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Chapter 6: Gases CONTENTS

6-1 Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure

6-2 The Simple Gas Laws

6-3 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and The
General Gas Equation

6-4 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation

6-5 Gases in Chemical Reactions

6-6 Mixtures of Gases

Gases Gases

Characteristics of Gases • Forms homogenous mixture with each others

Unlike liquids and solids, gases regardless of the identities or relative proportions of the
component gases.
Expand to fill their Highly compressible
containers
For example; For example
Atmosphere Water vapor and
Gasoline

Homogenous
Have extremely low densities Mixture of
vapors

Seperate layer
of liquids
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We cannot see individual particles of a gas, although we can see Pressure
the bulk gas if it is colored.

• Pressure is the
amount of force
applied to an area.
F
P=
A
• Atmospheric
pressure is the
Some gases, such as hydrogen and methane, are combustible; weight of air per
whereas others, such as helium and neon, are chemically
unreactive.
unit of area.
Gases Gases

Liquid Pressure Liquid Pressure

 Because it is difficult to measure the total force exerted by
gas molecules, it is also difficult to apply pressure equation
to gases. F =Weight= g x m = g xV x d = g x h xAx d = gxhxd
P (Pa) =
A A A A A

 The pressure of a gas is usually measured indirectly, by

comparing it with a liquid pressure.

 The pressure of a liquid depends only on the height of the

liquid column and the density of the liquid.

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Atmospheric Pressure and Barometer

Units of Pressure
• Pressure can be measured by using different units. The average atmospheric pressure
at sea level can support a column of
• Common unit is milimeter mercury (mm Hg) orginates mercury 760 mm in height.
from how pressure is measured with a barometer.
1.00 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr
Millimeter of mercury (mmHg), defined as the pressure
exerted by a column of mercury that is exactly 1 mm in 1 mm Hg = 1 torr
height when the density of mercury is equal to 13.5951
g/cm3(0 °C) and the acceleration due to gravity, g, is equal
to 9.80655 m/s2.

Gases Gases

Units of Pressure Units of Pressure

 The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa) • 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa

If we use liquid pressure equation to calculate the pressure

exerted by a column of mercury that is exactly 760 mm high when
• The other common unit is inches of mercury (in Hg)
the density of mercury is d= 13.5951 g/cm3 = 1.35951 104 kg/m3
and g= 9.80655 m/s2. and psi (lb/in2 )

P = (9.80665 m s-2)(0.760000 m)(1.35951 104 kg m-3) • 1 atm = 29.92 in Hg 1 atm = 14.7 psi
= 1.01325 105 kg m-1 s-2 = 1.01325 105 Pa

 1 Pa= 1N/m2
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Manometer
This device is used to measure
the difference in pressure
between atmospheric pressure
and that of a gas in a vessel.

The differences in height

between the two level is equal
to the pressure differnces from
atmospheric presure
FIGURE 6-5
Measurement of gas pressure with an open-end manometer
Gases Gases

[Link] the manometer in Figure 6-5(b) is filled with

Units of Pressure: A Summary liquid mercury (d = 13.6 g/cm3), the barometric pressure is
748.2 mmHg, and the difference in mercury levels is 7.8
mmHg. What is the gas pressure, Pgas?

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3A. The 1.000 kg green cylinder in the figure below has a

diameter of 2.60 cm. What pressure, expressed in Torr, does this Standard Pressure
cylinder exert on the surface beneath it?

• Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level

is referred to as standard pressure.

• It is equal to
– 1.00 atm
– 760 torr (760 mm Hg)
– 101.325 kPa
– 14.7 psi (pounds per in2)

Gases Gases

The Gas Laws: Charles’s Law (Temperature-volume Relationship)

Boyle’s Law (Pressure-Volume Relationship)
• The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant
The volume of a fixed quantity of gas at pressure is directly proportional to its absolute
constant temperature is inversely proportional temperature.
to the pressure.

• Since PV=k
V1 V2
= k = k
• P1V1= k AND P2V2 = k T1 T2
THEN V1 V 2
=
T1 T2
P1V1 = P2V2
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Avogadro’s Law (Quantity-volume Relationship) Example:

• The volume of a gas at constant temperature A 4.65 L of helium gas contains 0.225 mol of helium. How
and pressure is directly proportional to the many addition moles of helium gas must be added to the
sample to obtain a volume of 6.48 L. Assume constant
number of moles of the gas.
temperature. (Ans=0.089 mole)
• For example 22.4 L of any gas at 0 oC and 1
atm contain 6.02x1023 gas molecules (that is
1 mol).

• Mathematically, this means V = kn

V1 V2
=
n1 n2 Gases Gases

Ideal-Gas Equation Ideal-Gas Equation

• If we call proportionality constant, R, the gas constant.
• So far we’ve seen that • The value and unit of R depend on the units of P,V, n and T

V  1/P (Boyle’s law) • Temperature = always absolute temperature (K)

• Quantity of gas ,n = normally in moles.
V  T (Charles’s law) • Pressure = most often in atm
V  n (Avogadro’s law) • Volume = most often L

• Combine them we get General Gas Law

nT
V
P
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Ideal-Gas Equation • Ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure,

volume and temperature behaviour are described
completely by the ideal gas equation.
nT
The relationship V
P • Suppose we have 1.00 mol of ideal gas at 1 atm
and 0.00 oC (273.15 K), according to ideal gas
then becomes nT equation the volume of the gas;
V=R
P
nT V =0.08206 Latm (1 mol).(273.15 K)
V=R
PV = nRT P mol K 1atm
V = 22.41 L
Ideal-Gas Equation
Gases Gases

Standart temperature and pressure 4A. What is the volume occupied by 20.2 g NH3(g) at -25°C
and 752 mmHg? (Molar mass of NH3 is 17.03 g/mol) [R =
0.08206 L atm/(mol K)]

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5B. How many molecules of N2(g) remain in an

Molar Volume
ultrahigh vacuum chamber of 3.45 m3 volume when
the pressure is reduced to 6.67 ×10-7 Pa at 25 °C?
[R = 8.3145 Pa m3/(mol K)]

Gases Gases

COMBINED GAS LAW

6A. A 1.00 mL sample of N2(g) at 36.2 °C and 2.14 atm is
• We are often face with the stiuation in which p,V heated to 37.8 °C, and the pressure changed to 1.02 atm.
and T all change for a fixed number of moles of What volume does the gas occupy at this final temperature
and pressure?
gas.
PV
= nR = constant
T
• If we represent the initial and final conditions of P,T
and V by subscript 1 and 2, respectively, We can
write;
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
COMBINED GAS LAW
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FURTHER APPLICATION Of IDEAL

GAS EQUATION Molecular Mass
• Densities of Gases We can manipulate the density equation
to enable us to find the molecular mass
• Molar Mass of a gas:
-If we rearrange the ideal-gas equation, we get;
P
n P nM PM d=
PV = nRT
V = RT = RT
V RT
Becomes
-Then multiply both sides of the equation by molar
dRT
mass, M. = P
d PM Gases Gases
= RT

7B. A 1.27 g sample of an oxide of nitrogen, believed to be 8A. What is the density of helium gas at 298 K and 0.987
either NO or NO2 occupies a volume of 1.07 L at 25 °C and atm? (Molar mass of He is 4.003 g/mol) [R = 0.08314 L
737 mmHg. Which oxide is it? [R = 0.08314 L bar/(mol K)] bar/(mol K)]

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Law of Combining Volumes

9A. How many grams of NaN3 are needed to produce 20.0 • Suppose the gases are compared at the same T and
L of N2(g) at 30.0°C and 776 mmHg? (Molar mass of NaN3 P. Under these conditions, one mole of gas occupies
is 65.01 g/mol) [R = 0.08206 L atm/(mol K)] a particular volume, call it V liters; two moles of gas
occupy 2V liters; and so on.
• 2V L NO(g) + V L O2(g) → 2V L NO2(g)
• If we divide each coefficient by V, we get the following
result:
• 2 L NO(g) + 1 L O2(g) → 2 L NO2(g)
• Thus, the volume ratio of the gases consumed and
produced in a chemical is the same as the mole ratio,
provided the volumes are all measured at the same
temperature and pressure.
• This is Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes.
Gases Gases

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

10A. The first step in making nitric acid is to convert ammonia
to nitrogen monoxide. This is done under conditions of high • The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the
temperature and in the presence of a platinum catalyst. What sum of the pressures that each would exert if it were
volume of O2(g) is consumed per liter of NO(g) formed?
present alone.

na nb nc

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nt= na +nb + nc … Partial Pressures & Mole Fraction

• If each gases obeys the idal gas equation; • Because each gas in the mixture behaves independently,
we can relate the amount of a given gas in the mixture to
its partial pressure.
RT RT RT
P1 = n 1 P2 = n 2 P3 = n 3 …..
V V V X1= mol fraction of gas 1
(Diemensionless number)
• All gases in the mixture at same T and Volume;
RT
Pt = (n1 + n2+ n3+…) Rearrange
V
RT
Pt = n t Gases Gases
V

12A. A mixture of 0.197 mol CO2(g) and 0.00278 mol H2O(g)

11. What is the pressure, in bar, exerted by a mixture of is held at 30.0 °C and 2.50 atm.
1.0 g H2 and 5.00 g He when the mixture is confined to a What is the partial pressure of each gas?
volume of 5.0 L at 20°C? (Molar mass of He is 4.003
g/mol and molar mass of H2 is 2.02 g/mol) [R = 0.08206 L
atm/(mol K)]

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COLLECTING GAS OVER WATER

• In order to determine the number of moles of gas
collected from a chemical reaction sometimes the
produced gas is collected over water.

• When one collects a gas over water, there is water Ptotal = Pgas + PH O2

vapor mixed in with the gas.

When the levels of water inside and outside the bottle are equal
• To find only the pressure of the desired gas, one
must subtract the vapor pressure of water from the Gases Ptotal = Patm Gases
total pressure.

13A. The reaction of aluminum with hydrochloric acid

produces hydrogen gas. The balanced chemical equation for
the reaction is given below.

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

If 35.5 mL of H2(g) is collected over water at 26 °Cand a

barometric pressure of 755 mmHg, how many moles
of HCl must have been consumed? (The vapor pressure of
water at 26 °C is 25.2 mmHg.) [R = 0.08206 L atm/(mol K)]

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