ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

COURSE CODE: Stat2171

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ASSIGNMENT

SECTION: 18
Group Members ID NO.
Naod Garedew UGR/ 9361/16
Halid Sabir UGR/9952/16
Alazar Tagesse UGR/1568/16
Nega Demewez UGR/0629/16
Mekuanint Endalew UGR/1666/16

Submitted to: Mr.

Submission date: December 14, 2024
 Probability & Statistics for Engineers Assignment
1. A student would like to estimate the average monthly pocket money of pre-engineering
students in Addis Ababa University. He collected data from a sample of 50 students. Based on
this information state the
a. Population = All Pre-Engineering students at Addis Ababa University.
b. Parameter = The average monthly pocket money of all pre-engineering students at Addis
Ababa University.
c. Statistic = The average monthly pocket money calculated from the sample of 50
pre-engineering students.
d. Variable = The amount of monthly pocket money that each pre-engineering student receives.

3. Classify each of the following first as qualitative or quantitative and then as nominal, ordinal,
interval or ratio scale of measurements.

Time in minutes for swimmers to complete a 50-meter Quantitative Ratio

race.
Months of the year Meskerm, Tikimit, etc. Qualitative Ordinal
Socio-economic status of a family classified as low, Qualitative Ordinal
middle and upper class.
Blood type of individuals, A, B, AB and O. Qualitative Nominal
Different regions in Ethiopia codes as 1, 2, 3, etc. Qualitative Nominal
Amount of wheat in kg. produced in Ethiopia last year. Quantitative Ratio

6. The marks of 30 students in statistics (out of 100) are given below. Construct a frequency
distribution including the class boundaries, class marks, the relative frequencies, the less than
and more than cumulative frequencies. 84,79, 65, 78, 78, 80, 67, 68, 73, 66,65, 86, 88, 75,89, 67,
82, 73, 87, 61,57, 81, 62, 77, 85, 78, 56, 55, 48, 72
Solution:
Total frequencies (n) = 30
Range = 89 – 48 = 41
Number of classes (k) = 1+ 3.322logn = 1 + 3.322log30 = 1+ 3.322(1.477) = 1 + 4.907 = 5.907 ≈
6
 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 41
𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡 = = =𝟕
number of classes 6
The classes will be: (48-54), (55-61), (62-68), (69-75), (76-82), (83-89)
Class Boundaries = It is achieved by subtracting 0.5 from each of the lower-class limit and
adding 0.5 to each upper-class limit.
(47.5-54.5), (54.5-61.5), (61.5-68.5), (68.5-75.5), (75.5-82.5), (82.5-89.5)
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 + 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐤 =
2
All the class marks are 51, 58, 65, 72, 79, 86 for each of the class intervals respectively.
Frequency of the interval
𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 =
Total obsevation
1 4 7
Therefore, the relative frequency of each class interval will be (30 = 0.33, 30 = 0.133, 30 =
5 8 5
0.233, 30 = 0.166, 30 = 0.266, 30 = 0.166)

The frequency distribution Table

Class Class Frequencies Relative Less Than More Than

Boundaries Marks Frequencies Cumulative Cumulative
Frequencies Frequencies
48 – 54 51 1 0.033 1 30
55 – 61 58 4 0.133 5 29
62 – 68 65 7 0.233 12 25
69 – 75 72 5 or 4 0.166 17 18
76 – 82 79 8 0.266 25 13
83 - 89 86 5 or 6 0.166 30 5

10. During four successive years, a home owner purchased oil for her furnace at respective costs
of 0.80, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.25 birr per gallon. What was the average cost of oil over the 4-years
period?
To calculate the average cost of oil over the four-year period, you can use the following formula
for the average:

Year Cost
1 0.80 birr
2 0.90 birr
3 1.05 birr
4 1.25 birr
 Sum of Costs
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 =
Number of Years

(0.80 + 0.90 + 1.05 + 1.25)𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = = 𝟏 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏
4
13. The following table shows the distribution of a group of families according to their
expenditure per week. The median and the mode of the distribution are known to be 25.50 birr
and 24.50 birr respectively. Two frequency values are however missing from the table.

Expenditure 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50

(CI)
Number of 14 f2 27 f4 15
families(fi)
Less than 14 39 66 90 105
cumulative
frequency
Class mark 5.5 15.5 25.5 35.5 45.5
(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)2 404.01 102.01 0.01 98.01 396.01
Find,
A) the missing frequencies.
B) The mean.
C) The variance
D) Compute the value below which 25% of the observations lie.
E) Compute the value above which 25% of the observations lie.
Solution:
A) N = 14+ f2 + 27 + f4 + 15 = f2 + f4 + 56
𝑛
( −cfp)
2
𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 = L + 𝑤 = 25.50 birr (in the class 21-30)
𝑓𝑚

𝑁
( −(14+f2))
2
25.50 = 20.5 + . 10
27
𝑁
( − 14 − f2)
5= 2 . 10
27
5𝑥27 𝑁
= − 14 − 𝑓2
10 2
𝑁 = 55 + 2𝑓2 by equating this equation with the first one we get

𝑓2 = 𝑓4 + 1…*
(𝑓𝑚−fp)
𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞 = L + (𝑓𝑚−𝑓𝑝)+(𝑓𝑚−𝑓𝑛) 𝑤 = 24.50 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟 (in the class 21 - 30)

(27 − f2)
24.5 = 20.5 + . 10
(27 − 𝑓2) + (27 − 𝑓4)

3𝑓2 − 2𝑓4 = 27…**

By equating * and ** we get,

3(1 + 𝑓4) − 2𝑓4 = 27

3 + 3𝑓4 − 2𝑓4 = 27

𝐟𝟒 = 𝟐𝟒

𝐟𝟐 = 1 + 24 = 𝟐𝟓

Therefore, the missing frequencies are f2= 25 and f4=24.

N = 14+ 25 + 27 + 24 + 15 = 105

B, The mean
∑𝑁
𝑖=1 fimi (14𝑥5.5)+(15.5∗25)+(27𝑥25.5+(24𝑥35.5)+(15𝑥45.5))
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = ≅ 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔
N 105

C, The Variance
∑𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖−𝑥)
2 404.01+102.01+0.01+98.01+396.01 1000.05
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟐
N 105 105

D, The value below which 24% of the observations lie.

𝑁
− cfp
𝑄1 = L + 4 𝑤
f
𝑁 105
= = 26.25 Q1 falls in the 11-20 class
4 4

26.25 − 14
𝑄1 = 10.5 + 10
25
𝑄1 = 10.5 + 4.9 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒

E. The value above which 25% of the observation lies

3𝑁
(( 4 ) − cfp)
𝑄3 = L + 𝑤
f
3𝑁 3(105)
= = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 This value falls in the 31-40 class.
4 4

(78.75 − 66)
𝑄3 = 30.5 + 10
24
𝑄1 = 30.5 + 5.31 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟏

14. Two sections were given an examination of a certain course. The following information was
given.

Value Section 1 Section 2

Mean 72 85
Standard Deviation 6 7
𝑆.𝐷
Coefficient of Variation ( 𝑀 x100%) 8.33% 8.24%
i. Which section is more consistent in its performance? Why?
ii. Student A from section 1 scored 75 and student B from section 2 scored 90, then who
performed better? Why?
Solution:
Consistency can be assessed using the coefficient of variation. A lower coefficient of variation
indicates that the scores are closer to the mean, which indicates more consistency.
i. Since Section 2 has a lower coefficient of variation, it is more consistent in its
performance. The scores in Section 2 are more closely grouped around the mean
compared to Section 1. Therefore, Section 2 is more consistent in performance.

To determine who performed better, we can calculate their z-scores:

 Individual Score − Mean
𝑍 − 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
Standard Deviation
Z-score of Student A
Individual Score − Mean 75 − 72
𝑍 − 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓
Standard Deviation 6
Z-score of Student B
Individual Score − Mean 90 − 85
𝑍 − 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
Standard Deviation 7
ii. Since, Student B’s score is higher, Student B performed better relative to their
respective section's performance.
17. Sara is going out for lunch. The lunch menu has a choice of 5 soups, 6 salads, and 3 pasta
dishes. If she can pick one soup, one salad, and one pasta dish, how many different combinations
can she choose?
Solution:
To find the total number of different combinations for this case, it is necessary to use the
principle of multiplication. Since, the choices are independent, we multiply the number of
choices for each item.
Sarah has the option to choose from,
✓ 5 Soups, 6 Salads and 3 Pasta dishes

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = (Number of soups)x(Number of salads)x(Number of pasta dishes)

= 5x6x3 = 𝟗𝟎
Thus, Sarah can choose from 90 different combinations of soup, salads and pasta dishes.

23. A lot consists of 10 good articles, 4 with minor defects and 2 with major defects.

i. One article is chosen at random. Find the probability that

a) It has no defects,
b) It has no major defects,
c) It is either good or has major defects.

ii. Two articles are chosen (without replacement), Find the probability that
a) Both are good
 b) Both have major defects
c) At most one is good
d) Exactly one is good

Solution:
A lot contains 10 good articles, 4 with minor defects and 2 with major defects.
Total articles in a lot = 16
i. If one article is chosen at random, the probability that
A. It has no defects
Number of No defect articles 10 𝟓
𝑃(𝐴𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑁𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡) = = =
Total articles 16 𝟖
B. It has no major defects
Number of Major defect articles 14 𝟕
𝑃(𝐴𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠) = = =
Total articles 16 𝟖
C. It is either good or has major defects
The total number of good articles(10) or with major defects(2) = 12
Number of No defect articles 12 𝟑
𝑃(𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠) = = =
Total articles 16 𝟒

ii. If the two articles are chosen without replacement, the probability that
A. Both are good
The probability of choosing the first article to be good article
Number of Good articles 10 𝟓
𝑃(𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒) = = =
Total articles 16 𝟖
The probability of choosing the second article as the Good article
Now, since we haven’t replaced the previous one we have 9 Good article (assuming we chose the
good one), the total number of articles in the lot is 15.
Number current good articles 9 𝟑
𝑃(𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑) = = =
Total articles 15 𝟓
Thus, the probability that both are good is

𝑃(𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠) =

 5 3 15 𝟑
P(First good article). P(Second good article|First good article) = . = =
8 5 40 𝟖
B. Both have major defects
The probability of choosing the first article with major defect
Number of articles with major defect 2 𝟏
𝑃(𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡) = = =
Total articles 16 𝟖
The probability of choosing the second article as the article with major defect
Now, since we haven’t replaced the previous one we have 1 article with major defects(assuming
we chose the article with major defect one), the total number of articles in the lot is 15.
Number of current articles with major defect
𝑃(𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡) =
Total articles
1 𝟏
= =
15 𝟏𝟓
Thus, the probability that both have major defects is

𝑃(𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠) =

P(First article with major defect). P(Second article with major defect|First article with major defect)
1 1 𝟏
= . =
8 15 𝟏𝟐𝟎

C. At most one is good

The probability of choosing one good article at most is
3 𝟓
𝑃(𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑) = 1 − P(both are good articles) = 1 − =
8 𝟖
D. Exactly one is good
Case No. 1 The probability that the first is good article and the second is defective one

𝑃(𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠). P(Second defective ones)

Number of good articles 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 10 6 60 𝟏
= . = . = =
Total articles 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 16 15 240 𝟒

Case No. 2 The probability of second is good article and the first is a defective one
𝑃(𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒). 𝑃(𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 Number of current good articles 6 10
= . = .
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 Total number of current articles 16 15
60 𝟏
= =
240 𝟒
Thus, the probability of exactly one article is

𝑃(𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒)

= 𝑃(𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠). P(Second defective ones)
1 1 2
+ 𝑃(𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒). 𝑃(𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒) = + =
4 4 4
𝟏
=
𝟐

25. If the permutation of the word W HIT E is selected at random, find the probability that the
permutation
a) Begins with a consonant
b) Ends with a vowel
Solution:

Let's first find the total number of permutations of the word "WHITE." There are 5 letters, so the
total number of permutations is 5! = 120.

a) Begins with a consonant:

There are 3 consonants (W, H, T). If we fix one of these consonants at the beginning, we have 4
letters left to arrange in 4! ways. So, the total number of permutations that begin with a
consonant is 3(three consonants) x 4! = 72.

The total number of permutations of the 5 letters is: 5! = 120

Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected permutation begins with a consonant is
72/120 = 3/5.
b) Ends with a vowel:
There are 2 vowels (I, E). If we fix one of these vowels at the end, we have 4 letters left to
arrange in 4! ways. So, the total number of permutations that end with a vowel is 2 * 4! = 48.
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected permutation ends with a vowel is 48/120 =
2/5.

30. One bag contains 4 white balls and 3 black balls, and the second bag contains 3 white balls
and 5 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from the second bag and placed in the first bag.
What is the probability that a ball now drawn from the first bag is white?
Solution:
Let,
B1 = Bag 1 contains 4 white balls and 3 black balls.
B2 = Bag 2 contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls.
W = White ball and B = Black ball
We can draw either a white ball or a black ball from the second bag, We consider both scenarios
separately.
A. Transferring a white ball:
Probability of drawing a white ball from the second bag is,
𝟑
𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵2) =
𝟖
After transferring a white ball, the first bay will have 5 white balls, 3 black balls with total of 8
balls.
The probability of drawing a white ball from the first bag is ,
𝟓
𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵1) =
𝟖
B. Transferring a black ball

Probability of drawing a black ball from the second bag is

𝟓
𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵2) =
𝟖

After transferring a black ball, the first bag will have 4 white balls and 4 black balls, with a total
of 8 balls.

The probability of drawing a white ball from the first bag now is
 4 𝟏
𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵1) = =
8 𝟐

The total probability of Drawing a white ball from the first bag:

P(White from Bag 1)=P(White from Bag 1 | White transferred)⋅P(White from Bag 2)+P(White
from Bag 1 | Black transferred)⋅P(Black from Bag 2)
5 3 1 5 15 20 𝟑𝟓
P(White from Bag 1) = ( . )+( . )= + =
8 8 2 8 64 64 𝟔𝟒
𝟑𝟓
Therefore, the Probability of a ball drawn from the first bag is white =
𝟔𝟒