ET223103 1
EEE4702 Experiment:4
System Stability Analysis in Routh-Hurwitz Criteria using MATLAB
INTRODUCTION: The Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion is an algebraic method used to determine whether a sys-
tem’s characteristic equation has any roots in the right half of the complex plane, which would indicate instability.
This approach analyzes the signs and magnitudes of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial without explic-
itly calculating its roots. Although the method identifies whether a system is stable or unstable, it does not provide in-
formation about the relative degree of stability. The criterion was developed independently by Edward Routh and
Adolf Hurwitz, who established the necessary and sufficient conditions for system stability based solely on the co-
efficients of the characteristic equation.
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of his experiment are-
1. Understanding the basic principle of Routh-Hurwitz criteria.
2. Using MATLAB program analyse the stability & compare with theoretical calculation.
TOOLS: The tools which is required to complete this experiment is given below.
1. MATLAB
DESCRIPTON OF TASK: MATLAB Code to build Routh table and Right half plane poles
%ET223103
% Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion
clc;
clear;
disp(' ');
D = input('Input coefficients of characteristic equation, i.e. [an an-1 ... a0] = ');
l = length(D);
disp(' ');
disp('----------------------------------------');
disp('Roots of the characteristic equation are:');
disp(roots(D));
% ===== Program Begin =====
if mod(l, 2) == 0
m = zeros(l, l/2);
[cols, rows] = size(m);
for i = 1:rows
m(1, i) = D(1, (2*i) - 1);
m(2, i) = D(1, (2*i));
end
else
ET223103 2
EEE4702 Experiment:4
m = zeros(l, (l + 1)/2);
[cols, rows] = size(m);
for i = 1:rows
m(1, i) = D(1, (2*i) - 1);
end
for i = 1:((l - 1)/2)
m(2, i) = D(1, (2*i));
end
end
% Fill Routh array
for j = 3:cols
if m(j-1, 1) == 0
m(j-1, 1) = 0.001; % small epsilon to avoid division by zero
end
for i = 1:rows - 1
m(j, i) = (-1 / m(j-1, 1)) * det([m(j-2, 1), m(j-2, i+1); m(j-1, 1), m(j-1, i+1)]);
end
end
disp(' ');
dips('-- The Ruth-Hurwitz Array is: --------');
disp(m);
% Checking for sign changes in the first column
sign_changes = 0;
for i = 1:cols - 1
if sign(m(i, 1)) * sign(m(i + 1, 1)) == -1
sign_changes = sign_changes + 1;
end
end
if sign_changes == 0
disp('----> System is Stable <----');
else
disp('----> System is Unstable <----');
end
fprintf('\Numbers of right half-plane (RHP) poles = %d\n', sign_changes);
ET223103 3
EEE4702 Experiment:4
Example-1: T(s)=
1000
3 2
S + 10 S +31 S+1 000
After running the program , command window look as follows:
Fig 1: MATLAB Output of Example-1
ANALYSIS: In Example 1, the denominator of the transfer function is a third-order polynomial, indicat-
ing that the system has three poles. From the Routh table, it is observed that there are two sign changes in
the first column, which implies that two poles lie in the right half of the s-plane, and therefore, the system
is unstable. The remaining pole lies in the left half of the s-plane, contributing to the system’s stable com-
ponent.
This conclusion is verified both theoretically and through MATLAB implementation, confirming the ac-
curacy of the Routh–Hurwitz stability analysis.
.
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS:
Fig 2:Theoritical Analysis of Example-1.
T(s)= S 5+ 2 S 4 +3 S 3 +6 S 2 +5 S +3
Example-2
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After running the program , command window look as follows:
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Fig 3: MATLAB Output of Example-2
ANALYSIS: According to the Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion, the stability of a system can be deter-
mined from the signs of the first column in the Routh array.
The number of sign changes in that column indicates the number of poles in the right half-plane (RHP) —
which cause [Link] this case, there are 2 sign changes, meaning 2 poles lie in the right half-plane and
3 poles lie in the left half-plane.
Since any pole in the RHP makes the system unstable .
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS:
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Fig 4:Theoritical Analysis of Example-2.
T(s)= S 5+ 7 S 4 +6 S3 + 42 S 2+ 8 S+56
Example-3:
10
After running the program , command window look as follows:
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ANALYSIS: According to the Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion, the number of sign changes in the first
column of the Routh array indicates the number of poles in the right half-plane (RHP), which cause instabili-
[Link] this system, two sign changes are found — meaning two poles lie in the right half-plane, while one
pole lies in the left half-plane and two poles are on the imaginary axis.
Because of the imaginary-axis poles, the system is considered marginally stable, but due to the RHP poles, it
is overall unstable.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS:
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Fig 6:Theoritical Analysis of Example-3.
DISCUSSION: From this lab experiment, we learned how to determine the stability of a system using
the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion. System stability is assessed by examining the signs of the elements
in the first column of the Routh table. If all elements are positive, the system is stable; however, if any el-
ement is zero or negative, the system becomes [Link] this experiment, we first studied the concept and
procedure for constructing the Routh table. Then, a MATLAB program was developed to automatically
generate the Routh table and calculate the number of Right Half-Plane (RHP) poles. Subsequently, two dif-
ferent systems were analyzed using MATLAB, and the obtained results were verified through theoretical
[Link] results showed that one system was unstable due to the presence of poles in the RHP,
while the other system exhibited marginal stability because of the poles located on the imaginary axis.
This experiment effectively demonstrated the practical application of the Routh–Hurwitz criterion in assess-
ing system stability.
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Would you like me
to help you format this along with your previous sections (System Definition, PFE, Step Response, Routh Criterion,
etc.) into a complete lab report structure (e.g., Objective, Theory, Procedure, Results, Conclusion)?