Cheatsheets / Learn Python 3
Control Flow
SyntaxError
A SyntaxError is reported by the Python age = 7 + 5 = 4
interpreter when some portion of the code is incorrect.
This can include misspelled keywords, missing or too
many brackets or parentheses, incorrect operators, # SyntaxError: can't assign to operator
missing or too many quotation marks, or other conditions.
TypeError
A TypeError in Python occurs when an operation is result = "hello" + 5
attempted on a data type that does not support it. This
typically happens when functions or operators are used
incorrectly with incompatible types. # TypeError: can only concatenate str (not
"int") to str
NameError
In Python, a NameError is an exception that is raised str = "Hello World"
when referencing a variable that is not found in the
current namespace.
print(x)
# This will throw a NameError since x is
not defined.
Errors
Errors are mistakes within a Python program. When
programs throw errors that we didn’t expect to
encounter, we call those errors bugs. Programmers call
the process of updating the program so that it no longer
produces bugs debugging.
elif Statement
The Python elif statement allows for continued # elif Statement
checks to be performed after an initial if statement.
An elif statement differs from the else statement
because another expression is provided to be checked,
pet_type = "fish"
just as with the initial if statement.
If the expression is True , the indented code following if pet_type == "dog":
the elif is executed. If the expression evaluates to print("You have a dog.")
False , the code can continue to an optional else
elif pet_type == "cat":
statement. Multiple elif statements can be used
following an initial if to perform a series of checks.
print("You have a cat.")
Once an elif expression evaluates to True , no elif pet_type == "fish":
further elif statements are executed. # this is performed
print("You have a fish")
else:
print("Not sure!")
or Operator
The Python or operator combines two Boolean True or True # Evaluates to True
expressions and evaluates to True if at least one of the
True or False # Evaluates to True
expressions returns True . Otherwise, if both
False or False # Evaluates to False
expressions are False , then the entire expression
evaluates to False . 1 < 2 or 3 < 1 # Evaluates to True
3 < 1 or 1 > 6 # Evaluates to False
1 == 1 or 1 < 2 # Evaluates to True
Equal Operator ==
The equal operator, == , is used to compare two values, # Equal operator
variables or expressions to determine if they are the
same.
If the values being compared are the same, the operator if 'Yes' == 'Yes':
returns True , otherwise it returns False . # evaluates to True
The operator takes the data type into account when
print('They are equal')
making the comparison, so a string value of "2" is not
considered the same as a numeric value of 2 .
if (2 > 1) == (5 < 10):
# evaluates to True
print('Both expressions give the same
result')
c = '2'
d = 2
if c == d:
print('They are equal')
else:
print('They are not equal')
Not Equals Operator !=
The Python not equals operator, != , is used to compare # Not Equals Operator
two values, variables or expressions to determine if they
are NOT the same. If they are NOT the same, the operator
returns True . If they are the same, then it returns if "Yes" != "No":
False . # evaluates to True
The operator takes the data type into account when print("They are NOT equal")
making the comparison so a value of 10 would NOT be
equal to the string value "10" and the operator would
val1 = 10
return True . If expressions are used, then they are
evaluated to a value of True or False before the val2 = 20
comparison is made by the operator.
if val1 != val2:
print("They are NOT equal")
if (10 > 1) != (10 > 1000):
# True != False
print("They are NOT equal")
Comparison Operators
In Python, relational operators compare two values or a = 2
expressions. The most common ones are:
b = 3
< less than
> greater than a < b # evaluates to True
<= less than or equal to a > b # evaluates to False
>= greater than or equal too a >= b # evaluates to False
If the relation is sound, then the entire expression will
a <= b # evaluates to True
evaluate to True . If not, the expression evaluates to
False . a <= a # evaluates to True
if Statement
The Python if statement is used to determine the # if Statement
execution of code based on the evaluation of a Boolean
expression.
If the if statement expression evaluates to test_value = 100
True , then the indented code following the
statement is executed. if test_value > 1:
If the expression evaluates to False then the
# Expression evaluates to True
indented code following the if statement is
skipped and the program executes the next line of print("This code is executed!")
code which is indented at the same level as the
if statement. if test_value > 1000:
# Expression evaluates to False
print("This code is NOT executed!")
print("Program continues at this point.")
else Statement
The Python else statement provides alternate code to # else Statement
execute if the expression in an if statement evaluates
to False .
test_value = 50
The indented code for the if statement is executed if
the expression evaluates to True . The indented code
immediately following the else is executed only if the if test_value < 1:
expression evaluates to False . To mark the end of the print("Value is < 1")
else block, the code must be unindented to the same
else:
level as the starting if line.
print("Value is >= 1")
test_string = "VALID"
if test_string == "NOT_VALID":
print("String equals NOT_VALID")
else:
print("String equals something else!")
and Operator
The Python and operator performs a Boolean True and True # Evaluates to True
comparison between two Boolean values, variables, or
True and False # Evaluates to False
expressions. If both sides of the operator evaluate to
True then the and operator returns True . If False and False # Evaluates to False
either side (or both sides) evaluates to False , then the 1 == 1 and 1 < 2 # Evaluates to True
and operator returns False . A non-Boolean value 1 < 2 and 3 < 1 # Evaluates to False
(or variable that stores a value) will always evaluate to
"Yes" and 100 # Evaluates to True
True when used with the and operator.
Boolean Values
Booleans are a data type in Python, much like integers, is_true = True
floats, and strings. However, booleans only have two
is_false = False
values:
True
False print(type(is_true))
Specifically, these two values are of the bool type. # will output: <class 'bool'>
Since booleans are a data type, creating a variable that
holds a boolean value is the same as with other data
types.
not Operator
The Python Boolean not operator is used in a Boolean not True # Evaluates to False
expression in order to evaluate the expression to its
not False # Evaluates to True
inverse value. If the original expression was True ,
including the not operator would make the expression
1 > 2 # Evaluates to False
False , and vice versa. not 1 > 2 # Evaluates to True
1 == 1 # Evaluates to True
not 1 == 1 # Evaluates to False
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