CALCULUS I -NOTES Name __________________________________
Example: The distance of a rock blown upwards from dynamite is given by the equation s(t) = 160t –16t2
a) What is the height of the rock b) What is the average velocity
after 2 sec? 3 sec? over the interval 2 t 3?
Height is position (s), use given equation Average velocity is s/t (this is the only
and plug in given time for t. velocity that is not the derivative, because
it is not at an instant (not instantaneous)).
s(2) = 160(2) – 16(2)2 = 256 ft vavg Δs 256 336 80 80 ft/sec
s(3) = 160(3) – 16(3)2 = 336 ft Δt 23 1
c) What is the rocks initial velocity? d) What is the velocity at t = 3?
Is it going up or down?
Velocity is the derivative! Velocity is the derivative!
Initial velocity is when t = 0. s’(t) = 160 – 32t
s’(t) = 160 – 32t s’(3) = 160 – 32(3) = 64 ft/sec
s’(0) = 160 – 32(0) = 160 ft/sec The rock is going up, since the
velocity is positive.
d e
e) What is the velocity at t = 7? f) What is the acceleration of the rock at t = 3?
Is it going up or down?
Velocity is the derivative! Acceleration is the second derivative!
s’(t) = 160 – 32t s’(t) = 160 – 32t
s’(7) = 160 – 32(7) = -64 ft/sec s’’(t) =– 32 ft/sec2
The rock is going down, since the
velocity is negative. g
g) How long does the rock take to h) What is the rock’s maximum height?
reach its maximum height?
You will need to find time to do this (see part g);
The maximum height is the point where you will not always have part g!
the object changes direction. It is also where
the slope of the tangent line (derivative) = 0!! s(t) = 160t – 16t2 (t = 5 from part g)
s(5) = 160(5) – 16(5)2 = 400 ft
s'(t) = 160 – 32t
0 = 160 – 32 t
32t = 160 i) When is the rock at a height of 256 ft? find t, when s = 256!
t = 5 sec.
s(t) = 160t – 16t2
Note: 256 = 160t – 16t2 plug s into equation
Sometimes you 16t2 – 160t + 256 = 0 move everything to the same side
will not be able 16(t2 – 10t + 16) = 0 pull out GCF (if possible)
to factor. You 16(t – 8)(t – 2) = 0 factor
will need to use t–8=0 t–2=0 set each factor = 0
the Quadratic t=8 t=2 solve for 2
Formula!
Does 2 answers make sense? Yes, it was on its way up at 2 sec. and on its
way down at 8 sec.
Example: A ball is thrown from the top of a building. Its height is defined as s = 60t –16t2 + 200
a) Notice the 200 at the end of the equation; it means it is starting at a height of 200 ft.
OR
This is asking for the beginning height, so t = 0
s(t) = 60t – 16t2 + 200
s(0) = 60(0) – 16(0)2 + 200 = 200 ft.
b) What is the ball’s height after 2 seconds? 4 seconds? Plug t into original equation (s)
s(2) = 60(2) – 16(2)2 + 200 = 256 ft s(4) = 60(4) – 16(4)2 + 200 = 184 ft
c) What is the ball’s average velocity over the interval 2 t 4? s/t
vavg Δs 256 184 72 -36 ft/sec
Δt 24 -2
d) What is the ball’s velocity at 2 seconds? 4 seconds? velocity is derivative
s’(t) = 60 – 32t
s’(2) = 60 – 32(2) = -4 ft/sec s’(4) = 60 – 32(4) = -68 ft/sec
e) What is the ball’s acceleration at 2 seconds? 4 seconds? acceleration is the second derivative
s'(t) = 60 – 32t
s’’(2) = -32 ft/sec2 s’’(4) = -32 ft/sec2
f) What is the ball’s maximum height? To find height you need time! The maximum height occurs when
the derivative = 0!
s'(t) = 60 – 32t
0 = 60 – 32t s(1.875) = 60(1.875) – 16(1.875)2 + 200 = 256.25 ft
32t = 60 (plug the time into original equation (s))
t = 1.875 sec
g) When does it hit the ground? You need to find time. If the ball is hitting the ground, that means
the height (position) is 0. Use the original equation!
s = 60t – 16t2 + 200
0 = 60t – 16t2 + 200
0 = -4(4t2 – 15t – 50) Not factorable!
b b 2 4ac 15 (15)2 4(4)(-50) 15 1025 15 32.02
x
2a 2(4) 8 8
15 32.02 15 32.02
x 5.88 x 2.13 (can’t have neg. time)
8 8
h) With what speed does it hit the ground? Speed is the magnitude of velocity (absolute value of derivative)
s'(t) = 60 – 32t (you should realize you need time; we know from part f it hits the ground in 5.88 sec)
s’(5.88) = 60 – 32(5.88)
s’(5.88) = -128.16 speed = |-128.16| = 128.16 ft/sec