SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN MODERN
WORLD LAB
[ENEE-111P/ENEE-121P]
 Index

S. NO. Particulars Page

1 Vision, Mission (UNIVERSITY) 1

2 COs 2

3 POs and PSOs 3

4 CO-PO mapping 4

5 Syllabus as per IIMTU 5-6

6 List of Experiments 7

7 DO’s & Don’ts 8

8 Safety Rules 9

9 Experiments and Commands 10-last

 VISION AND MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

Vision

To empower future leaders driven by innovation & research and establish culture of excellence
integrating with education and industry to support the society and humanity.

Mission

To evolve in environment of learning industry-oriented curriculum, innovation & research by practicing

professional ethics through multidisciplinary education which contribute for the wellbeing of the society.

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 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN MODERN WORLD LAB

[ENEE-111 P/ ENEE-121P]

Course Outcomes (COs)

At the end of this course students will demonstrate the ability to:

To analyze a given network by applying various electrical laws.

CO 1:

CO 2: To analyze a given network by applying various electrical network theorems

CO 3: To know the response of electrical circuits for different excitations

CO 4: To calculate, measure and know the relation between basic electrical parameters

CO 5: To calculate, measure and know the relation between basic electronics parameters

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 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Program Outcomes (POs):

PO-1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and data handling specialization to the solution of complex algorithmic problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of algorithm design.
PO-3: Design/development of solutions: Design and implement algorithms for a given problem-domain
PO-4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of data structures, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO-5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT to Populate and implement viable solutions to real world problems.
PO-6: The Computer Specialist and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional IT practice.
PO-7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional algorithmic solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of and need for sustainable
development.
PO-8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
PO-9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO-10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex algorithmic activities with the
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO-11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the DSA
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multiple data base environments.
PO-12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of Algorithm development and enhancement.

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 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CO-PO Mapping:

Course PO PO PO PO PO1
PO1 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO10 PO11
Outcomes 2 3 4 9 2

CO1 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 2

CO2 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2

CO3 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

CO4 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

CO5 3 3 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2

3 – High; 2 – Medium; 1 – Low

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5
6
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN MODERN WORLD LAB

[ENEE-111P/ ENEE-121P ]
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

[Link] Name of the Experiment Page No

1 Verification of Ohms Law.

2 Verification of KCL and KVL for DC Circuits.

3 Verification of Superposition Theorem.

4 Verification of Thevenin`s Theorem

5 Verification of Norton`s Theorem

6 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Calculations and Verification of Impedance and Current of RL, RC and
7 RLC series Circuits.
Measurement of Voltage, Current and Real Power in primary and
8 Secondary AC Circuits

9 The identification & Testing of Electronic component.

10 Diode Characteristics(Si) a) Forward Bias b) Reverse Bias

11 Study and analysis of half Wave rectifier with & without filter.

12 Study and analysis of full Wave rectifier with & without filter.

13 Transistor CE Characteristics (I/P & O/P)

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 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL & ELCTRONICS IN THE MODERN WORLD LAB
[ENCS-111P/ ENEE-121P]
Do's
1. Students should come on time.
2. Bags, Mobile phones and other gadgets should be kept on the racks allotted inside the lab.
3. Instructions given by instructors during the orientation day should be followed strictly
throughout the semester.
4. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all time in the lab.
5. Observe good housekeeping practices replace the chairs in proper place after lab to keep the
lab area tidy.
6. Keep the kits and consumable items on their respective place after use.
7. Any technical problem with the computer should be brought to the Lab Technician
immediately.
8. Make entry in the Log Book as soon as you enter the Laboratory.
9. All the students should sit according to their roll numbers starting from their left to right.
10. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor.

11. Do not disturb machine Hardware / Software Setup.

Don't s
1. Do not talk aloud and crack jokes in lab.
2. Do not wander around the room, distract other students or startle other students.
3. Do not eat food, drink beverages or chew gum in the lab.
4. Do not open any irrelevant sites on computers.
5. Do not use flash drives on lab computers and switch off the system directly.
6. Do not upload, delete or alter any software on the systems of the lab.

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 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

EE LAB [ ENEE-111P/ENEE-121P]

Safety measures in laboratories

 Students are not allowed to touch any equipment/items or any other materials in the
Laboratory until they are instructed by the faculty or the technician.
 Before commencing Lab Activities follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If the
students are failed to understand directions or part of a procedure, ask their respective teachers
before proceeding with the activity.
 Before using any language software one must read carefully labels and instructions.
 Use the software as directed by the faculty.
 If they don't understand how to use the language software, ask the faculty for help.
 Perform only those experiments authorized by their teacher. Carefully follow all instructions,
both written and oral.
 Unauthorized deletion of software and computer are not allowed in the lab.
 Students are not allowed to work in lab alone or without the presence of teacher or technician,
 Any failure/ breakdown of equipment must be reported to the teacher.

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 Experiment No. 1
Aim: Verification of Ohms Law
Equipment Required : Patch cord, Digital Multimeter. R1 = 10 KΩ , R2 = 100 KΩ , DC Power
supply 12V.
Theory :
In the circuit energized by dc voltage sources, there exits a definite relationship between the current
(I) that flows through a resistance (R) and the voltage (V) applied across the resistance .This
relationship is called ohm’s law and may be expressed by the equation
I=V/R
Where I => Current in Ampere .
V => Applied voltage in Volts.
R => Resistance in Ohms .
Procedure:
1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit.
2) Connect the Voltage source V1 and Resistor R1 in the circuit using patch cords.
3) Connect the Digital Voltmeter and Digital Milliammeter in the circuit.
4) For Current (I)
a) Set the DC Voltage V1 at any value say 6V.
b) Connect Resistor R1= 10 KΩ resistor in the circuit using patch chords .
c) Note down the current reading from the ammeter.
d) Calculate the value of I theoretically by formula
I = V/R
d) Vary the Voltage V1 and repeat the steps.
e) Repeat the above steps for other Resistors and voltage source.

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 Circuit Diagram:

Observations:-

Result:
The OHM's law is verified for Voltage , Current and Resistance.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 2
Aim: Verification of KVL for DC Circuits.
Equipment Required : Digital Multimeter, Digital Milliammeter 20mA, Digital Voltmeter 20V,
Patch Cords, R1 = 1kΩ , R2 = R3 = 10kΩ , R4= 1kΩ , R5 = 10kΩ.
Theory :
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) :
It states that the algebraic sum of all IR drops & EMF in any closed loop (1 mesh) or
a network is zero.
OR
∑ IR + ∑ EMF = 0 (round a loop)
While applying the above law’s for circuits calculations, errors can occur unless
proper algebraic signs are given both to IR drops & battery EMF’s.
Procedure:
1) Study the front panel of the kit.
2) Note the Values of Resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 using Digital Multimeter or refer "
Components used" section of this manual.
3) Connect terminal S1 to 1. Set the DC Voltage V1 at any value (Say 10V). Note this
value using Digital voltmeter.
4) Connect terminal S2 to 2. Set the DC Voltage V2 at any value (say 10V). Note this
value using Digital voltmeter.
5) Keep Switch S3 and S4 in "ON" side. So the Resistors R2 and R3 are by pass (short).
the circuit becomes as shown in figure 2.
6) Connect the Digital Voltmeter across resistor R1 to note the voltage across R1 as VR1.
7) Similarly, note the other voltages VR2, VR3,VR4 & VR5.
8) Refer Figure-2, Select loop-I (ABEF), Apply KVL and verify the results as per Voltage
supplied = Voltage Drop which is KVL Law.
9) Refer Figure-2, Select loop-II (CBED), Apply KVL and verify the results as Voltage
supplied = Voltage Drop which is KVL Law.
10) Repeat the above steps for Different Values of V1 & V2.

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 11) Repeat the above steps for Switch S3 and S4 in "OFF" side. R2 and R3 added in a loops.
12) Repeat the above steps for the different combinations of S1 and S2.

Circuit Diagram:

Applying KVL to loop-I (ABEF),

+ V1 – I1R1 – I3 R5 = 0
OR + V1 – VR1 – VR5 = 0
+ V1= VR1 + VR5 ------ (1)
i.e. Voltage supplied = Voltage Drop.
Applying KVL to loop-II (CBED),
+ V2 – I2 R4 - I3 R5 = 0
OR + V2 – VR4 - VR5 = 0
+ V2= VR4 + VR5 ------- (2)
i.e. Voltage supplied = Voltage Drop.
Observations:-
Resistors Value :
R1= _______KΩ, R2= _______KΩ, R3= _______KΩ, R4= _______KΩ, R5= _______KΩ
For KVL :

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A) When S1 is connected to V1 and S2 is connected to V2.
Switches S3 & S4 are ON.
V1= _______V, V2= _______V,
VR1= ________V, VR2= ________V,
VR3= ________V, VR4=________V ,
VR5=________
Applying KVL to loop-I (ABEF),
+ V1 – I1R1 – I3 R5 = 0
OR + V1 – VR1 – VR5 = 0
+ V1= VR1 + VR5 (i.e. Voltage supplied = Voltage Drop)
____V = ____V + ____V = ____V
Applying KVL to loop-II (CBED),
+ V2 – I2 R4 - I3 R5 = 0
OR + V2 – VR4 - VR5 = 0
+ V2= VR4 + VR5 (i.e. Voltage supplied = Voltage Drop)
____V = ____V + ____V = ____V

Result:
The voltage supplied to desired loop equals to voltage drop by same loop, so KVL is
verified.
Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 3
Aim: Verification of Superposition Theorem.
Equipment Required: Patch cord, Digital Multimeter, R1A = 560Ω, R1B = 820 Ω, R2A =390 Ω, R2B =
560 Ω, R3A = 470 Ω, R3B = 320 Ω
Theory :
The Superposition Theorem states that if a network of linear impedance’s contains more than one
Voltage Sources (generators), the current which flows at any point, is the algebraic sum of all
currents which would flows at that point if each Voltage Source (generator) was considered
separately and all other generators were replaced by their internal impedance’s.
Procedure:
1) Study the circuit diagram provided on the front panel of the kit.
2) Note the values of all the resistors R1, R2, & R3.
3) Use Digital Voltmeter and Digital Miliammeter for Voltage and Current Measurements at the
respective positions.
4) Initially Short the Current I1, I2 & I3 by using patch cords. Remove the respective Current points
and insert the Digital Milliammeter in the circuit for the respective current measurements.
5) Connect terminal A to 1 & B to 2 to make the connections of the circuit as per figure 1. Determine
the voltage across R2 & current through R2 using method explained in the theory part of figure 1.
6) Switch ‘ON’ the power supply.
7) Keep the voltage source V1 & V2 constant at desired voltage, note its value.
8) Remove V2 (by connecting B to 1) only V1 is acting, find out the resistance RP1 & voltage Va as
per fig 2 (a), 2 (b).
9) Similarly remove V1 (by connecting A to 2). Only V2 is acting, find out resistance RP2 & voltage
Vb as per fig 3 (a), 3 (b).
10) Total voltage across R2 is given by, V = Va + Vb & current through R2, I = V/R2.
11) Verify the theoretical and practical values of current and voltages.
12) Repeat the above procedure for different values of V1 & V

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 Circuit Diagram:

Observations:-

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Result:
It is clear from the superposition theorem that the voltage or current, present in a element is equal to
the sum of voltages or currents, which exist independently. Thus the Superposition Theorem for the
DC circuit is studied.
Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 4
Aim: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.
Equipment Required : Digital Multimeter, 2mm Patch Cords, Power Supply, Mains Cord, DC Power
Supply : + 12V, + 5V, 500 Ma, Constant Current Source : 3.1 mA Voltmeter : 200 mV to 20 V Ammeter :
200 μA to 200 mA

Theory :
Any two-terminal bilateral linear DC circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
voltage source and a series resistor.

This theorem achieves two important objectives:

Provide a way to find any particular voltage or current in a linear network with one, two, or any other
number of sources. We can concentrate on a specific portion of a network by replacing the remaining
network with an equivalent circuit.

Sequence to proper value of Rth & Eth:

Preliminary:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Thevenin equation circuit is to be found. In the
figure, this requires that the load resistor RL be temporarily removed from the network.

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2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. (The importance of this step will become
obvious as we progress through some complex networks).
3. RTh :
Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced by short circuits and current
sources by open circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals. (If the
internal resistance of the voltage and/or current sources is included in the original network, it must remain
when the sources are set to zero).
4. ETh :
Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to their original position and finding the open-circuit voltage
between the marked terminals. (This step is invariably the one that will lead to so much confusion and errors.
In all cases, keep in mind that it is the open-circuit potential between the two terminals marked in step 2).
Procedure:
1. To measure practical value of Thevenin’s equivalent Voltage VTH of given circuit, proceed as follows:

2. Connect +12V DC power supply and Gnd2 using patch cords to terminals +Vcc and Gnd as shown in
figure.
3. Measure voltage between terminals 1 & 3 using voltmeter, for this connect terminal 1 to the +ve terminal of
DC Voltmeter and 3 to –ve terminal. It is the required value of Thevenin's equivalent voltage (VTH).

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4. To measure theoretical value of Thevenin's equivalent voltage VTH of given circuit, prefer the Theoretical
Analysis section.
5. To measure practical value of Thevenin’s equivalent Resistance RTH of given circuit, proceed as follows:

6. Disconnect the patch cord between terminals +Vcc to +12V and Gnd to Gnd2.
7. Also disconnect the Voltmeter from the circuit.
8. Connect +Vcc & Gnd of circuit, so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming it negligible).
9. Measure resistance between terminals 1 & 3 using multimeter. It is the required value of Thevenin's
equivalent resistance RTH.
10. Now measure theoretical value of Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH between terminals 1 & 3 of
the given circuit, prefer the Theoretical Analysis section.
11. Compare theoretical and practical value of Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH and calculate error
using following formula: Error = Theoretical value – Measured value.

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12. Now disconnect all the connections.
13. Now connect patch cords between terminals +Vcc to +12V terminal and Gnd to Gnd2 as shown in figure
14. Set the value of load resistance of given circuit and its equivalent circuit equal to 900Ω. You can vary the
load resistance of both circuits as you want.
15. Connect an ammeter between terminals 1 & 2. For this, connect terminal 1 to + ve of DC ammeter and 2 to
its -ve terminals.
16. Observe the value of current (IL) in ammeter.
17. To compare the given circuit with its Thevenin’s equivalent circuit proceed as follows:

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18. Connect +5V DC Power Supply and Gnd1 in Thevenin’s equivalent Circuit as shown in figure .
19. Connect an ammeter between terminals 11 & 12. For this, connect terminal 11 to + of DC Ammeter and 12
to its – of DC Ammeter..
20. Observe the value of current (IL) in ammeter, which is flowing through the load resistance (RL) of
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
21. Compare load current (IL) flowing through both of the load resistances.

Observation:
Theoretical value of Thevenin’s equivalent voltage VTH =
Practical value of Thevenin’s equivalent voltage VTH =
Error =
Theoretical value of Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH =
Practical value of Thevenin's equivalent resistance RTH =
Error =
The value of current flowing through the load in linear circuit IL =

22
The value of current flowing through load in equivalent circuit IL =
Error =
Result: The Thevenin’s theorem is verified.
Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 5
Aim: Verification of Norton’s Theorem.
Equipment Required : Digital Multimeter, 2mm Patch Cords, Power Supply, Mains Cord, DC Power
Supply : + 12V, + 5V, 500 Ma, Constant Current Source : 3.1 mA Voltmeter : 200 mV to 20 V Ammeter :
200 μA to 200 mA

Theory :
A linear active network consists of independent and dependant voltage and current sources and linear
bilateral network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit, consisting of a current source in
parallel with a resistance, the current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and
the resistance being the internal resistance of the source network, looking through the open circuited load
terminals.

Procedure:
1. To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of given circuit, proceed as follows:
2. Connect +5V DC power supply and Gnd1 using patch cords to terminals +Vcc and Gnd as shown
in figure.
3. Measure current between terminals 1 & 3. For this connect terminals 1 & 3 to +ve and –ve terminals of the
ammeter respectively. It is the required value of Norton current IN.
4. To measure theoretical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of given circuit, prefer the
Theoretical Analysis section.
5. To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent Resistance RN of given circuit, proceed as follows:

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25
6. Disconnect the 2mm patch cord between terminals +Vcc and +5V & Gnd and Gnd1.
7. Also disconnect the Ammeter from the circuit.
8. Connect terminals +Vcc and Gnd so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming it negligible).
9. Measure resistance between terminals 1 and 3 using multimeter.
10. It is the required value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN.
11. Measure theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN between terminals 1 and 3 of the given
circuit, prefer the Theoretical Analysis section.
12. To measure the IL current in the given circuit proceed as follows:

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13. Now disconnect all the connections.
14. Connect a 2mm patch cord between terminals +Vcc and +5V and Gnd1 to Gnd terminal as shown in
figure.
15. Connect an ammeter between terminals 1 and 2 to measure load current IL flowing through load resistance
of given circuit.
16. Set the value of load resistance of given circuit and load of equivalent circuit same & equal.
17. To compare the given circuit with its Norton’s equivalent circuit proceed as follows:

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18. Now short the terminal of 8 & 9 using patch cord as shown in figure.
19. Connect an ammeter between terminals 4 & 5 and examine the value. This current is same as IN of
the Norton circuit.

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20. Connect a 2 mm patch cord between terminals 4 and 5 and between terminals 8 and 9 as shown in
figure.
21. Connect an ammeter between terminals 6 and 7 to measure load current (IL) flowing through load
resistance of Norton’s equivalent circuit.
22. Compare load current (IL) flowing through both of the load resistances.
Observations:
Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN = …………..
Practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN =……………...
Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN = ………
Practical value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN = ………….
Result:
The value of current flowing through the load resistance in both of the cases is approximately equal.
Hence Norton’s theorem is verified.
Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 6
Aim: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
Equipment Required : Digital Multimeter, 2mm Patch Cords, Power Supply, Mains Cord, DC Power
Supply : + 12V, + 5V, 500 Ma, Constant Current Source : 3.1 mA Voltmeter : 200 mV to 20 V Ammeter :
200 μA to 200 mA

Theory :
The Maximum power transfer theorem states that when the load resistance is equal to the source's internal
resistance, maximum power will be developed in the load.
In other words, the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance when load
resistance is equal to the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the network supplying the power. If the load
resistance is lower or higher than the Thevenin/Norton resistance of the source network, its dissipated
power will be less than maximum.

Procedure:
1. To perform the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, firstly convert Thevenin’s linear circuit into its
equivalent circuit with +5V (Vcc) DC supply as shown in figure.

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2. Now set the value of load resistance RL of Thevenin’s equivalent circuit at some lower value (say
400Ω). For this connect multimeter between terminals 12 and 13 and set the resistance.

31
3. Now remove multimeter and connect +5V supply to terminal +5V and Gnd1 to Gnd1 as shown in
figure 16.
4. Connect the onboard DC Ammeter between terminals 11 & 12, for this connect terminal 11 to +ve
terminal of Ammeter and 12 to its –ve terminal.
5. Observe the reading of DC Ammeter, this will give the load current IL.
6. Determine the value of I²L * RL, the power dissipated for RL value of load resistance.
7. Record the value of load current IL with respect to load resistor RL, and power dissipated PL in an
observation table.
8. Now repeat same steps for different values of resistances like 500Ω, 600Ω, 680Ω…….
Note: Set the values of RL very precisely using provided potentiometer for getting accurate results.

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Observations:

Result:

The maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance, when that load resistance is equal to
the Thevenin’s resistance of the network supplying the power and the value of Maximum power dissipated is
found equal to______________.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 7
Aim: Calculations and Verification of Impedance and Current of RL, RC and RLC series Circuits.
Equipment Required : Digital Multimeter, 2mm Patch Cords, Power Supply, Mains Cord, DC Power
Supply : + 12V, + 5V, 500 Ma, Constant Current Source : 3.1 mA Voltmeter : 200 mV to 20 V Ammeter :
200 μA to 200 mA

Theory :

Procedure:

Observations:

Result:

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 8
Aim: Measurement of Voltage, Current and Real Power in primary and Secondary AC Circuits
Equipment Required : Dimmerstat as a Variable AC Source, AC Voltmeter 250V and 25V , AC
Ammeter 1A or Digital Multimeters and Patch Cords.
Theory : A single phase voltage transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of wire, one called
the “Primary Winding” and another called the “Secondary Winding”. The “primary” side of the
transformer as the side that usually takes power, and the “secondary” as the side that usually delivers
power. In a single-phase voltage transformer the primary is usually the side with the higher voltage. These
two coils are not in electrical contact with each other but are instead wrapped together around a common
closed magnetic iron circuit called the “core”.

In other words, for a transformer there is no direct electrical connection between the two coil windings,
thereby giving it the name also of an Isolation Transformer. Generally, the primary winding of a
transformer is connected to the input voltage supply and converts or transforms the electrical power into a
magnetic field. While the job of the secondary winding is to convert this alternating magnetic field into
electrical power producing the required output voltage as shown.
A Transformers Turns Ratio

NP / NS = VP/VS = IS/IP = K , Turns Ratio Turns Ratio , TR = NP / NS = VP/VS

Procedure:
A. Make the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit.

B. Connect the AC Voltmeter 250V (VP) at Primary and AC Ammeter 1A (IP) at Primary of
Transformer.

C. Connect the Variable AC Input Vi terminal to Dimmerstat or Variac.

D. To note the DC Resistance of primary and secondary.

35
1. Remove the AC Supply Input.

2. Using Ohmmeter of Digital Multimeter, measure the DC resistance at all the windings as per
table given below.

E. To note the rated Voltage at Primary and Secondary.

3. Apply the AC Input voltage of 230V from Dimmerstat. Turn-On Power.
4. Observe and note the AC Voltages at Primary winding (AB) and Secondary windings ;
Secondary-1 (ED) , Secondary-2 (CE) and Secondary (CD).
5. Record the results in following tables.

6. Find the Turns Ratio, TR = NP / NS = VP/VS = ______

F. To note the rated Currents at Primary.

1. Apply the AC Input voltage of 230V from Dimmerstat. Turn-On Power.
2. Observe and note the AC Current IP at Primary winding (AB).
3. Record the results in following tables.

36
G. To note the rated Currents at Secondary (Short Circuit Test).
1. Apply the AC Input voltage of 230V from Dimmerstat. Turn-On Power.
2. Note the AC Primary voltage VP.
3. The short circuit test is obtained by providing the very low impedance (short circuit) path
between secondary winding terminal CD.
4. Connect the AC Ammeter at the Primary and secondary windings to note IP & IS respectively.
5. Observe and note the AC Current IP at Primary winding (AB) and AC Current Is at the
secondary winding (CD).
6. Record the results in following tables. (Short Circuit Test)

7. To find the Current Ratio : Current Ratio = Is/Ip= _____

H. To Determine the effect of core saturation on magnetizing (exciting) current.

1. Apply the AC Input voltage from minimum to maximum values from Dimmerstat. Turn-On
Power.
2. Vary the AC Input voltages from 25V to 250 V in steps, measure the exciting current Ip and
the output voltage Vs across winding terminal CD at every steps.

To Study the Power Rating

Secondary Voltage = Vs = RL = ____ (Maximum) Is = Power = I2S . RL OR Power = VS . Is

Result :
The Step down transformer is studied for its various parameters.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

37
 Experiment No. 9
Aim: The identification & Testing of Electronic component.
Equipment Required : Digital multimeter, Analog multimeter (Optional).
Components used :- As shown on the kit.
Theory :
RESISTORS

Resistors are essential to the functioning of almost every electronic circuit and provide us a means of
controlling the current and/or voltage present. Typical application of resistors involve, among other things, the
provision of bias potentials and currents for transistor amplifiers, changing an output current into a
corresponding output voltage drop, and providing a predetermined value of attenuation.
The type and construction of a resistor are largely instrumental in determining its electrical characteristic. In
any application we may be concerned with the following
(a) Resistance : The required value quoted in Ω, K Ω, M Ω.
(b) Power rating : The maximum power dissipated by the resistor which is given by P = V²/R = I² R
(c) Tolerance ( or accuracy ) : The maximum allowable deviation from the marked value (quoted as a
percentage ).
(d) Temperature coefficient: The change in resistance (usually expressed in parts permillion , p.p.m.) per unit
temperature change.
(e) Noise performance: The equivalent noise voltage generated by the resistor when subjected to a given set of
physical and electrical conditions.
(f) Stability: The variation in resistance value (expressed a percentage ) which occurs under specified
conditions and over a given period of time.
The Resistors are Fixed type, Variable type & semi variable type. Depending upon the type of composition
used to fabricate the resistor, these are carbon composition type, carbon film type, metal film type, ceramic
wire wound type.
COLOUR CODES:
Carbon and metal oxide resistors are invariably marked with color codes which indicate

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their value and tolerance .Two methods of color coding are in common use - one involves
four colored bands while the other uses five color bands.

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Other types of resistor have values marked using the system of coding defined in
BS 1852. This system involves marking the position of the decimal point with a
letter to indicate the multiplier concerned as follows :

CAPACITORS

Like resistors, capacitors are also crucial to the correct working of nearly every electronic circuit and provide
us with a means of storing electrical energy in the form of an electric field. Capacitors have numerous
applications including storage capacitors in power supplies, coupling of a.c. signals between the stages of an
amplifier, and de-coupling power supply rails so that, as far as a.c. signal component are concerned, the supply
rails are indistinguishable from 0 V. As with resistors, the type and construction of a capacitor will be

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instrumental in determining its electrical characteristics. In any application we may be concerned with the
following –
(A) Capacitance : The required value quoted in μF, nF or pF.
Voltage rating : The working voltage rating for a capacitor is the maximum voltage which can be continuously
applied to the capacitor. Exceeding this value can have dire consequences and the dielectric may eventually
rupture and the capacitor will suffer irreversible damage. Where the voltage rating is expressed in terms of a
direct voltage (e.g. 250V d.c ) this is normally related to the maximum working temperature. It is, however,
wise to operate capacitors with a considerable margin for safety. This helps promote long-term reliability. As a
rule of thumb, the working d.c voltage should be limited to no more than 50% of the rated d.c. voltage. Where
an a.c. voltage rating is specified this is normally for sinusoidal operation at either 50Hx or 60 Hz.
Performance will not be significantly affected over the audio frequency range ( up to 100kHZ ) but, above,
this, or when non – sinusoidal (e.g. pulse ) waveforms are involved the capacitor must be departed in order to
minimize dielectric losses which in turn may result in excessive internal heating.
(a) Tolerance ( or accuracy ) : The maximum allowable deviation from the marked value (quoted as a
percentage) .
(b) Temperature coefficient: The change in capacitance ( usually expressed in parts per million, p.p.m. ) per
unit temperature change.
(c) Leakage current : The d.c. current flowing in the dielectric when the rated d.c. voltage is applied (normally
quoted at a given temperature).
(d) Insulation resistance : The resistance of the dielectric when the rated d.c. voltage is applied (normally
quoted at a given temperature).
(e) Stability : The variation in capacitance value (expressed as a percentage) which occurs under specified
conditions and over a given period time.

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 Experiment No. 10
Aim: Diode Characteristics(Si) a) Forward Bias b) Reverse Bias
Equipment Required : Voltmeter (15V), Milliammeter (25 mA), Microammeter (0-
Cords.
Components used : Supply voltage Vi = + 12 V, R = 1K ,D1 & D2= Silicon (1N4007), Zener diode
5.6 V,6.2V
Theory : Forward condition of a P-N junction
A P-N junction diode conducts in the forward direction that is when anode is connected to the
positive of supply voltage VAA & Cathode to negative of Supply voltage VAA.

Above Fig(1) shows the forward connection of diode. Where VAA is forward voltage applied . I = IF
is the forward current flows through diode and V is the voltage drop across the diode. With the
forward bias, the barrier potential at the junction reduces & majority carriers diffuse across the
junction. This results in forward current through diode. The amount of this forward bias VAA can be
varied by changing a potentiometer and series resistor „R‟ decides the max. forward current flow
through diode.
Reverse condition of a P-N junction
No flow electronics and hence no flow of electric current is possible in the reverse biased condition
fig. (2) shows the reverse bias connection of the diode.

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P-N junction diode conducts only in the forward biased condition that is it has the property of a rectifier.
This circuit is similar to that of forward bias condition except two changes that is diode terminals are
reversed and current flows in Microampere. In reverse direction it draws negligibly small current Io, when
reverse voltage is continuously increased, at breakdown voltage Vz the diode draws heavy current at an
almost constant voltage. Fig (3) shows the forward V-I char. of diode.

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Procedure:

(1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit.

(2) Switch „ON‟ the power supply check variable power supply using digital multimeter.

(3) Select any one diode (say silicon diode D1) with the help of patch chord.

(4) Make the connection of D1 diode for forward bias condition, by connecting +Vi to A, -Vi to
B, S to 3.

(5) Connect the Milliammeter and voltmeter in the circuit.

(6) Increase the forward bias Vi from 0 to 12 V in steps and note down the Voltmeters (V) and
Milliammeter (IF) reading for each steps. Tabulate the readings.
(7) Now make the connections for reverse bias condition, by connecting -Vi to A, +Vi to B, S to 3.

(8) Connect the Microammeter and Voltmeter in the circuit.

(9) Increase the reverse bias voltage in steps and note down the voltmeter (V) and
Microammeter (Ir) readings for each steps. Tabulate the same readings.

(10) Plot the graph between Forward Current IF on Y-axis and Voltage (V) on x-axis.

(11) Select the operating point calculate the Dynamic and Static resistance as per equation (1) &
(2).
(12) Repeat above steps for other Diode D2.

Observations:

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Result: Hence, The VI characteristics of diode are verified using graph and observation.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 11
Aim: Study and analysis of half Wave rectifier with & without filter.
Equipment Required : CRO( dual channels), Patch Chords, Signal Generator, DMM.
Component Used:
Diode = 1N4007(4 Nos.). C1 = 1000μf , C2 = 100μf. RL = 10KΩ
Transformer 12V, 500mA/230V, 50HZ
Theory :

Fig shows the circuit of Half Wave Rectifier, it uses a one diode. AC 230 V is step-down by
transformer giving AC voltage Vi, During positive half cycle of Vi, diode D gets forward biased & it
conducts. The resulting current IL flows through load RL providing the rectified O/P voltage V0
across it. During negative half cycle diode becomes reverse biased. Hence no current (ignoring the
extremely small reverse saturation current I0) flow through the diode. Hence the O/P voltage V0 is
zero. The pure sinusoidal voltage Vi gets converted into unidirectional voltage V0. Analysis of this
O/P shows that (i) DC O/P voltage Vdc is given by

46
Filters:
The O/P of the rectifier contains unwanted ripple voltage (AC) in addition to the desired DC voltage
Vdc. This ripple voltage is required to be removed or filtered out. Hence the circuit is placed between
the rectifier circuit & the load Resistor RL to filter out the ripple voltage & thus smoothen the
rectified O/P voltage V0.

Procedure:

1) Study the Circuit Provided on the front panel of the kit

2) Switch ON the Circuit.
3) Connect the CRO across the Secondary of the Transformer.
4) Measure the Peak Value of the Secondary Voltage (Vm) & note it.
5) For HWR Connect Points A-A & 1-3 using Patch Chords.
6) Observe the O/P on CRO at the O/P and Note Down the Peak Value of the O/P Waveforms.
7) Calculate the Vdc using Formula given.
8) Calculate the Ripple Factor (r)
9) Now Connect the C, L, CLC, LC Filters using Combinations of connections 4-5, 6-7 & 8-9 and observe
the Changes in the O/P.
10) Draw the I/P and O/P Waveforms for each Combination.
Observations: Graph from CRO
Result: Hence, The half wave rectifier is studied from the waveforms of CRO.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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 Experiment No. 12
Aim: Study and analysis of Full Wave rectifier with & without filter.
Equipment Required : CRO( dual channels), Patch Chords, Signal Generator, DMM.
Component Used:
Diode = 1N4007(4 Nos.). C1 = 1000μf , C2 = 100μf. RL = 10KΩ
Transformer 12V, 500mA/230V, 50HZ
Theory :

Figure is the Full Wave Rectifier which allows a unidirectional current to flow through the load
during the entire input cycle, giving a D.C. output voltage that pulsates every half cycle of the input.
There are two types of full wave rectifier namely center tapped & bridge type

Fig. shows the center tapped full wave rectifier which consist of two diodes D1 and center tapped
transformer. AC 230 V is stepped-down by the transformer giving a voltage at secondary winding.
The half of this voltage is developed between center tap and upper winding & remaining in other
winding. During positive half cycle of input, let polarities of secondary voltage are as shown in fig.

48
i.e. terminal A is positive [Link] terminal B, which forward bias D1 (ON) and Reverse bias D2 (OFF)
giving a load current through RL as indicated in figure. During negative half cycle of input, terminal
B is positive w.r. to terminal A, so D2 becomes ON & D1 becomes OFF giving load current iL due to
D2 in the same direction as above. As the current through the load flows in the same direction during
both the positive & negative portions of input cycle. Therefore, the O/P voltage developed across load
RL is a full wave rectified d.c. voltage as shown in fig. The analysis of the circuit shows that

Filters:
The O/P of the rectifier contains unwanted ripple voltage (AC) in addition to the desired DC voltage
Vdc. This ripple voltage is required to be removed or filtered out. Hence the circuit is placed between
the rectifier circuit & the load Resistor RL to filter out the ripple voltage & thus smoothen the
rectified O/P voltage V0.

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Procedure:

1) Study the Circuit Provided on the front panel of the kit

2) Switch ON the Circuit.
3) Connect the CRO across the Secondary of the Transformer.
4) Measure the Peak Value of the Secondary Voltage (Vm) & note it.
5) For full wave bridge rectifier connect point A & B of transformer to the point A & B of diodes to form
a configuration of full wave bridge rectifier as shown in figure.
6) Observe the O/P on CRO at the O/P and Note Down the Peak Value of the O/P Waveforms.
7) Calculate the Vdc using Formula given.
8) Calculate the Ripple Factor (r)
9) Now Connect the C, L, CLC, LC Filters using Combinations of connections 4-5, 6-7 & 8-9 and observe
the Changes in the O/P.
10) Draw the I/P and O/P Waveforms for each Combination.
Observations: Graph from CRO
Result: Hence, The full wave rectifier is studied from the waveforms of CRO.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.

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