INDUSTRIAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT

UNIT-2 MODULE-1

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

HEALTH, WELFARE AND WORK ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENT
Q- 1, what are the main welfare requirements in any workplace

Ans- The main welfare requirements in any workplace are include:

1. Drinking water- adequate supply of clean drinking water must be available in
all workplace. If non potable water is also available then supplies should be
clearly labeled to distinguish between them.
2. Washing facilities- adequate washing facilities as par the number of people
present at workplace. Separate facilities should be provided for the use of
male and female workers.
3. Sanitary Convenience- Suitable and sufficient number of sanitary
convenience must be provided. Special provision should be made for the
disabled.
4. Accommodation for clothing- suitable and sufficient accommodation must
be provided in a suitable location for personal clothing where a worker is
required to change clothing of work to avoid cross contamination.
5. Facilities for changing clothing- Where special cloth must be worn at work
and a person cannot change in another room, suitable and sufficient changing
facilities must be provided. Separate facilities for male and female workers
must be taken into account.
6. Rest and eating facilities- Suitable and sufficient rest facilities should be
provided. Where meals are regularly eaten in the workplace is liable to
become contaminated, suitable facilities for eating meals must be included in
the rest facilities. Suitable rest facilities must be provided for pregnant women
and nursing mothers.

Q-2, outline what needs to be kept in mind other than welfare facilities
considering the health and safety of workers?

Ans: - Other than welfare facilities are include:

1. Space- provision of adequate space to allow workers to perform the task
safely.
2. Seating- workstation and seating should be ergonomically design.
3. Ventilation- provision of a sufficient supply of fresh air.
4. Heating- comfortable temperature must be maintained in work environment
5. Lighting- good lighting conditions enable people to work with less eye strain
and move around safely within the workplace
6. Noise- provision of control to reduce excessive noise if necessary
Q- 3, outline factors to consider when providing workplace lighting

Ans:- The factors to be consider when providing workplace lighting are include:
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1. Minimum light level should be achieved; these are normally indicated by local
code of practice or guidance
2. Natural light should be used in preference to artificial light.
3. Light level should be adjusted to suit the level of detail required and the visual
acuity of the workers.
4. Lighting must be arranged to avoid reflections and glare that might temporary
disabled workers.
5. Lighting must be arranged to avoid creating shadows that might obscure
areas and create risk.
6. Flickering should be avoided to prevent nuisance.
7. Lighting must be suitable for the environment, such as intrinsically safe
lighting used in flammable atmosphere.
8. Emergency lighting should be provided to ensure safety in the event of mains
supply failure.

Q- 4, outline the health and safety effects of working in a hot environment.

Ans:- Health and safety effects of working in a hot environment are include:
1. Dehydration- as a result of water loss through sweating.
2. Muscle cramps- as a result of salt loss through sweating.
3. Heat stress- where core temperature 37C cannot be controlled, causes
discomfort, lethargy and headaches
4. Heat exhaustion- a precursor to heat stroke.
5. Heat stroke- where core temperature increase rapidly, cause hallucination,
coma and death
6. Other effects associated with the source of the heat such as skin burns or
cancer from exposure to sunlight or burns from contact with hot surfaces.

Q- 5, Outline the protective measures to be used for working in conditions of

extreme heat.

Ans:- The protective measures are as follows:

1. Provide good workplace ventilation- moving air has cooling effect,
2. Insulate heat sources- by lagging hot pipes
3. Shield heat sources- to prevent contact burns
4. Provide cool refuges- where workers can escape the heat.
5. Provide easy access to drinking water or isotonic drinks.
 6. Provide job rotation and frequent break.
7. Provide appropriate clothing for use in the hot work.

Q- 6, Outline the health and safety effects of working in a cold environment /

sub zero temperatures.

Ans:- The health and safety effects of working in a cold environment include:
1. Hypothermia – where core temperature drops below 35o C; causes shivering,
mood swings, lethargy, drowsiness and death.
2. Frost bite – body tissues are frozen; causes tissue damage and necrosis.
3. Freeze burn injuries – where skin contact with very cold surfaces.
4. Slip hazards – where floor will become slippery with ice.

Q- 7, Outline the precautions to be taken to minimize the risks to persons

working in cold stores at sub zero temperatures.

Ans:- The following precautions need consideration for persons working in sub zero
temperatures:
1. Undertaking a suitable and sufficient risk assessment.
2. Protect workers from draughts
3. Shield extremely cold surfaces
4. Provide warm refuges – where workers can warm up
5. Provision of thermal clothing such as insulated jacket, gloves and balaclavas
6. Provide frequent break and job rotation
7. Provide easy access to hot foods and drinks
8. Information, instruction, training and supervision should be provided.

Q- 8, Outline what are the general requirements for storage materials in the
workplace.

Ans- The general requirement of storage materials is as follows: S S S C A A S

S- Sufficient space must be allocated for the storage of materials.
S- Storage areas should be clearly defined.
S- Separate areas should be used for different items for ease of identification.
C- Certain materials and substances should be segregated during storage; purpose
built secure storage may be required such as gas bottle cages.
A- Areas should be kept clean and tidy and should be routinely inspected.
A- Appropriate warning signs should be displayed where necessary, such as
flammable, no naked flame.
S- Storage areas should not be used for work activities.
Q- 9, Outline what are the general requirements for stacking materials in the
workplace.

Ans- The general requirements of stacking materials is as follows: E S A P S S W

E- Each stack should be for one material only, not mixed
S- Stacks should be vertical, not leaning
A- A maximum stack height must be set, depending on the strength and stability of
the material being stacked.
P- Pallets should be used to keep materials off the ground.
S- Sufficient space must be allowed between stacks for safe movement.
S- Stacks must be protected from being struck by vehicles
W- Worker must be trained in storage and stacking of materials

VIOLATION AT WORK

Q- 1, Give the meaning of term Work related violence.

Ans- Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in

circumstances relating to their work.

Q- 2, Outline reasons why a member of the public may behave violently

towards a worker.

Ans- The reasons are as follows:

Lone working- in certain high risk areas.

Cash Handling- work that involves handling quantities of cash and valuable items.
Dealing with people under stress- when people are under stress they are less
capable of handling their emotions and can lose control.
Dealing with people under the influence- of drugs and alcohol or with mental
health problems.
Long queues and waiting time- to get service
Censuring or saying no- refuse to provide service or say no by staff.

Q- 3, Identify occupations at risk of violence.

Ans- The occupations at risk are:

 Hospital accident and emergency staff
 Police
 Social workers
 Bus and taxi drivers
 Fire fighters and paramedics
  Traffic warden
 Railway staff

Q- 4, Outline control measures how to prevent violence

(i) Central office
(ii) Conducting home visits

Ans- (i) Preventing violence at central office Z S P S P M T C P C

Z- Zero tolerance policy and prosecution of offenders
S- Security doors between public areas and staff areas.
P- Provision of CCTV cameras.
S- Screen between staff and public
P- Provision of trained security staff
M- Minimizing long queues and waiting times
T- Training for staff, such as providing a good quality service, defusing aggression,
etc.
C- Clear announcement about waiting times.
P- Provision of panic alarms.
C- Creating a peasant environment.

(ii) Preventing violence at conducting home visits N K V P T P N A N

N- No lone working in certain high risk areas.
K- Keeping records of past incidents and vetting customers.
V- Visit logging with a supervisor
P- Pre and post visit telephone calls.
T- Training for staff in lone working procedures, break away techniques
P- Parking in secure areas.
N- No visit after dark.
A- Always having a means of communication such as mobile phone.
N- Not carrying cash or valuables

SUBSTANCE MISUSE AT WORK

Q- 1, Identify Substances misuse at work

Ans- The substances misuses at work are includes:

1. Alcohol
2. Legal or illegal drugs
3. Solvents
Q- 2, Give reasons why the possession of drugs by the workers in the
workplace.

Ans- There are various reasons for possession of drugs by the workers in the
workplace, such as high stress, low job satisfaction, long hours duty or irregular
shifts, lack of opportunity for promotion, work alone, family influence, regular habit
and easy access to substances.

Q- 3, Identify symptoms might an employer notice in an employee who is

misusing drugs or alcohol?

Ans- Effects of drugs and alcohol are:

 Late attendance
 Increased absenteeism
 Poor quality of work
 Reduction in work rate
 Poor working relationship
 Dishonesty
 Theft
 Irritability and mood swings

Q- 4, Outline the control measures to prevent the misuse of drugs by the workers
in the workplace.

Ans- The control measures are as follows: R S N A A D P

R- Rules restricting access to alcohol in the workplace or during working hours.
S- Statutory legal requirements prohibiting workers from being under the influence
of drugs and alcohol.
N- Non-statutory legal requirements set by the employer prohibiting workers from
being under the influence of drugs and alcohol.
A- Arrangements for any random drug and alcohol testing that worker will be subject
to.
A- Arrangements for workers to have access to rehabilitation and treatment
programs if they admit to having a problem.
D- Disciplinary procedures for workers who refuse to be tested or fail a test.
P- Provision of information, instruction and training for workers, supervisor and
manages.
 SAFE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN THE WORKPLACE

Q 2, IDENTIFY the factors that contributing slips, trios and falls at workplace.

Ans- The factors that contributing slips, trips and falls at workplace are as follows:
 The floor surface – Slippery surface, holes, uneven surface, etc.
 Contamination – spillage, leaks
 Obstructions- rubbish, training cables, etc.
 The task- carrying loads, space to work
 Environment- poor lighting
 Footwear- Unsuitable footwear
 The people- unaware of dangers

Q 3, Outline control measures to reduce slip and trip hazards in an engineering

workshop

Ans- The control measure are as follows:

 Use of non slip surface or slip resistant footwear
 Spill control and good drainage, such routinely maintenance and inspection of
pipelines, valves or taps
 Designated pedestrian walkways and crossing points
 Fencing and guarding to protect an edge where pedestrians might fall
 Temporary fencing of pothole to prevent access.
 Maintain good housekeeping to ensure pedestrian routes are free from
hazards and obstruction
 Lighting should be routinely inspected and replaced as necessary
 Use of safety signs and personal protective equipment.
 Information, instruction and training should be provided in safe movement in
the workplace

WORK AT HEIGHT
A work where there is a risk of fall liable to cause personal injury.

Q 1, Outline circumstances that contribute to the likelihood of falling

materials.

Ans- The circumstance are as follows:

 Deterioration of structures, causing crumbling brickwork or loose tiles.
 Poor storage of materials such as at the edge of scaffold
 Poor housekeeping, leading to accumulate of waste and loose materials.
 Gaps in platform surfaces or between access platform and walls
 Open, unprotected edge
 Incorrect method of getting materials from ground level to working area.
 Incorrect method of getting materials down to ground level such as throwing.
Q 2, Outline measures that should be taken to prevent materials falling from a
height.

Ans- The measures are as follows:

 Avoid stacking materials near edges or unprotected edges.
 Close boarding of working platform- minimizing gaps between planks or
placing sheeting over the boards.
 Avoiding carrying materials up or down ladders by using hoists and chutes to
move materials.
 Provision of safety nets
 Provide information, instruction and training in working a height.

Q 3, Outline factors to consider when identifying control measures for work at

height.

Ans:- The factors that should be consider are as follows:

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Nature and duration of the task to be carried out
Level of competence of the persons to be involved
Training that may need to be provided
Planning and level supervision required
Means off access and egress
Suitability of the equipment to be used, and its maintenance
Use of working platforms guard rails and toe boards
Personal protective equipment such as harness and hard hat.
Whether a fall arrest system is required or netting
Weather conditions
Health conditions of the individuals (e.g. vertigo or heart condition)
Compliance with relevant regulation.

Q 4, Emergency rescue procedures should be considered when planning

work at height.
a) Give reasons why a person may need to be rescued when working at height

Ans- (a) There is many reasons, such as unable to climb back after falling in a
safety harness; when workers are suspended in their safety harnesses for long
periods, they may suffer from blood pooling in the lower body. This can lead to
suspension trauma; the worker may have suffered injuries during the fall and may
need medical attention; suspended workers may panic if they are not rescued
quickly.
b) Identify methods that could be used to rescue a person when working at height.

Ans- The methods are as follows:

 Putting a ladder up to a net and allowing person to descend
 Using mobile elevated working platform
 Using man riding baskets with cranes
 Proprietary rescue systems

Q 5, Identify the main risks to the contractors (any workers) from working at
height.

Ans- The main risk to the contractors from working at height are as follows:
 Falls from height
 Falling objects from height
 Falls through fragile roof
 Contact with live services
 Effects of weather

Q 6, Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school.

(a) Outline control measures to reduce the risk to roof workers
(b) Outline two control measures to reduce the risk to other persons

Ans- (a) The control measures are as follows:

 Provide roof edge barrier- installing guard rails and toe board.
 Providing crawling boards or roof ladders when working on fragile roof
 Identifying and covering roof lights if fragile roof
 Carrying out survey for overhead hazards including power lines.
 Facilities for raise and lower materials
 Provide suitable personal protective equipment, such as full body harness
 Avoid work in adverse weather condition
 Provide instruction, information and training to the workers and maintain good
level of supervision

Ans- (b) Two control measures to reduce the risk to other persons are
includes:

 Issue circulars to alert staff and create awareness.

 Providing robust overhead protection on pedestrians passages
 Area underneath roof and immediate vicinity to be cordoned off
Q 7, Identify suitable work equipment that could be used in order to help reduce
risks of people falling from height.

Ans- The suitable work equipment are as follows:

 Ladders
 Step ladders
 Independent tied scaffold
 Mobile tower scaffolds
 Trestles and staging platform
 Mobile elevated work platform
 Cradles

LADDERS / STEPLADDERS

Q 1, Identify main hazards associated with use of ladders.

Ans- The main hazards associated with ladders are includes:

 Falls from height – falling of the ladder, the ladder toppling sideways, the ladder
base slipping out from the wall.
 Objects falling from height
 Contact with live overhead wires and cables

Q 2, Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using portable

ladders as a means of access.

Ans- The ways are:

 Do not site or handle ladder near the live overhead.
 Site on solid, flat base so that the feet do not sink into the ground.
 Weight should only be supported on the styles, never on the rungs.
 Angle of the ladders should ideally 75 degree to the horizontal or at a ratio of 1:4
distance away from the wall to height.
 Top of the ladder must rest against a solid support.
 Ladder should be secured at the top, if this is not possible, the ladder should be
footed by someone standing on the bottom rung.
 Top of the ladder should extend far enough above he level of the working position
or platform
 Only one person should climb on the ladder at any one time.
 Nothing will be carried in the hands while climbing, maintain three point contacts.
 Wooden ladders should not be painted as this can hide defects.
Q 3, OUTLINE safety precautions for the use of step ladders.

Ans- The safety precaution are as follows:

 Carry out daily check of the stepladder before use.
 Always ensure that the ladder is fully open.
 Make sure that the locking devices are in place.
 Only use on firm, level ground that is not slippery.
 Do not work off the two top steps.
 Avoid over reaching.
 Avoid side on working.

SCAFFOLD

Q 1, Outline factors that might cause the collapse of an independent tied scaffold.

Ans- The factors are:

 Scaffold built on soft ground without use of adequate sole boards.
 Overloaded work platform.
 Scaffold not tied adequately to building
 Insufficient bracing incorporated into scaffold.
 Standards not upright.
 Standards bent, buckled or heavily corroded.
 High winds
 Incorrect couplers used to join tubes together.
 Scaffold struck by mobile plant.
 Scaffold erected by incompetent workers.
 Scaffold not inspected prior to use.

Q 2, Identify hazards associated with use of scaffolds.

Ans- The hazards associated with scaffold are as follows:

 Falls from the scaffold during erection
 Falls from the work platform
 Objects falling from the platform
 Collapse of the structure
Q 3, Identify main hazards associated with mobile tower scaffolds.

Ans- The main hazards associated with mobile tower scaffolds are includes
 Falls from the work platform
 Objects falling from the platform
 Collapse of the structure.
 Unintended movement of the wheels
 Contact with live overheads.

Q 4, Outline safety precautions for safe use of mobile tower scaffold.

Ans- The safety precautions for safe use of mobile tower scaffold are:
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Guardrail must be fitted to the work platform
Tower must be sited on firm level ground
Outrigger should be used where necessary to ensure stability
Tower must not be overloaded
Wheels should be locked and turned outward when the tower is in use
People and materials should not remain on the platform when it is moved
Care should be taken to avoid overheads when the tower is moved
People should not climb up the outside of the tower
Tower should be pulling and pushing by at base only.
Tower must be built by trained workers

Q 5, when scaffolding should inspected and what points need to be check.

Ans- Scaffold should be inspected:

 When they are first erected
 After and substantial alteration
 After any event that may affect their stability, such as after being struck by a
vehicle or after high winds
 Periodically, typically weekly
Points to checks are includes:
 Condition of the tubes, Specially standards
 Tying and bracing
 Edge protection, guard rails and toe boards
 Ground conditions, use of base plates and sole boards
  Safe access
 Safe working load

Q 6, Identify hazards associated with the use of MEWPs.

Ans- The hazards associated with the MEWPs are:

 Falls from the work platform
 Objects falling from the platform
 Collapse of the MEWP.
 Overturn of the MEWP.
 Contact with live overheads.
 Unauthorized use of the MEWP

Q 7, Outline safety precautions for use of MEWPs.

Ans- The safety precautions for use of MEWPs are includes: V S B G C M M U M

Vehicle must be sited on level, firm ground.
Sufficient clearance from obstruction and overhead when operating
Barriers around the MEWP to prevent it being struck by vehicles or mobile
plants. Barriers also act to keep people out from underneath the cradle
Guard rails incorporated into the cradle. Safety harnesses worn as an additional
backup.
Controls of the MEWP should be inside the cradle so that the person actually working
at height has some control.
Must not be driven with the cradle raised unless specifically designed to do so.
Must not be overloaded.
Use should be restricted to trained authorized staff only.
Must be inspected before use it.

TEMPORARY WORK
Temporary works includes short term building projects, building maintenance, demolition
and excavation.
Q 1, Outline hazards associated with temporary works.

Ans- The hazards associated with temporary works are as follows:

 Work environment, such as extreme outdoor temperatures.
 Movement through the temporary work site, such as slips, trips and falls.
 Working at height, falls from height or falling objects
 Vehicle hazard, such as vehicle overturn.
  Manual handling, such as lifting of components during maintenance activities.
 Tools and equipment hazards, such as mechanical hazards.
 Fire hazards associated with cutting and grinding, handling flammable materials.
 Excavations, such as collapse of the excavation
 Demolition hazards, such as premature collapse of the structures.
 Chemical and biological hazards, such as asbestos.
 Noise and vibration, generated by machinery such as disc cutter

Q 2, Outline control measures relating to management of temporary works.

Ans- The control measures of temporary works include: R C C S E W

Risk assessment – The temporary work and its impact on the existing workplace must
be fully risk assessed.
Communication and cooperation- Effective communication and cooperation between
the various parties undertaking the work and all those affected by work is essential.
Competent people- All of the people involved in temporary works must be competent.
Segregation- The area where temporary works are to take place must be effectively
segregated.
Emergency procedures- Provision of emergency procedures to deal with incase of any
emergency.
Welfare Facilities- Adequate welfare facilities should be provided to the workers.

Q 3, Outline specific hazards associated with excavation works.

Ans- The hazards associated with excavation works are as follows:

Collapse of the sides- Unsupported trench or incorrect angle of the sides.
Water ingress- Through heavy rain or burst water main.
Falling materials- Spoil dug from excavation or materials and tools stored at ground
level could fall in.
People falling in- from unprotected edge or while climbing into or out of the excavation
from ladders.
Underground services- Contact or rupturing of electricity, gas or water utilities.
Collapse of the adjacent structure.
Hazardous substances- gases and vapors.
Q 4, Outline when should excavation be inspected.

Ans- Excavation should be inspected by a competent person:

 Before the start of every shift.
 After any accidental fall of materials
 After any event likely to affect strength and stability.

Q 5, Excavation work is being carried out on a construction site, OUTLINE the

control measures needed to reduce the risk to workers.

Ans- The control measures are as follows: B S A P U P E P I

Before digging the excavation site must be checked for underground services, including
power and gas main.
Supporting the sides of the excavation to prevent collapse, using shoring and drag
boxes.
All excavated materials should be stored a safe distance from the excavation to prevent
it from falling onto workers.
Provision of stop blocks to prevent vehicles driving ar reversing into the excavation.
Use of Barriers to prevent pedestrians from falling into the excavation.
Provision of safe access means for those entering the excavation, such as ladder.
Excavation may need atmospheric testing, such as testing for toxic gases and oxygen
concentration
Provide suitable personal protective equipment and clothing to protect workers from
contamination.
In order to ensure ongoing safety the excavation should be inspected before the start of
every shift, after any fall of earth and after any event that likely to be affect stability.

Q 6, IDENTIFY demolition hazards.

Ans- The demolition hazards include:

 Premature collapse of the structures
 Work at height
 Plant and machinery
 Contact with live overheads
 Contact with buried services
 Asbestos
 Dust
  Movement of vehicles
 Explosives
 Noise and vibration
 Hazardous substances from previous use of the building
 Biological hazards, including glass and nails from the demolition
 Manual handling

Q 7, Outline control measures for demolition works.

Ans- The Control measures include:

 Carefully assessment and planning of the work to eliminate hazards where
possible, such as selecting a demolition method that keeps workers away from
immediate area, using long reach machine or a crane and ball.
 Eliminate work at height if possible
 Structural survey to assess strength and stability of the structure and adjacent
structure, supporting may be necessary to prevent collapse.
 Disconnection of the supplies, such as gas line, power and water supply
 Carefully removal and disposal of any hazardous materials, such as asbestos,
prior to demolition
 Securing the site with fencing or hoardings to create a buffer zone area and
exclude unauthorized people.
 Damping down with water spray to reduce dust creation.