08/12/2023

Strength of Materials 3
HELICAL SPRING
SHEAR & MOMENT IN BEAMS

Photo by:
Maxime Lebrun

Maximum Shear Stress, 𝑆𝑆 𝑃

= sum of the maximum torsional shear stress and
direct/simple shear stress
𝑆 = 𝑆 +𝑆
16𝑃𝑅 𝑃
= +
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
4
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑃 𝑑 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅
= + 𝑅
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
𝑃
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑
= 1+
𝜋𝑑 4𝑅

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Maximum Shear Stress: 𝑃

16𝑃𝑅 𝑑
𝑆 = 1+
𝜋𝑑 4𝑅
Where:
𝑃 = load on spring
𝑅 = mean radius of spring
𝑑 = diameter of spring material (wire)
Deformation/deflection:
64𝑃𝑅 𝑛 𝑑 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅
𝛿= 𝑅
𝐺𝑑
Where: 𝑃
𝑛 = number of turns
𝐺 = Modulus of Rigidity

Maximum Shear Stress: 𝑃

A.M. Wahl’s Formula:
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615
𝑆 = +
𝜋𝑑 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚
Where:
𝑚 = 2𝑅/𝑑 (spring index)
(4𝑚 − 1)/(4𝑚 − 4) = Wahl factor
𝑑 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅
𝑅

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PROBLEM 1
A helical spring is made by wrapping wire 20 mm in diameter around a forming cylinder
150 mm in diameter. A compressive load of 2.4 kN is then applied to the spring. The total
number of turns is 18 and G = 83 GPa.

1. Determine the maximum shearing stress due to torsion alone.

2. Find the shearing stress on the innermost fiber of the spring.
3. Calculate the deformation of the spring.

PROBLEM 1
1. Maximum shearing stress due to torsion alone 𝑛 = 18 𝑃 = 2.4 𝑘𝑁
16𝑃𝑅 16(2400)(85) 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑆 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜋𝑑 𝜋 (20 )
2. Shearing stress on the innermost fiber
𝑉 2400
𝑆 = = = 7.64 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝜋(20 ) 𝑆
4 T
P
𝑆 = 𝑆 +𝑆 = 129.87 + 7.64
𝑆 20 𝑚𝑚
= 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑅
3. Deformation of the spring 𝑆
64𝑃𝑅 𝑛
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑
𝑃 = 2.4 𝑘𝑁
64(2400)(853)(18)
= = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒎
(83000)(204)

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PROBLEM 2
A rigid plate of negligible mass rests on a spring system consisting of five vertical springs,
four identical outer springs in a square formation with a bigger spring at the center. The
central spring is 7 mm shorter than the outer springs. Each of the outer springs consists of
18 turns of 12-mm wire on a mean diameter of 100 mm. The central spring has 24 turns of
20-mm wire on a mean diameter of 150 mm. A load P = 5 kN is now applied to the plate. G
= 83 GPa.
1. Determine the load carried by the central spring.
2. Find the maximum shearing stress in the central spring.
3. Calculate the deformation in the outer spring.

PROBLEM 2
1. Load carried by the central spring 𝑃 = 5.0 𝑘𝑁
4𝑃 + 𝑃𝑐 = 5000 — 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝛿𝑜 = 𝛿𝑐 + 7 𝛿 = 𝛿𝑜 𝛿𝑐 7 𝑚𝑚
64 𝑃𝑜𝑅𝑜3𝑛𝑜 64 𝑃𝑐 𝑅𝑐3𝑛𝑐 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑠. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
= + 7 𝑛𝑜 = 18 𝑛𝑜 = 18
𝐺𝑑𝑜4 𝐺 𝑑𝑐 4 𝑑𝑜 = 12 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑜 = 12 𝑚𝑚
64𝑃𝑜(503)(18) 64 𝑃𝑐 (753)(24) 𝐷𝑜 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝑜 = 100 𝑚𝑚
= + 7 — 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
83000 (124) 83000 (204)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡: 2𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑐 2𝑃𝑜
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑜.
𝑃𝑜 = 900 𝑁 𝑛𝑐 = 24
𝑃𝑐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵 𝑑𝑐 = 20 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑐 = 150 𝑚𝑚
2. Maximum shearing stress in the central spring 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 16(1400)(75)
𝑆 = 1+ = [1 + 20 ] = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜋𝑑 4𝑅 𝜋 (20 ) 4(75)

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PROBLEM 2
3. Deformation in the outer spring 𝑃 = 5.0 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑜 = 900 𝑁
64𝑃𝑅 𝑛 7 𝑚𝑚
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑠. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
64(900)(503)(18) 𝑛𝑜 = 18 𝑛𝑜 = 18
𝛿 = 𝑑𝑜 = 12 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑜 = 12 𝑚𝑚
83000(12 ) 𝐷𝑜 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝑜 = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
= 𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎
2𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑐 2𝑃𝑜
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑜.
𝑛𝑐 = 24
𝑑𝑐 = 20 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑐 = 150 𝑚𝑚
𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎

PROBLEM 3
For the assembly shown, the spring with a spring constant of 10.2 kN/m is subjected to an
initial tension of 200 N. Two forces P are applied at points B and D of the wires and directed
away from each other until B & D are 0.60m apart.

1. Determine the force F acting on the spring.

2. Calculate the force acting on each wire.
3. Find the value of each load P.

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PROBLEM 3
1. Force F acting on the spring
𝐹 = 𝑇 + (∆𝑇) Δ𝑇
𝑓
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑘 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝛿
= 10.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Δ𝑇 = 𝑘 𝛿 = (10.2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚)(200 𝑚𝑚) 0.5 𝑚 0.5 𝑚

= 2040 𝑁
𝐹 = 200+ 2040 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝑵 0.5 𝑚 0.5 𝑚

0.2 𝑚 0.4 𝑚 0.4 𝑚

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PROBLEM 3
2. Force acting on each wire
𝑇
𝐴 5
3
2240 𝑁 4
𝑇
Σ𝐹ℎ = 0]
2𝑇(4/5) = 2240 0.5 𝑚 0.5 𝑚

𝑇 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝑃 2240 𝑁
3. Value of each load P 0.5 𝑚 0.5 𝑚
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0] 𝐵
1400 𝑁 1400 𝑁
2(1400)(3/5) = 𝑃 5
3
𝑃 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝑵 4 0.4 𝑚 0.4 𝑚

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For springs in parallel, the deflection is For springs in series, the 𝑃

equal on all the springs. deflection is the sum of the
𝑃 deflection of the springs. 𝑘
2
Individual spring loads are equal
𝛿 to the applied load.
Equivalent spring constant 𝑘1
𝑘1 𝑘2
1 1 1
= +
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

Equivalent spring constant

𝑘 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2

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PROBLEM 4
A beam ABCD is loaded and supported as shown.
1. Determine the reaction at A.
2. Determine the maximum shear in the beam.
3. Determine the maximum moment in the beam.

0.4 𝑚 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐷
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
30 𝑘𝑁
2𝑚 2𝑚 4𝑚

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PROBLEM 4
1. Reaction at A 30 𝑘𝑁
30 𝑘𝑁
Σ𝐹ℎ = 0] 𝑅𝐴ℎ = 30 𝑘𝑁 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
0.4 𝑚
𝑅𝐴ℎ = 30 𝑘𝑁 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐷

𝑅𝐴 = 46.86 𝑘𝑁
Σ𝑀𝐷 = 0] + 2𝑚 2𝑚 4𝑚
30(0) + 𝑅𝐴𝑣(8) − 30(6) − 30(0.4)− 12(4)(2) = 0 𝑅𝐴𝑣 = 36 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐷 = 42 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐴𝑣 = 36 𝑘𝑁

𝑅 = 𝑅 +𝑅 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵

Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0]
36 − 30− 12(4)+ 𝑅𝐷 = 0
𝑅𝐷 = 42 𝑘𝑁

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PROBLEM 4
30 𝑘𝑁
2. Maximum shear in the beam 30 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 30 𝑘𝑁 0.4 𝑚 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐷
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
30(0.4) = 12 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
36 𝑘𝑁 42 𝑘𝑁
2𝑚 2𝑚 4𝑚
6/12
36 36 =0.5 𝑚 3.5𝑚
6 6
3. Maximum moment in the beam
72−12=60 1°
60+6(2)=72 -42
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝒎 36(2)=72 2°
1°
1°

72+0.5(0.5)(6)=73.5

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PROBLEM 5
The raft shown in the figure supports the load w1 and w2. For this problem, w1 = 145 kN/m,
w2 = 290 kN/m, L1 = 3 m, L2 = 6 m, and L3 = 3 m.

1. What is the length “L” of the raft so that the resulting upward pressure is uniform?
2. What is the shear at 3 m from the left end?
3. At what distance from the left end will the shear in the raft be zero?
4. Determine the maximum negative moment.
5. Determine the maximum positive moment.

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PROBLEM 5
1. Length “L” of the raft so that the resulting upward pressure is uniform
For the pressure to be uniform, the 𝑅 = 1305 𝑘𝑁
resultant of the loads should act on 435 𝑘𝑁 870 𝑘𝑁
the centroid of the raft.
=3 =6 =3
𝑅 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 145 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 290 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑊1 = 145(3)= 435 𝑘𝑁
𝑊2 = 290(3)= 870 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 = 1305 𝑘𝑁 = 15 𝑚

𝑥
Use Varignon’s Theorem to locate
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∶ 𝑅𝑥 = Σ𝐹𝑥
the centroid, 𝑥.
1305𝑥 = 435(1.5)+ 870(10.5)
𝐿 then is equal to two times that 𝑥 = 7.5 𝑚
distance, 𝑥.
𝐿 = 2𝑥 = 2(7.5) = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎

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PROBLEM 5
2. Shear at 3 m from the left end
𝑅 1305
𝑞= = = 87 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑅 = 1305 𝑘𝑁
𝐿 15
435 𝑘𝑁 870 𝑘𝑁
𝑉 = 87(3) −435 = −𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝑵
=3 =6 =3
= 145 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 290 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
3. Distance from the left end where shear is zero 𝑉
0 = 87(𝑥1)− 435 𝑞
𝑥1= 𝟓 𝒎 = 87 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 15 𝑚

0 = 87(𝑥2)–435 –290 (𝑥2 – 9) 𝑥1 = 5 𝑚

𝑥2 = 10.714 𝑚
𝑥2 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝒎

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PROBLEM 5
4. Maximum negative moment 𝑅 = 1305 𝑘𝑁
435 𝑘𝑁 870 𝑘𝑁
At 𝑥1, 𝑉 = 0
=3 =6 =3
Moment is maximum = 145 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 290 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
where 𝑉 = 0.
+
𝑞
𝑀 = 87(5)(2.5) – 435(3.5)
= 87 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 15 𝑚
𝑀 =−𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝒎
𝑥1 = 5 𝑚
𝑥2 = 10.714 𝑚
5. Maximum positive moment
At 𝑥2, 𝑉 = 0
10.714 10.714 – 9
𝑀 = 87(10.714) – 435 (10.714 – 1.5) – 290(10.714 – 9)
2 2
𝑀 = 𝟓𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵 𝒎

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PROBLEM 5

=3 =6 =3
=145 kN/m =290 kN/m

q
= 87 kN/m =15

x1 = 5
x2 = 10.714 348/(290–87)= 1.714m
348
1.286m

Shear diagram
-174 4.0m
174/ 87
-261
= 2.0m

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PROBLEM 5

1.714m
348
1.286m

Shear diagram
-174
2.0m 4.0m -261
559.29

391.5
261
Moment diagram
-261

-435

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