Engineering Drawing Introduction
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Definitions:
Different literatures define drawing in different terms while basically their core message
remains the same. For instance, look the following definitions given for drawing on
different literatures;
Drawing is:
A graphic representation of a real thing, an idea, or a proposed design for later
manufacture or construction.
A graphic that represents an idea, a concept, or an entity which actually or
potentially exists in life.
A way of communicating all necessary information about an abstraction such as
an idea or a concept.
1.1 Importance of drawing:
Any word or language is inadequate to describe the size, shape and relationships
of physical objects
Graphic language: communication using drawing
Mathematics determines strength of machine parts and their dimensions
Drawing: recording of shape, size, kind of material , finish and other details
Generally drawing is a language which uses lines, symbols, dimensions and
notations to accurately describe the form, size, kind of material, finish and
construction of an object
1.2 Drawing instruments and their uses:
Preparation of good quality drawings is primarily based on the proper selection
and utilization of drawing instruments
Basic drawing equipments are:
paper( working media),
drafting tape( attaching the drawing paper with the table),
pencils ( drawing maker) ,
erasers( rub out fault from the paper),
erasing shield( covering for well done areas not to be erased),
drawing board( the bed of paper),
T-square( paper fixing and guides for triangles),
triangles( to make line at different angles),
scales( measurement of lengths),
irregular curves( drawing of irregular configurations,
protractor( angle measurement),
compass (drawing circles and arcs)
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Special equipments: drafting machines, templates, adjusting curves, ruling pens,
proportional dividers, beam compass, electric eraser, rail road and etc.
1.3 Standard drawing papers and title blocks
Drawing paper: working media for the drawing
Paper should be tough, strong, uniform in thickness
Paper sizes:
Paper sizes can be A series , B series or C series
A series papers are widely used for daily office use, especially A4
A series papers can vary from A4 to A0
Dimensions of papers
A4 = 297mm*210mm
A3 = 420mm*297mm
A2 = 594mm*420mm
A1 = 841mm*594mm
A0 = 1189mm*841mm
A4
A2 A3 A0
A1
PAPER LAY OUT
The layout of the paper for drawing purpose is very necessary
The layout shows the areas to be covered through our paper
It shows the drawing area, border line, page border and the title block
FIG ( Paper layout)
TITLE BLOCK
Information center for our drawing
It is composed of
Drawers name
Checkers name
Date that the drawing prepared
Scale of the drawing
Type of projection
Company
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Title of the drawing
Drawing number
And other information required by the company
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DR. [Link] KEBEDE DR. NO. 01
ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
CHKD BY. MOHAMMED ENDRIS College of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SCALE 1:1
DATE 05/03/2009
ID NO. OOOO/02
TITLE: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
GROUP 18
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DRAWING PENCILS
selection of good and well sharpened pencil is important
pencils of various degrees of pencils are available
Grades
Pencil grades Strength Application
9H, 8H, 7H, 6H Hard Light constructions
5H, 4H Medium hard Dimensioning, center lines, invisible
object lines
3H, 2H Medium Visible object lines
H, F Medium soft Lettering and free hand sketching
HB, B Soft
2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B Softness increases in the
given order
1.4 Alphabets of lines
OBJECT (OUTLINE) VISIBLE LINE:
To draw visible edge and surface boundaries of objects
They are thick and continuous.
HIDDEN LINES:
To show hidden edges
Are shown in a drawing by dotted lines
These are made up of short dashes approximately equal
Approximate length 3mm and equal spacing 1mm.
SECTION LINE:
Thin continuous lines at 450
Spaced uniformly about 1.5mm apart
Used to show sectioned parts.
CENTRE LINE:
Indicate the folding line of symmetric objects
They are thin lines drawn with medium hard pencils.
Composed of alternating long and short dashes,
Equally spaced approximately 1.5mm apart.
Short dashes are about 3mm long and Long dashes are about 6 to 8 times
the shorter dashes.
DIMENTION LINES:
Are thin continuous lines
It is a fine, dark, solid line with arrowheads on each end. It indicates
direction and extent of a dimension. In machine sketches and drawings.
Indicating length of dimensions and are
Terminated by pointed arrow heads
EXTENSION LINES:
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Are thin continuous lines
1.5mm is kept between these lines and object lines
Extended about 3mm beyond the dimension line
It is continue or extend from the surface of the object and establish the
size of the dimension. They do not touch the object lines and extend
slightly past the dimension line.
Extension lines provide a means of displaying a measurement without
placing the dimension on the part.
LEADER LINES:
Are thin lines
Used to connect a specific note t a feature
arrow headed to the feature
Inclined 300, 450, or 600 from the horizontal
It is a line that establishes a connection between a graphical
representation of an item and some text
CUTTING PLANE LINES:
Are thick lines
Alternately long and two short dashes in the ratio of about 1:8
Uniformly spaced 1.5mm apart and the short dashes are about 3mm long
These are used for indicating the location of sectioning plane
BREAK LINES:
Are short and long break lines
The thick short break is very common although the thin long break may be
used for long distances
PHANTOM LINES:
Are thin lines made of one long and two short dashes alternately
They are used to identify alternate positions of moving parts, adjacent
positions of related parts or repetitive details
1.5 Technical lettering:
Dimensions and notes in drawing will be best performed by knowing different
lettering techniques
Poor lettering will decrease the quality of the drawing
For good lettering the hand must hold the pencil firmly
Art of good lettering depends on the uniformity of shape, style, size slope weight
and spacing
Good drawer realizes the importance of neat and attractive lettering
Guide lines:
Lettering should be done with guide lines
Guide lines contain three parallel lines:
Top of capital letters
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Top of small letters
Base line of lettering
All guide lines should be done with light lines
Those lines may be erased so that they will not be seen
Spacing:
Spacing must appear equal between each letter
More space is allowed for letters having tall vertical parts like H and I
More space is also allowed if letters have open space around them, like V and A
Space between letters equals the size of the letter O
Types of lettering:
Vertical : capital, lower case, numerals and fractions
Inclined: capital, lower case, numerals and fractions
Size of letters:
Size of any letter means height of the capital letter
Small letters are 2/3rd the size of capital letters
Ascenders or stems of small letters have the same size as the capitals
Descenders will extend 1/3rd the size of capital letters below the lower guide line
Numeral have the same size as capital letters
In fractions numerals should not touch the bar between them, so they should be
drawn slightly smaller
Total height of a fraction is equal to two normal letters
Slope of letters:
Stems of letters should have the same slope with the letter
For slant letters slope should be about 67.50 with the horizontal
Lettering techniques:
Select preferable pencil
Keep the pencils sharp
Hold the pencil in a comfortable manner. Don’t grasp tightly
Place your arm and body in a comfortable manner
Small letters are as wide as they are high
Capitals J, D, R, F, N, C, G, U, P, B, L, E and H are 5/6 as wide as they high
Capitals O, Q, S, T, A, K, V, M, X, Y and & are as wide as they high.
W is wider than it is high.
Numerals are 5/6 as wide as they are high.
Letters B, E, F, & H are drawn with the central horizontal element slightly above
the centre.
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Letters k, s, x, z, 2, 3, & 8 are drawn with width of the top half smaller than the
bottom half for good stability.
Examine the proper lettering from
Conclusion:
Drawing is the universal language of engineering.
Communicating
o Engineer to engineer / Engineer to non engineer / Non engineer to
engineer
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