 The secondary diode becomes reverse biased, so no energy is delivered to the load.
2. Switch OFF Period
 The switch is turned OFF.
 The stored energy in the transformer is transferred to the secondary winding.
 The secondary diode becomes forward biased.
 Energy flows to the output capacitor and load.
Thus, the flyback transformer acts like an energy storage inductor and transformer combined.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The output voltage of a flyback converter depends on the turns ratio of the transformer and the
duty cycle of the switch.
The ideal voltage conversion ratio is given by

Where:
 Vo = Output voltage
 Vin = Input voltage
 Ns = Secondary turns
 Np = Primary turns
 D = Duty cycle of the switch

Fig. 1 Fly back Converter.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the flyback converter circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the required DC input voltage.
3. Provide switching pulses to the MOSFET using a PWM controller.
4. Set the desired switching frequency and duty cycle.
5. Observe the primary and secondary voltage waveforms using an oscilloscope.
6. Measure output voltage and current.
7. Calculate input power and output power.
8. Determine the efficiency of the converter.
9. Repeat the measurements for different load conditions.

Observe:

 Input voltage
 Input current
 Output voltage
 Output current
 Switching frequency
 Duty cycle

RESULT:
Table 1: Output Parameters for R Load
Sr. Load Resistance (Ω) Output Voltage (Vrms) Output Current (Irms)
No.
1
2

CONCLUSION
The flyback converter successfully converts DC input voltage to a regulated DC output with
electrical isolation between input and output. The performance parameters such as efficiency and
voltage regulation depend on the switching duty cycle, transformer turns ratio, and load conditions.

Answer in brief:
(1) What is a flyback converter?
(2) Why isolation is used in flyback converter?
(3) What component stores energy in flyback converter?
(4) What is the advantage of flyback converter?

2
BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:10
Single Phase Semi-Converter with R Load and R-L Load

AIM
To study and analyze the performance of a single-phase semi-converter with:

(a) Resistive Load (R)

(b) Resistive-Inductive Load (RL)

THEORY
A single-phase semi-converter is a half-controlled bridge rectifier consisting of two SCRs and
two diodes. It converts single-phase AC input into a controlled DC output. Since only two devices
are controlled (SCRs), it is called a semi-converter.
The output voltage is controlled by varying the firing angle (α) of the SCRs. The output is
always positive because diodes conduct during the negative half cycle.

1. Operation with R Load

For a purely resistive load, the output current follows the shape of the output voltage. The
SCRs conduct only when they are triggered and the supply voltage is positive. When the supply
voltage reaches zero, the SCR turns off via natural commutation.

Fig. 1 Semi converter with R Load.

Fig. 2. Voltage waveform for R Load

2. Operation with R-L Load
In an R-L load, the inductor opposes changes in current. This inductance causes the current
to continue flowing even after the input voltage has reversed polarity, until the stored energy in the
inductor is exhausted. This can result in "negative" portions in the voltage waveform if the
conduction is continuous.
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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Fig. 3 Semi converter with R-L Load.

Fig. 4 waveforms of Semi-converter rectifier with R-L Load (Continuous Conduction).

Key Performance Equations:

To analyze the performance of a single-phase semi-controlled bridge rectifier, the equations
vary based on load type.

1. Resistive (R) Load

In a purely resistive load, the current is always in phase with the voltage, and the thyristors
naturally commutate when the supply voltage reaches zero.
 Average Output Voltage (Vdc):

 RMS Output Voltage (Vrms):

 Ripple Factor (RF):

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

 Average Output Current (Idc):

RMS Output Current (Iorms):

Vorms
Iorms =
R

2. Resistive-Inductive (RL) Load

The equations for an R-L load depend on whether the current is continuous (never reaches zero)
or discontinuous.
Case A: Continuous Conduction
(Usually occurs with high inductance or small firing angles).
 Average Output Voltage (Vdc):

 RMS Output Voltage (Vrms):

Case B: Discontinuous Conduction

(*Think and elaborate the Explanation)

3. General Performance Metrics

These apply to both load types to evaluate the "quality" of the DC output:
 Ripple Factor (RF):

 Voltage Ripple Factor: Measures the effectiveness of the rectification.

 Rectification Efficiency (η):

PROCEDURE
1. Circuit Setup: Connect two SCRs and two diodes in semi-controlled bridge configuration (T1,
T2 and D1, D2).
2. Load Connection: * Connect the Resistive (R) load to the bridge output terminals.
3. Later, insert the Inductor (L) in series with the resistor for the RL load.
4. Triggering: Connect the gate pulses from the firing circuit to the SCR pairs (T1-T2 and T3-T4).
5. Observation: * Set the firing angle (α) using the firing control module.
6. Observe the input AC and output DC voltage waveforms on a CRO/DSO.
7. Data Collection: Vary α in increments (e.g., 0∘,30∘,60∘,90∘) and record Vdc and Idc.

SIMULATION

 Software: Use MATLAB/Simulink, PSpice, or any open-source power electronics simula-

tor.
 Analysis: Perform a Transient Analysis to observe the steady-state waveforms.
 Input: Apply gate pulses with phase delay corresponding to firing angle.

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 BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

RESULT:
Table 1: Calculation for R Load – (R=_____ ohm).
Sr. Firing Vdc (V) Vdc (V) Vorms (V) Vorms (V) Idc (A) Irms (A) Ripple
No. Angle (Measured) (Theoretical) (Measured) (Theoretical) Factor
(α)
1 0∘
2 30∘
3 45∘
4 60∘
5 75∘
6 90∘
7 120∘
8 150∘

*Plot: Vdc (V) (Measured) & Vorms (V) (Measured) vs Firing Angle (α)

Table 2: Calculation for R Load – (R=_____ ohm and L=_____mH).

Sr. Firing Vdc (V) Vorms (V) Idc (A) Irms (A) Extinction Conduction Nature of
No. Angle (Measured) (Measured) Angle (β) Angle (γ) Current
(α) (Continuous
/Discontinuous)
1 0∘
2 30∘
3 45∘
4 60∘
5 75∘
6 90∘
7 120∘
8 150∘

*Plot: Vdc (V) (Measured) & Vorms (V) (Measured) vs Firing Angle (α)

CONCLUSION
The performance of the single-phase semi-controlled bridge rectifier was successfully
analyzed. It was observed that the average DC output voltage decreases as the firing angle (α)
increases. Compared to the R load, the R-L load maintains current for a longer duration due to the
energy-storing property of the inductor, resulting in smoother output and reduced ripple.

Answer in brief:
(1) Define semi-converter.
(2) In which quadrant, the semi converter does operate? Explain.
(3) Explain effect of inductance on semi converter performance.
(4) Draw graph of firing angle α and output voltage for semi converter.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

Experiment:11
Performance Measurement and Analysis of Single Phase AC-AC
Voltage Controller

AIM
To study and analyze the performance of a Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller with:
(a) Resistive Load (R)
(b) Resistive-Inductive Load (RL)

THEORY
A Single Phase AC Voltage Controller is a power electronic converter that controls the RMS
value of AC output voltage without changing the frequency. It uses two Thyristors (SCRs)
connected in anti-parallel configuration (or one TRIAC) to regulate the voltage applied to the load.
The output voltage is controlled by varying the firing angle (α). By delaying the triggering of
SCRs in each half cycle, the RMS output voltage is varied.
Unlike rectifiers, AC voltage controllers provide AC output with the same frequency as input
but with controlled magnitude.

1. Operation with R Load

For a purely resistive load, the load current is in phase with the supply voltage.
When the SCR is triggered at firing angle (α), it conducts from α to π in the positive half cycle. In
the negative half cycle, the second SCR conducts from π+α to 2π.
The output voltage waveform is a chopped sine wave, and current becomes zero at every zero
crossing (natural commutation).

Fig. 1 Single Phase AC Voltage Controller with R Load.

Fig. 2. Output Voltage Waveform for R Load.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

2. Operation with R-L Load

For an RL load, the inductor opposes sudden changes in current. Even after the supply voltage
crosses zero, the current continues to flow due to stored energy in the inductor. This results in a phase
difference between voltage and current. Conduction may extend beyond π and depends on the extinction
angle (β). The output current waveform becomes smoother compared to R load.

Fig. 3 Single Phase AC Voltage Controller with R-L Load.

Fig. 4 Output Voltage and Current Waveforms for R-L Load

Key Performance Equations:

To analyze the performance of a Single Phase AC Voltage Controller, equations depend on
load type.

1. Resistive (R) Load

In a purely resistive load, the current is always in phase with the voltage, and the thyristors
naturally commutate when the supply voltage reaches zero.

 RMS Output Voltage (Vrms):

After solving,

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

 RMS Output Current (Iorms):

Vorms
Iorms =
R
 Input Power:

2. Resistive-Inductive (RL) Load

For RL load, current lags voltage and conduction depends on extinction angle (β).
 RMS Output Voltage:

Where β is extinction angle.

3. General Performance Metrics

These apply to both load types to evaluate the "quality" of the DC output:
 Power Factor (PF):

 Input Current Harmonics: Due to phase control, waveform distortion increases and power
factor reduces at large firing angles.
 Rectification Efficiency (η):

PROCEDURE
1. Circuit Setup: Connect two SCRs in anti-parallel configuration across the load.
2. Load Connection: * Connect Resistive (R) load across output terminals.
3. Later, insert the Inductor (L) in series with the resistor for the RL load.
4. Triggering: Connect gate pulses from firing circuit to both SCRs.
5. Observation: * Set the firing angle (α) using the firing control module.
6. Observe input and output waveforms on CRO/DSO.
7. Data Collection: Vary α in increments (e.g., 0∘,30∘,60∘,90∘) and record ecord Vrms and Irms.

SIMULATION

 Software: Use MATLAB/Simulink, PSpice, or any open-source power electronics simula-

tor.
 Analysis: Perform a Transient Analysis to observe the steady-state waveforms.
 Input: Apply gate pulses with phase delay corresponding to firing angle.

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BE04024021: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications

RESULT:
Table 1: Calculation for R Load – (R=_____ ohm).
Sr. Firing Vrms Vrms Irms (A) Input Power Power
No. Angle (Measured) (Theoretical) (W) Factor
(α)
1 0∘
2 30∘
3 45∘
4 60∘
5 75∘
6 90∘
7 120∘
8 150∘

*Plot: Vrms (Measured) vs Firing Angle (α)

Table 2: Calculation for R Load – (R=_____ ohm and L=_____mH).

Sr. Firing Vrms Irms (A) Extinction Conduction Power Factor
No. Angle (Measured) Angle (β) Angle (γ)
(α)
1 0∘
2 30∘
3 45∘
4 60∘
5 75∘
6 90∘
7 120∘
8 150∘

*Plot: Plot: Vrms (Measured) vs Firing Angle (α)

CONCLUSION
The performance of the Single Phase AC Voltage Controller was successfully analyzed. It
was observed that the RMS output voltage decreases as the firing angle (α) increases. For RL load,
current lags voltage and conduction extends beyond the supply voltage zero crossing. It was also
observed that power factor decreases with increase in firing angle due to waveform distortion.

Answer in brief:
(1) Define AC voltage controller.
(2) What is firing angle in AC voltage controller?
(3) Explain effect of inductance on AC voltage controller performance.
(4) Why power factor decreases at higher firing angles?