GEOLOGICAL REPORT

On Field Work in And Around

Rishikesh-Dehradun Area

Submitted To: Prof. Sandeep Singh

Submitted By: Siddharth Tripathi

Class: MSc. Year I
Semester: II
Enrolment No: 24612015

1|Page
Contents page no.
Equipment used 3
Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
Introduction 6
Day 1 10
Day 2 17
Day 3 22
Day 4 28
Day 5 32
Day 6 39
Day 7 42
Conclusion 47

2|Page
Equipment used
 Brunton compass
 Field hammer
 GPS
 Measuring tape
 Field diary
 Stationary

3|Page
Acknowledgment
I wish to express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Prof. Sandeep
Singh, Department of Earth Sciences IIT Roorkee who headed our batch for our
geological fieldwork. I thank him for his encouragement and all the facilities he
provided for this geological fieldwork. I would like to have the opportunity to
convey my sincere thanks for his tremendous drive, helpful advice, unwavering
support, and constructive criticism. His support has kept me going through every
step of this endeavour.
It gives me great pleasure to offer my deepest thanks and obligations to Prof.
Biplab Bhattacharya, Department of Earth Sciences IIT Roorkee. I appreciate his
deep interest in guiding us as well as his steadfast support and direction.
Lastly, I would like to thank my fellow participants and the Department of Earth
Sciences at IIT Roorkee for their cooperation and for providing the resources and
environment necessary for this successful field study. This experience has been
a remarkable opportunity for both professional and personal growth, and I am
sincerely thankful to everyone who contributed to its success

4|Page
ABSTRACT
The geological field visit conducted in the regions of Rishikesh and Dehradun
provided valuable insights into the lithological and structural characteristics of
the rocks in these areas. The primary focus was on understanding the Siwalik
rocks near the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone, the quartzites of the Nagthat
Formation, and the High-Pressure Thrust (HFT). The visit also included
educational trips to ONGC Dehradun and Railway Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL),
providing further context on the practical applications of geological studies.

In terms of lithology, the Siwalik rocks, located near the MBT, are predominantly
made up of clastic sediments such as conglomerates, sandstones, and
mudstones. These rocks, which date back to the Tertiary period, show signs of
syn-depositional deformation. The conglomerates contain a variety of clasts
ranging from pebbles to cobbles, embedded in a matrix of sand and mud. The
sandstones and mudstones are often interbedded and exhibit fine-grained
textures. The Siwalik rocks represent the Sub-Himalayan zone and are crucial for
understanding the tectonic history of the region, especially in relation to the
MBT. The Nagthat Formation, found in the Dehradun region, consists primarily
of quartzites, which are fine to medium-grained, light-colored rocks that exhibit
cross-bedding and well-defined stratification, indicative of high-energy
depositional environments. These quartzites show evidence of low-grade
metamorphism due to tectonic pressures, making them an important study in
understanding regional metamorphic processes.

Structurally, the Rishikesh and Dehradun regions are influenced by major

tectonic features, primarily the MBT and HFT. The MBT represents a large-scale
thrust fault that marks the boundary between the Lesser Himalayas and the
foreland basin. The region experiences significant seismic activity, a result of the
ongoing tectonic movements along the MBT. The HFT, associated with the
collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, is characterized by complex
folding, faulting, and intense compression, leading to the development of
foliated rocks and shear zones. These structural features are critical for
understanding the seismicity, land stability, and resource distribution in the
region.

5|Page
Introduction
There are many physiographic divisions of Uttarakhand, all of which run parallel
to one another from northwest to southeast. The Zaskar and Great Himalaya
mountains are partially present in the northern region, often referred to as the
Himadri. Elevations in this region typically range from 10,000 to 25,000 feet
(3,000 to 7,600 meters). Within this zone are the majority of the big summits.
Located south and next to the Great Himalayas is a region that includes the
Lesser Himalayas, sometimes referred to as the Himachal. The region comprises
two linear ranges, the Mussoorie and the Nag Tibba, and has heights ranging
from 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 meters). A portion of the Siwalik Range
is south of the Himachal. The Kumaon Himalayas refer to the region that
encompasses the Himadri, Himachal, and Siwalik mountains. The Bhabar, a
narrow channel of gravel and alluvium that connects to the swampy Tarai region
to the southeast, is where the southern edge of the Siwalik Range meets. The
total elevation of the Siwalik-Bhabar-Tarai region is between 1,000 and 10,000
feet (300 and 3,000 meters). Flat-floored depressions, called duns locally, may
be found south of the Siwalik. One such dun is the Dehra Dun.

The Lesser Himalayas, located between the Siwalik Range and the Greater
Himalayas, are composed of older metamorphic rocks, including schists,
phyllites, limestones, and shales, which have been significantly deformed due to
tectonic forces. These rocks, which primarily belong to the Precambrian to
Paleozoic era, form a critical geological zone for understanding the region’s
tectonic evolution. Notable formations in this zone include the Krol Formation,
composed of slates and limestones from the Cambrian to Ordovician periods,
and the Tal Formation, which consists of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates
dating back to the Proterozoic era. These formations provide insights into the
sedimentary history and tectonic processes that have shaped the region.

Further to the north, the Greater Himalayas contain the oldest and most
metamorphosed rocks of the range. These rocks, which include granites,
gneisses, and high-grade schists, were subjected to intense metamorphism due
to the ongoing tectonic collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. These
rocks, part of the Himalayan Crystalline Complex, represent the deep crustal
components of the Himalayas. The Greater Himalayas also contain significant
tectonic structures, including the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and the Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT), which separate the various geological zones of the
Himalayas.

6|Page
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF GARHWAL HIMALAYA (VALDIYA 1980)

7|Page
Generalized stratigraphy of Kumaon Lesser Himalaya in Uttarakhand (source:
Valdiya)
Outer Lesser Himalaya Inner Lesser Himalaya
Vaikrata Group
----Vaikrita Thrust------

Gumlikhet Formation Munsiari Formation

Almora Group Champawat Granodiorite
Saryu Formation

-----Munsiari Thrust-----
Ramgarh Group ------Almora Thrust-------
Barkot and Bhatwari units
Debguru Porphyroid
Nathuakhan Formation

----Ramgarh Thrust-----
Sirmur Group Subathu Formation
(Lower Eocene)

Singtali Formation --Barkot-Bhatwari Thrust—

(Palaeocene)

Tal Formation (Permian)

Mussoorie Group Krol Formation
Blaini Formation
Berinag Formation
Nagthat Formation
Chandpur Formation
Jaunsar Group Mandhali Formation

----Krol Thrust--------- ---Berinag Thrust-----

Subathu (Lower Eocene)

Mandhalu Formation
(Upper riphean- Venedian)
Damtha Group Rautgara Formation Deoban Formation (Upper Mid-
Chakrata Formation Riphean)
Rautgara Formation
(Lower to Middle Riphean)

8|Page
THE SIWALIK
The Siwalik Group forms the foothills of the Himalayas and consists mainly of
sedimentary rocks such as conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and
mudstones. These deposits, which date back to the Miocene and Pliocene
epochs, were laid down in a foreland basin created by the tectonic compression
between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. In the Rishikesh and Dehradun areas,
the Siwalik formations are prominently exposed, especially along river valleys,
and play a crucial role in understanding the region’s recent geological history.
The stratigraphy of the Siwalik Group is further subdivided into units such as the
Kashmirian (Late Miocene) and the Upper Siwaliks (Pliocene), reflecting
different depositional environments over time.

9|Page
DAY-1
Leaving the IIT Roorkee Campus at around 8 am we reached Khajnawar River
around 10:30 am and we observed the inverted well which has been exposed
due to upliftment during the earthquake and eroded due to shifting of the river
course.
Location-1
Latitude- 3005’42” N
Longitude- 77043’28” E
As narrated by our professor the well is approx. 300-400 yrs old that is younger
than HFT. So here upliftment occurred due to tectonism (some kind of thrusting)
and then the sediments over there eroded during times and the well that was
formed before, remain left behind.

Inverted well

10 | P a g e
Location-2
Latitude- 30019’52.4” N
Longitude- 77038’53.5” E
After location 1 in heavy rains, we continued towards the second location of our
day to look at the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), at Badsahibagh on Behat-
Herbertpur highway. Here we saw a bulldozing effect between shaly
conglomerate-sandstone (thrusting toward NE) and younger alluvial soil. The
Ganga Alluvial Plain is coming in contact with middle Shiwalik rocks with
sandstone and shale alternation and shale is comprising muddy conglomerate.
Shale-Sandstone bedding is a part of the middle Siwalik sequence. We took
some data of the bedding plane there.
Dip of the plane = 220 towards SW
Strike of the plane = N 3070

Picture showing Shally conglomerate over sandstone

11 | P a g e
Picture depicting the bulldozing effect

12 | P a g e
Location-3
Latitude- 30019’41” N
Longitude- 77038’46” E
After location 2 we moved towards Upper Siwaliks (towards the North) and here
we saw changes in the landscape (rounded peaks to pointed peaks). Here
number of conglomerate beds increased upward (middle Siwalik to upper
Siwalik).
As narrated by our professor the Lower Siwaliks consist of sandstones and are
deficient in boulder beds while Middle Siwaliks consist of shale and sandstone
and Upper Siwaliks comprise boulder beds.
The reason for the pointed peaks here was due to the presence of a large
amount of boulder beds (High resistance rocks) while the middle Siwalik peaks
had rounded peaks.

Pointed Peaks of Upper Siwaliks

13 | P a g e
Location-4
Latitude- 30020’27” N
Longitude- 77041’36” E
we observed an interesting geological feature where boulder conglomerate
beds alternated with sandstone beds. Notably, the boulder conglomerate beds
were more abundant compared to the sandstone beds, and this distribution
suggested significant changes in the sedimentary environment as we moved
upwards through the sequence.

14 | P a g e
 Boulder Beds

Location-5
Assan Barrage
Latitude- 30026’04” N
Longitude- 77040’01” E
Here water of the Solani River is divided through this Barrage for agricultural
purposes and this site is also famous for bird watching.

15 | P a g e
Asan Barrage

16 | P a g e
DAY-2
Today we left the campus around 8 am and today we were joined by Professor
Biplab Bhattacharya for one day to learn the sedimentology of Nagthat and
Blaini Formation.
Location-1
Latitude- 30020’05” N
Longitude- 78006’40” E
Here as narrated by Biplab sir we learned how to determine a particular plane is
whether a bedding or a joint plane. Bedding plane features like ripple marks
determine the bedding plane. Here we observed quartzite beds and obtained
the attitude of beds (the strike of the bed was N 3300 and the dip of the bed was
620 towards NE). The quartzite belongs to Nagthat Quartzite of Mesoproterozoic
time. The formation is just above the MBT (Main Boundary Thrust). The Nagthat
Quartzites observed were meta quartzites i.e. Poorly developed Quartzites.
After these observations, we took data of the beds:
Dip of the bedding plane = 620 towards NE
Strike of the bedding plane = N 3300

Exposure having Nagthat Quartzite

17 | P a g e
Location-2
Latitude- 30020’41.5” N
Longitude- 78007’42.9” E
The lithology here shifts from quartzite to breccia as it moves northeast. The
new rock type has a variety of clast (grain size) that are chaotic, including angular
and subangular grains, rounded to subrounded grains, bulletic grains, and
faceted clast. All of these indicators point to breccia as the rock type.

Here Biplab sir explained us the reasons for sediments being glacial:

1. Here we observed matrix-supported breccia gives us evidence that there

might be the possibility of Glacial deposits here.

2. We had also seen flat surfaces which were polished from one side which
indicated that they were faceted pebbles which are found in glacial
deposits.

18 | P a g e
3. Here we also observed bulleted clasts which are found in glacial deposits.

19 | P a g e
Here we found different types of prominent sedimentary structures like large
ripples, cross-bedding (tabular cross-bedding, trough cross-bedding), rip-
current channels, etc. The length and width of rip-current channels were
respectively 3 m and 0.5 m. Some rip-current channels overlap each other. These
all indicate that in previous times the quartzite was on a shoreline.
After these observations we took data of the bed:
Dip of the bed = 510 towards NE
Strike of the bed = N 3330

Planar cross beds Trough cross beds

20 | P a g e
Channel Cut Channel Cut and Ripple Marks

21 | P a g e
DAY-3
Location-1
Latitude- 3007’47” N
Longitude- 78019’44” E
On the third day of our trip, we went to the nearby area of Lakshmanjhula. Here
with the guidance of Sandeep sir we observed a lot of geological structures like
folds, faults, etc. On this day our first task was to locate ourselves on the
toposheet provided using forbearing and back bearing followed by recording the
attitudes of foliations present as well the attitudes of fault plane of the faults
and hinges and limbs of folds present.
Here we observed a variety of folds like isoclinal and reclined folds and faults
like normal, dextral strike-slip, and sinistral strike-slip faults.
Data of the foliations:
Dip Amount Dip Direction Strike
1. 760 NW N1450
2. 800 NW N1460
3. 720 NW N1300
4. 760 NW N1350
Data of limbs of the reclined fold:
Limb 1
Dip Amount Dip Direction Strike
1. 69 NE N316
2. 64 NE N325
3. 82 NE N317
4. 81 NE N305
5. 80 NE N307
6. 78 NE N310
7. 71 NE N322

22 | P a g e
Limb 2
Dip Amount Dip Direction Strike
1. 62 SE N85
2. 65 SE N88
3. 63 SE N81
4. 60 SE N52
5. 70 SE N83
6. 64 SE N72
7. 71 SE N82

Type 3 Folds

23 | P a g e
 Isoclinal Fold with A fault Sinistral Step Fault

Sinistral Strike-slip Fault Reclined Fold

24 | P a g e
Chevron Fold Dextral Strike-slip fault

Toposheet of the Studied Area

25 | P a g e
Our Location Traced By Forbearing and Back Bearing

26 | P a g e
Location-2
Latitude- 30007’56” N
Longitude- 78017’30” E
After location 1 we went to the road to Narendranagar where we observed Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT). Here carbonaceous phyllite (Lesser Himalaya sequence)
is overlain by boulder bed (upper Siwalik), a part of Doon gravel. The Boulder
beds of Upper Siwalik have thrusted over the the Lesser Himalayan sequence.

Main Boundary Thrust Carbonaceous Phyllites

27 | P a g e
DAY-4
On day 4th of our trip, we went for an educational visit to Subir Raha Oil Museum
ONGC Dehradun.
ONGC was established in 1956 by the Government of India under the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas. The company's primary objective was to explore
and produce oil and natural gas to meet the country's energy needs. Dehradun,
a city in Uttarakhand, became the headquarters of ONGC in the early stages due
to its strategic location, which was close to significant exploration sites. It also
had a well-established infrastructure and communication networks, which
suited the requirements of a growing oil exploration company. Dehradun
continues to play a key role in ONGC's regional operations, including
exploration, production, and research. The company has also developed several
exploration and drilling sites across India, with Dehradun serving as a hub for
the company's activities.
The museum is named after the ex-CMD of ONGC and is located at the
Headquarters of ONGC, the National Oil Company of India, inside a heritage
building of Maharaja of Patiala which was subsequently given to ONGC for its
office and is now called Tel Bhawan. This Museum is approximately 100 years
old and the ONGC began working from here in Dehradun in 1946.
Through wonderful videos and demonstrations, exhibits of exploration and
production for Hydrocarbons and Crude Oil history, etc. were marvelously
displayed. Near the entrance, a souvenir shop was also there.
The museum encompasses in detail the history & various facets of the Oil
industry. Visit to the museum is interesting, and learning about the gamuts of
the oil Industry & business and is very educational .
The museum is split into distinct sections; one depicting the oil history with
samples of varieties of crude oil and several charts & posters explaining their
characteristics, another segment offers an insight at the exploration and
production including the transportation methods and refining technology used
in the industry. It additionally has an AV Room presenting the adventure of
ONGC and Oil industry in India.

28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e
30 | P a g e
31 | P a g e
DAY-5
Location-1
On the 5th day of our trip, we went for an educational visit to Railway Vikas
Nigam Limited (RVNL).
During this visit, we got to know about the Rishikesh-Karnprayag Railway line
project which is around 125 km long. In the project, approximately 105 km area
is under the tunnel and the rest 20 km is without a tunnel. This tunnel starts
from Virbhadra (Rishikesh) across MBT towards Shivpuri then Byasi, Devprayag
Janasu, Maletha, Shrinagar, Alaknanda thrust (Almora Thrust), Dhari, Telani,
Gholtir, Gauchar, and finally ending at Karnprayag. This project is being
undertaken by the Indian Railways to enhance the transportation network in the
region, which is known for its mountainous terrain and religious significance.

The drilling of this tunnel has been done mainly by two processes: The New
Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) and the Tunnel Boring Method (TBM).

The New Austrian Tunneling Method was developed in the 1960s by the
Austrian engineer Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, who later worked on improving the
method in the 1970s. It is a concept rather than a specific technical solution or
fixed construction method. The basic principle of NATM is that the tunnel itself,
along with its surrounding geology, plays an essential role in providing stability
as the excavation progresses. NATM uses the concept of "self-supporting"
structures, meaning that the tunnel’s final stability comes from a combination
of the tunnel lining, the surrounding rock or soil, and the temporary support
during excavation. The method is designed to minimize the need for heavy pre-
excavation support structures, relying instead on active monitoring and adaptive
measures during excavation to ensure stability.

This project consists of a total of 16 tunnels and 14 bridges. The longest tunnel
is from Devprayag to Janasu which is 14.7 km and it is in the Chandpur formation
The main factors that are taken into account during tunneling are:
 Rock Quality: The intact rock strength, along with the degree of
fracturing, jointing, and faulting, significantly influences tunnel stability.
 Rock Mass Properties: The overall behavior of the rock mass, considering
factors like joint spacing, joint orientation, and the persistence of
fractures, determines the tunnel’s stability and the type of reinforcement
required.

32 | P a g e
  Groundwater Influence: High water pressure or aquifers within or around
the tunnel alignment can lead to flooding, ground collapse, or soil erosion.
This must be factored into tunnel design to ensure proper drainage and
waterproofing.

As excavation progresses, the ground surrounding the tunnel is at risk of

collapse due to the removal of material. Tunnel support systems are essential to
ensure the tunnel remains stable and secure during and after excavation. The
type of support system used depends on the geological conditions of the area.
Some common methods of tunnel reinforcement include:

 Shotcrete (Sprayed Concrete): A common form of support used for

tunnels in soft or fractured rock. Shotcrete is applied to the tunnel surface
immediately after excavation to form a protective shell.
 Steel Mesh and Rock Bolts: In cases where the rock is moderately strong
but contains fractures, steel mesh and rock bolts are used to stabilize the
rock and prevent falling debris.
 Tunnel Lining: Permanent tunnel linings, often made of reinforced
concrete or precast segments, are used to secure the tunnel and provide
long-term stability. These linings also prevent groundwater from entering
the tunnel.
 Steel Arches and Lattice Girders: In some conditions, particularly in
unstable rock masses, steel arches or lattice girders may be used as
temporary or permanent support to distribute loads.
 Grouting: In areas with fractured or water-bearing rock, grout may be
injected into the rock mass to seal fractures and prevent water ingress.

After all these observation we did the exercise of calculating the data about
the core logs present there:

Box 1

Bore Hole no. – NBH-1

Angle from horizontal – 90
Depth – 352- 353m
Length of the selected core – 51cm
Lithology – phyllite
Length of maximum core – 23.5cm
33 | P a g e
No. of natural breaking – 5
No. of mechanical breaking – 2
Recovery is good from 351 to 353 m
Diameter of the core – 4.7cm i.e NQ3

Box 2

Bore Hole name – Chandhar Village

Angle from horizontal – 90
Depth – 43- 45m
Length of the selected core – 51cm
Lithology – phyllite
Length of maximum core – 25.5cm
Diameter of the core – 4.7cm i.e NQ3
RQD comes out to be 48.6% i.e Poor RQD
Recovery is 74.8%
Length of the core pieces are 25.5, 23.3, 9.2, 7.3, 9.5cm

Box 3

Bore Hole name – Mandoli Village

Angle from horizontal – 90

Depth – 243- 245m

Length of the selected core – 51cm

Lithology – phyllite with quartz vein

Length of maximum core – 25.5cm

Diameter of the core – 4.7cm i.e NQ3

RQD comes out to be 72.4% i.e fair RQD

34 | P a g e
Recovery is 88.8%

Length of the core pieces are 12, 6.9, 7.5, 9, 8.5, 1.5, 5.8, 3.9, 2.3, 3.3, 5.4cm

Rishikesh- Karnprayag Railway Project

35 | P a g e
Core Logs in the Library of RVNL
36 | P a g e
Location-2
Latitude- 30009’57.7” N
Longitude- 78014’57.6” E
After the visit to RVNL, we went to the road to Narendranagar (Ranipur) where
we saw purple sandstone and yellowish-green shale. We also observed some
geological structures like folds.
We observed the sandstone shale alternates and derived the data of the beds:
Outcrop 1
Dip = 490 towards NW
Strike = N2000
Outcrop 2
Dip = 420 towards SW
Strike = N1250
Here in this outcrop, we observed the Normal Fault.
Outcrop 3
Dip = 620 towards NW
Strike = N2650
Here in this outcrop, Riddle fault (Oblique Reverse Fault).

37 | P a g e
38 | P a g e
DAY-6
After visiting RVNL office, we went to have a look inside the tunnel at the
Virbhadra area (Rishikesh). This part of the tunnel project is taken over by Max
Infra Limited. This area is sandwiched between MBT and Shivpur thrust. In this
area, there are heavily sheared rocks. There are a total of 12 stations in this area.
This project in total costs 2500 crores. The main tunnel here is 10.38 km in
length. This project was of 60 months duration beginning from 27 th July 2020
but due to some unavoidable circumstances, it will take 18 months more than
the estimated time. In this part, tunnelling has been done purely by the New
Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM).
We went about 1.8 km inside the tunnel and observed carbonaceous phyllites
as well as the instruments used for tunneling. As narrated by the geologists of
Max Infra this tunnel is a modified horseshoe-shaped with dimensions 9 m/8 m.
For making the cavity inside the mountains here mechanical methods are being
used instead of drilling and blasting. We also learned how tunneling of a
particular area proceeds. It begins with the mapping of the area (by finding out
the lithology of the area as well as finding the geological structures like the folds
and faults which might affect the construction) then tunneling begins by
inserting 12 m long pipes as pre-support for upper walls of the tunnel and then
exaction is done for about 9 meters and then again pre support is applied again
for further excavation. After every excavation seepage of water is checked and
is diverted from the man tunnel as water carries pressure so it cannot be
stopped rather it can be diverted and then primary filming is applied thereafter
final lining is done. We also got the opportunity to observe the machines used
for tunnelling. The geologists there taught us about all the paperwork they do
before actually drilling the tunnel.

39 | P a g e
40 | P a g e
Location-02
Latitude- 30010’19.4” N
Longitude- 78016’4.3” E
Here in location 2, We saw the Shale bed. We took the data. The attitude of
the bed is 3050/460→0450 & 3300/680→0600.
We saw Puckar lineation there in the zone of the hinge of a small fold. The
strike and Pitch of the hinge zone were respectively 320 0 and 100.
200 m Southward from location 2 we got phyllite rock there, extremely foliated.
Here we got a structure like a pencil shale (competency effect). The attitude of
the foliation planes is given below:

1. 1780/630→2650
2. 1700/580→2700
3. 1720/650→2750

Pucker Lineation

41 | P a g e
DAY-7
On the final day of our trip, we learned about the pace and compass method
which was started during Shershah Suri time.
Data of Location 1 :
Here we took the reference point as A’
Bearing Distance (cm) Data of Feature Observed
A to B N210 178 At A Foliation was observed
Dip = 82 towards NE
Strike = N280
At B Foliation was observed
Dip = 80 towards NE
Strike = N295

A to C N200 250 At C Foliation was observed

Dip = 79 towards NE
Strike = N310

A to D N140 270 At D Foliation was observed

A quartz vein was also seen
Dip = 79 towards NE
Strike = N310

A to E N110 170 At E Foliation was observed

Dip = 73 towards SW
Strike = N131

A to F N80 285 At F Foliation was observed

42 | P a g e
 A shear zone was found here
Dip = 80 towards SW
Strike = N121

A to G N65 240 At G Foliation was observed

Fold was also found here
Dip = 78 towards SW
Strike = N126
Data of Location 2 :
Here we took the reference point as A’
Bearing Distance (cm) Data of Feature Observed
A’ to B’ N13 320 At A’ Foliation was observed
Dip = 85 towards SW
Strike = N310
At B’ Foliation was observed
Fault was seen here
Dip = 76 towards SW
Strike = N308

A’ to C’ N155 340 At C’ Foliation was observed

Dip = 70 towards NE
Strike = N325

A’ to D’ N175 245 At D’ Foliation was observed

Isoclinal fold was seen
Dip = 79 towards NE
Strike = N310

43 | P a g e
 Limb data Plunge data
122/82 110/42
80/80

A’ to E’ N215 300 At E’ Foliation was observed

Fold was seen here
Dip = 84 towards NE
Strike = N323

A’ to F’ N325 170 At F’ Foliation was observed

Normal Fault was found here
Dip = 48 towards NE
Strike = N292

Some photographs of Location 1

44 | P a g e
45 | P a g e
Some photographs of Location 2

46 | P a g e
Conclusion
The field training provided an enriching experience, offering an in-depth
exploration of the Lesser Himalayas' complex geology, a region shaped by
intense tectonic forces and diverse lithological formations. Located between the
Higher Himalayas and the Sub-Himalayan ranges, the Lesser Himalayas
showcase a variety of geological phenomena, including folds, faults, and
significant structures like the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). These features
highlight the dynamic tectonic history of the region and play a crucial role in
shaping the topography
At LakshmanJhula, we closely examined key geological features, including
variety of folds and faults and the effects of the Main Boundary Thrust, gaining
first hand insights into the region's tectonic evolution and structural framework.
Furthermore, our visit to the ONGC Oil Museum provided valuable insights into
the role of geology in the energy sector, showcasing the significance of
sedimentary formations in oil and gas exploration. Observing the Nagthat
Quartzite in the field enhanced our interpretation skills, emphasizing its role in
reconstructing the geological history of the region. The field training also
included a valuable visit to the RVNL project, where we gained first-hand
experience in the practical applications of geological principles in civil
engineering. We learned about site investigations, rock classification, and
stability analysis in the context of tunnel construction, highlighting the
challenges and considerations involved in engineering projects within
geologically complex terrains. Creating a geological map of the region further
enhanced our understanding of the sedimentary aspects of the area, including
depositional environments, stratigraphic relationships, and lithological
characteristics. This field training has not only significantly improved our
technical skills and knowledge but has also inspired us to further explore the
diverse fields within geology. The practical experience gained during this field
trip has been invaluable in preparing us for future challenges as aspiring
geologists.

47 | P a g e
MSc. Applied Geology Batch 2024-2026

48 | P a g e