Global Academy of Technology

AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, AFFILIATED TO VTU, BELAGAVI

RAJARAJESHWARI NAGAR, BENGALURU - 560 098

Department of Mathematics
4th - Semester Question Bank (2024-25)

Corse: Probability and Linear Algebra

(MAT23401A)

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MODULE 1 : Probability Distribution
1. The probability density function of a variable X is given by the following
table
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) K 3K 5K 7K 9K 11K 13K
For what value of K this represents a valid probability distribution also
find P  X  5  , P  3  X  6  , P  X  4 

2. Find the value of K, mean and variance for the following distribution:
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.1 K 0.2 2K 0.3 K

Also find P  X  2 , P  X  2 , P  X  1 , P  1  X  2 , P  2  X  2

3. The probability distribution of a finite random variable X is given by the

following table:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(x) 0 K 2K 2K 3K K2 2K2 7K2+K

Find K, P(X<6), P(X6), P(3<X6)

C .x 2 0  x  3
4. Find the constant C such that f  x    is a probability
0 otherwise
density function also Evaluate P(x < 2), P(x > 1) and mean & standard
deviation.
K .x 2 3  X  3
5. A random variable X has the density function f  x   
0 otherwise

Find K, and P(1X2), P(X2), P(X>1).

6. The probability that the bomb dropped from a plane will strike the target
is 1/5. If 6 bombs are dropped find the probability that
i) Exactly 2 will strike the target
ii) At least 2 will strike the target
7. The probability that a man aged 60 will live up to 70 is 0.65. Out of 10
men now aged 60, find the probability that
i) at least 7 will live up to 70
ii) Exactly 9 will live up to 70
iii) At most 9 will live up to 70.

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8. If the chance that one of the 10 telephone line is busy at an instant is 0.2,
find the probability that
i) all the lines are busy
ii) 5 lines are busy
iii) At least one line is busy
iv) At most 2 lines are busy.
9. Six coins are tossed find the probability of getting
i) Exactly 3 heads
ii) At least 3 heads
iii)At least one head.
10. If 10% of the rivets products by a machine are defective, find the
probability that out of 12 randomly chosen rivets
i) Exactly 2 will be defective
ii) At least 2 will be defective
iii) None will be defective.
11. Out of 800 families with 5 children each, how many families would be
expected to have
i) 3 boys
ii) 5 girls
iii) either 2 or 3 boys
iv) at least 2 girls.
12. A certain screw making machine produces on an average two defectives
out of 100 and packs them in boxes of 500. Find the probability that the
box contains
i) Three defectives,
ii) At least one defective. Given that 2% of the fuses manufactured by a
firm are defective.
13. Find the probability that a box containing 200 fuses has
i) at least 1 defective fuse
ii) 3 or more defective fuses
iii) No defective fuse.
14. In a certain factory turning out blades there is a small chance of 0.002 for
any blade to be defective. The blades are supplied in a packets of 10. Using
Poisson distribution find the approximate number of packets containing
i) No defective blade
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 ii) One defective blade in a consignment of 10000 packets.
15. If the probability of a bad reaction from a certain injection is 0.001,
determine the chance that out of 2000 individuals more than two will get
bad reaction.
16. The number of accidents in a year to taxi drivers in a city has mean 3 out
of 1000 taxi drivers. Find approximately how many can be expected to
have
i) No accident in a year
ii) more than 3 accidents in a year
iii) Less than 5 accidents in a year.
17. In a book of 600 pages, 20 typo graphical errors occur. Assuming Poisson’s
distribution for the no of errors per page, find the probability that a
random sample of 100 pages will contain no error.
18. Alpha-particles are emitted by a radioactive source at an average rate of 5
in a 20 minutes interval. Using Poisson distribution, find the probability
that there will be
i) Exactly two emissions and
ii) at least two emissions in 20 minutes.
19. In a certain town the duration of a shower is exponentially distributed
with mean 5 minute. What is the probability that a shower will last
i) 10 minutes or more
ii) less than 10 minutes
iii) Between 10 and 12 minutes
20. The length of a telephone conversation is an exponential variate with mean
3 minutes. Find the probability that a call
i) ends in less than 3 minutes
ii) takes between 3 to 5 minutes.
21. The sales per day in a shop is exponentially distributed with average sale
amounting to Rs. 100 and net profit is 8%. Find the probability that the
net profit exceeds Rs 30
i) on a day
ii) on two consecutive days.
22. In a test on 2000 electric bulbs, it was found that the life of a particular
make was normally distributed with an average life of 2040 hours and
S.D. of 60 hours. Estimate the number of bulbs likely to burn for

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 i) more than 2150 hours
ii) less than 1950 hours
iii) more than 1920 hours and less than 2160 hours. Given 𝑃[0 < 𝑧 <
1.83] = 0.4664, 𝑃[0 < 𝑧 < 1.5] = 0.4332, 𝑃[0 < 𝑧 < 2] = 0.4772
23. In a normal distribution 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over
64. Find the man and standard deviation, given 𝐴(0.5) = 0.19 and 𝐴(1.4) =
0.42
24. Suppose that the student IQ scores from a normal distribution with mean
100 and standard deviation 20. Find the percentage of students whose
i) score is less than 80
ii) score falls between 90 and 140
iii) score more than 120. Given A(1) = 0.3413
25. The marks of 100 students in an examination follows normal distribution
with mean 70 and standard deviation 5. Find the number of students
whose marks will be
i) less than 65
ii) more than 75
iii) Between 65 and 75. Given A(1) = 0.3413
26. In an examination 7% of students score less than 35% marks and 89% of
students score less than 60% marks, find the mean and standard
deviation if the marks are normally distributed. Given A(1.2263)=0.39 and
A(1.14757) = 0.43
27. A fair coin is tossed 3 times. Let X denote the random variable 0 or 1
accordingly as a head or a tail occurs on the first toss and let Y be the
random variable representing the total number of heads that occurs. Find
the
i) joint distribution function of (X, Y).
ii) marginal distributions of X and Y
iii) Expectations of X, Y and XY
iv) Covariance and correlation of X and Y.
28. Suppose X and Y are independent random variables with the following
distributions. Find the joint distribution of X and Y, Verify that COV
(X,Y) = 0 given
x 1 2 y -2 5 8
f(x) 0.7 0.3 g(y) 0.3 0.5 0.2

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29. The joint distribution of two random variables X and Y is given. In
each case, find (i) the distributions of X and Y, (ii) COV (X, Y) (iii) Are
X & Y independent?

Y -4 2 7
X
1 1/8 1/4 1/8

5 1/4 1/8 1/8

30. Determine (a) marginal distributions of X and Y (b) Cov (X, Y) (c) ρ (X, Y)
for the following joint distribution. (d) verify whether X and Y are
independent.
Y -3 2 4
X

1 0.1 0.2 0.2

3 0.3 0.1 0.1

31. The joint probability function of two discrete random variables X and Y is
 c (2 x  y ), 0  x  2, 0  y  3
given by f ( x, y )   .
 0, otherwise

Find i) constant c ii) P[X=1,Y=3] iii) P[ X  1, Y  2] iv) Marginal

probability distributions of X and Y.

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 MODULE 2: Linear Algebra
1. Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrices to
echelon form and then reduced echelon form. Identify pivotal element and
pivotal columns given
 0 3 6 4 9
1 −7 0 6 3  1  2 1 3 1 
(a) A = ( 0 0 1 −2 −3) (b) A = 
 2  3 0 3  1
−1 7 −4 2 7  
1 4 5  9  7
2. Write a system of equation that is equivalent to the given vector equation
and then solve using row reduction algorithm
1 −2 −6 11
𝑥1 [0] + 𝑥2 [ 3 ] + 𝑥3 [ 7 ] = [−5]
1 −2 5 9
3. Write the vector equation that is equivalent to the given system of
equations and hence solve
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 10
3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 18
𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 9𝑥3 = 16
4. Determine if b is a linear combination of vectors v1 , v2 , v3 given
1 1 4 2
(i) 𝑣1 = [2] , 𝑣2 = [ 1 ] , 𝑣3 = [ 5 ] , 𝑏 = [−1]
1 −1 −2 −8
1 0 5 2
(ii) 𝑣1 = [−2] , 𝑣2 = [1] , 𝑣3 = [−6] , 𝑏 = [−1]
0 2 8 6
5. Check whether b is in the span of vectors a1 , a2 , a3 given
1 2 1 3
(i) 𝑎1 = [−3] , 𝑎2 = [4] , 𝑎3 = [1] , 𝑏 = [7]
2 1 1 6
1 2 1 2
(ii) 𝑎1 = [2] , 𝑎2 = [1] , 𝑎3 = [3] , 𝑏 = [−5]
3 1 2 −1
6. Determine if b is in the span of columns of the matrix A given
1 −4 2 3
(i) 𝐴 = [ 0 3 5 ] , 𝑏 = [−7]
−2 8 −4 −3
1 −2 −6 11
(ii) 𝐴 = [0 3 7 ] , 𝑏 = [−5]
1 −2 5 9
7. For what values of h is b in the plane spanned by a1 , a2 given
1 −2 4
(i) 𝑎1 = [ 4 ] , 𝑎2 = [−3] , 𝑏 = [1]
−2 7 ℎ
1 −3 ℎ
(ii) 𝑎1 = [ 0 ] , 𝑎2 = [ 1 ] , 𝑏 = [−5]
−2 8 −3
1 0 −1
8. Let 𝑣1 = [2] , 𝑣2 = [1] , 𝑣3 = [ 0 ] Prove that
3 2 1

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 1
(i) w= [1] is a linear combination of v1 , v2 , v3
1
1
(ii) w= [−2] is not a linear combination of v1 , v2 , v3
2
9. Determine if columns of the matrix span R 4
7 2 5 8  4  5  1 8 
  5  3 4  9  3  7  4 2
(i) A    (ii) A   
 6 10  2 7  5  6  1 4
   
 7 9 2 15  9 1 5 7
10. Check whether the vectors are linearly independent
1  1 1 1 2 2
  2 3 1 1   2  8
(i) u1    ,u    ,u    (ii) u1    ,u    ,u   
 3  2  4  3   2  1 2  0  3  3 
           
  4 2   2 2 2   1

11. Compute the inverse of a matrix by Gauss Jordan Method

0 1 2 1 0 −2
(I) 𝐴 = [1 0 3], (ii) 𝐴 = [−3 1 4]
4 −3 8 2 −3 4
1 2 −1  1 2 1  2 7 9

(iii)𝐴 = [−4 −7 3 ]  iv  A  3 3 1   5 6  .
  v A   2
−2 −6 4  4 3 1  1 3 4 

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 MODULE 3: Linear Algebra (cont.)
5
 1 3 2
1. Let A    and u   3  . Determine whether u  Nul A ?
5 9 1   
 2

3
 2 4 2 1   2  3
 
2. Let A  2 5 7 3 and let u    & v   1 .
   1  
 3 7 8 6    3 
0
i) Find a nonzero vector in Col A.

ii) Find a nonzero vector in Nul A.

iii) Determine if u is in Nul A? Is u in Col A?

iv) Determine if v is in Col A? Is v in Nul A?

1 3 2 0
3. Describe Nul A for A   .
0 0 3 0 
  2   2   8 
 
4. Check whether   1 ,  3 ,  5   is a basis for 𝑅 3 ?
 1   2   4 
     
5. Find a basis for the subspace w spanned by v1 , v2 , v3 , v4  , where

1 6 2  4

v1   3 , v2   2  , v3   2 , v4   8 .
     
 4   1  3   9 

2  3  4   6 
6. Let v1  8 , v2  8 , v3  6 , w  10 and A  v1 , v2 , v3  . Determine
     
       
 6   7   7   11 

whether  i  w  Nul A ?  ii  w  Col A ?

10 8 2 2  2
 0 2 2 2  2
7. Let A    and w    . Determine whether  i  w  Nul A ?
 1 1 6 0  0
   
 1 1 0 2  2
 ii  w  Col A ?

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  2 4 2 4
8. Find a basis for Nul A , where  i  A   2 6 3 1 
 3 8 2 3

1 0 3 2   1 0 5 1 4  1 0 2 2

 ii  A  0 1 5 4   iii  A  2 1 6 2 2  iv  A  0 1 1 4  .
  
3 2 1 2  0 2 8 1 9  3 1 7 3 

1 2 3 4 8
1 2 0 2 8 
9. Find a basis for Col A , where   
i A 
2 4 3 10 9
 
3 6 0 6 9

1 4 0 2 1 1 2 5 11 3
 3 12 1 5 5   1 0 2 2
4 5 15 2 
 ii  A     iii  A   2  iv  A  0 1 1 4  .
2 8 1 3 2 1 2 0 4 5
    3 1 7 3 
5 20 2 8 8  3 6 5 19 2 

10. Find the basis for the space spanned by

1   2  3 5 2
0 0  1  3  1
v1    , v1    , v3    , v4    , v5    .
0 0 1 3 1
         
1  2  1  4 0
 3 6 1 1 7 
11. Find the spanning set for the Nul A , where A   1 2 2 3 1 .
 
 2 4 5 8 4 

12. For the following matrices find (i) rank A (ii) dim (Nul A) (iii) Basis for Col
A (iv) Basis for Nul A.

 1 4 2   2 5 8 0 17 
 2 5 4    3 6 1 1 7 
  ii  A   1 3 5 1 5 
 i  A    iii  A   1 2 2 3 1
1 0 2   3 11 19 7 1 
     2 4 5 8 4 
 3 7 6   1 7 13 5 3 

13. Let B  b1 , b2  and C  c1 , c2  be the basis for R2.

(a) Find change of co-ordinate matrix from B to C.

(b) Find change of co-ordinate matrix from C to B.

7   3 1  2

Given, (i) b1    , b2    , c1    , c2    .
5  1  5 2

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  6  2 2 6
(ii) b1    , b2    , c1    , c2    .
 1 0  1  2

 9  5 1 3

(iii) b1    , b2    , c1    , c2    .
1  1  4  5

1  2  7   5

(iv) b1    , b2    , c1    , c2    .
 3 4 9 7

6 3 1 
14. Is   5 an eigenvalue of A   3 0 5 ?
 
 2 2 6

 3 0 1
15. Is   4 an eigenvalue of A   2 3 1  ?
 
 3 4 5 

1 2 2 
16. Is   3 an eigenvalue of A  3 2 1  ?
 
0 1 1 

 4 1 6
17. Find the basis for the matrix A   2 1 6 corresponding to eigenvalues
 
 2 1 8 

  2 and   9.
 8 10 5
18. Find the basis for the matrix A   2 17 2  corresponding to

 9 18 4 
eigenvalues   3 and   13.
19. Diagonalize the matrices if possible
 2 2 1 2 4 3
 
 i  A   1 3 1 given   1&5 .  ii  A  4 6 3 given   1& 2 .
 1 2 2   3 3 1 

1 3 3  1 4 2
 iii  A  3 5 3 given   1& 2 .  iv  A  3 4 0  given   1, 2 &3 .
 
 3 3 1   3 1 3 

 4 0 0
 v  A  1 4 0 given   4 &5 .
0 0 5

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 MODULE 4: Linear Algebra (cont.)

8  2
1. Determine which pair vectors are orthogonal (i) a   , b   
 5   3
3   4  3  1 
 12  2 2 1 7  8 
  
(ii) u  3 , v   3  (iii) u    ,z    (iv) y    ,z   .
     5   2 4  15 
 5  3         
0 6 0  17
2  7 
 
If u   5 , and v   4 then compute u , v , and u  v .
2 2 2
2.
   
  1  6 
3  1   1 / 2
3.    
Let S  u1 , u2 , u3  . Where u1  1 , u2  2 , u3    2  are the orthogonal
     
1  1   7 / 2 
6
basis for R . Express the vector y   1  as a linear combination of the
3
 
 8
vectors in S .
4. Determine which sets of vectors are orthogonal?
  1 5  3  1 0    5  2   6  3  2 0  4 
(i)  4 , 3,  4 (ii)  2, 1,  2 (iii)  7,   3,  1  (iv)  5, 0,  2
                   
 3 1  7  1  2  1    1  9   1  3 0  6 

 3    1 3 5   4  3 
  2   3  8    4 1  3
(v)  ,  ,   (vi)  ,  ,  
 1   3 7 0   3  5 
          
 3   4  0  3  8   1
5. Show that v1 , v2 , v3  is an orthonormal basis of R 3 . Where
 311   1   1   1   3  0
 1  26
 4 
66
 3 
10
 101   
(i) v1   11 , v2   6 , v2   6 6 . (ii) v1   20 , v2   20 , v2   12 .
 1  1  7   3   1  1
 11   6  66   20   20   2
6. Determine which set of vectors are orthonormal. If it is only orthogonal,
normalize the vectors to produce orthonormal set
 13   21   1   3  0
 10
  10
  1 
(i) v1   13 , v2   0 . (ii) v1   3
20  , v2  
1
20 , v1   2 .
 13   12   3   1  1
 20   20   2

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7. Verify u1 , u2  is an orthogonal set and find the orthogonal projection of y
 1 1  1
   
onto Span u1, u2 . where y  4 , u1  1 , u2   1 .
     
 3  0  0 
3 1
8.  
Let W  Span x1, x2 . Where x1  6 , x2  2. Construct an orthogonal basis
   
0 2
v1 ,v2  for W .
1 0  0
1 1 0
9. Let x1   , x2   , x3   , then x1 , x2 , x3  is a basis of W of R 4 . Construct
1 1 1
    
1 1 1
an orthogonal basis for W .
3 8
 
10. Let x1  0 , x2   5 , W  Span x1, x2  . Use Gram Schmidt Method to
   
 1  6
produce an orthogonal basis for W .
2
11. Find the orthogonal basis for the subspace W  Span x1, x2 , x1   5,
 
 1 
4
x2   1 .
 2 
 1 6 6
 3 8 3 
12. Find the orthogonal basis for column space of A   .
 1 2 6 
 
 1  4  3
1 0 0  3 5 1 
1 1 0 1 1 1 
13. Find QR factorization of (i ) A    , (ii) A   ,
1 1 1   1 5  2
   
1 1 1  3 7 8 
 1 2 3 1 3 5
  1 1 2 1 1 0
(iii) A   , (iv) A   .
 1 0 1  1 1 2
   
 1 1 2 1 3 3

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14. Apply Gram Schmidt orthogonalization process to find an orthonormal
basis for the subspace of Rn spanned by the vectors
1 1  1
1  2   3
 
v1  , v2    , v   .
1  4 3   4
    
1 5    2

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 MODULE 5: Linear Algebra (cont.)
1. Find the least square solution of the inconsistent system AX  b for
1 1 0 0  3
1 1    1
 0 0   1 3 5 3
4 0 2 1 1 0 5
1 0 1 0 0
(i) A  0 2, b   0 . (ii) A    , b    . (iii ) A    , b   .
1 0 1 0  2 1 1 2  7
1 1 11    
1 0 0 1 5 1 3 3  3
   
1 0 0 1  1 
11  4  7
  1 3   19 7   7  2  5.
2. Diagonalize the matrix (i)  . (ii)  42 16. (iii)  
  2 4   10  4  6
 0  2  2
3. Is the matrix A   1 1 2  diagonalizable?

 1  1 2 
 6 2 2   4 2  2
4. If possible diagonalize the matrix (i)  2 3  1, (ii)   5 3 2 ,
 
 2  1 3   2 4 1 
 2 2  3  6  2  1 1 3 3
(iii)  2 1  6, (iv)  2 6  1, (v)  3  5  3,
   
  1  2 0    1  1 5   3 3 1 
  1 4  2
5. If possible diagonalize the matrix A   3 4 0 , given the Eigen values
 
 3 1 3 
are   1,2,3.
 6  2  1
6. Orthogonally diagonalize the matrix (i)  2 6  1, given the Eigen values
 
  1  1 5 
 3  2 4   2  36 0
 
8,6,3 (ii)  2 6 2 , given the Eigen values 7 and -2, (iii)  36  23 0.
   
 4 2 3  0 0 3
3 1 1
7. Orthogonally diagonalize the matrix given 𝐴 = [1 3 1] and the Eigen
1 1 3
values   5 and 2 .
8. Write the matrix of quadratic form given Qx   5x1  3x2  2 x3  x1 x2  8 x2 x3.
2 2 2

3 1 0
Write the quadratic form for the matrix given 𝐴 = [1 2 −1].
0 −1 1

P a g e 15 | 16
 3 2 2
9. Find the singular value decomposition of A   given the Eigen
2 3  2
values of AT A as 25, 9, 0.
4 11 14 
10. Find the singular value decomposition of A   given the Eigen
8 7  2
values of AT A as 360, 90, 0.
 3 1 
11. Find the singular value decomposition of A   6  2 given the Eigen
 6  2
values of AT A as 90, 0.
 1  1
12. Find the singular value decomposition of A   2 2  given the Eigen
 2  2
values of AT A as 18, 0.

1 
1
13. Find singular value decomposition of A 0 
1 given the eigenvalues
 1 
1
of 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 as 2, 3

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