INDUSTRIAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT

UNIT-2 MODULE-4

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WORK EQUIPMENT
Q 4. 1. Identify the type of work equipment with examples.

Ans:- The type of work equipment with examples are:

 Hand-held tools- non-powered- Hammers, knives, handsaws, meat cleavers,
stapler.
 Hand-held power tools- powered- Drills, sanders, chain saws, powered
screwdrivers.
 Machinery- single machines, e.g. power presses, circular saws, photocopiers,
dumper trucks, paper shredder.
 Apparatus- Laboratory apparatus such as Bunsen burners.
 Lifting equipment- Hoists, Forklift trucks, Elevating work platforms, lifting
slings.
 Other- Ladders, Pressure water cleaners.

Q 4. 2. (a). Identify the issues that should be considered to help ensure that a new
item of work equipment is suitable for use.

Ans:- The issues include:

 Initial integrity of the equipment.
 Environment in which equipment is used.
 Purpose for which equipment is used.
 Use as per manufacturer’s information.

(b). Identify measures that could be taken to help ensure that a new
item of work equipment remains in a suitable condition.

Ans:- The measures are as follows:

 INTEGRITY- The equipment should be safe through its design, construction
and adaptation. Equipment to be made in conformity with relevant health and
safety standards.
 PLACE- The equipment should be suitable for different environments and
the risks that relate to them.
 USE- The equipment should be suitable for the specific task for which it is
used. Equipment must be suitable to fulfill the exact requirements of the task.
Q 4. 3. Outline factors that determining the selection and use of work equipment.

Ans:- The factors that determining the selection and use of work equipment are as
follows:
 Ensure the equipment is suitable for their intend purpose.
 Ensure the equipment is suitable for condition in which it is used.
 Maintain the equipment in a good condition to avoid health and safety risks.
 Make sure that the equipment is used only by the competent personnel.
 Periodic inspection should be carry out to ensure the safe condition and
operation of the equipment.
 Accompanied by suitable safety measures, e.g. protective devices, markings,
warnings.

Q 4. 4. Outline measures how to prevent of access to dangerous parts of

machinery?

Ans:- The measures to prevent of access to dangerous parts of machinery include:

 Preventing access to the dangerous parts of the equipment.
 Stopping the movement of the dangerous part before it hits the person.
 Fixed enclosed guards that prevent from all mechanical hazards.
 Other guards and protection devices, such as interlock guards and pressure
mats.
 Provide protection appliances, such as jigs, holders and push-sticks.
 Place a physical barrier between a person and the dangerous parts.
 Use devices that only allow access while the equipment is in a safe
condition.
 Detect a person’s presence and stop the machine.
 Provision of information, instruction and training to the workers.
 MAINTENANCE RQUIREMENTS
Q 4. 5. Outline specific risks arise from maintenance of equipment.

Ans:- The specific risks arise from maintenance of equipment are as followings:
 Material falling from equipment- a loose board falling from scaffolding.
 Parts of the equipment or material being ejected- an abrasive wheel bursting,
sward ejected from a machine tool.
 Parts of the equipment coming apart- collapse of scaffolding.
 Overheating or fire- due to friction (bearings running hot, etc.).
 Explosion of the equipment- due to the failure of a pressure-relief valve.
 Explosion of substances in the equipment- due to ignition of flammable gas,
vapour or dust.

Q 4. 6. Identify three type of maintenance.

Ans:- Three type of maintenance are:

 Planned preventive maintenance (PPM)
 Condition based maintenance (CBM)
 Breakdown maintenance (BM)

Q 4. 7. Outline maintenance work which creates greater risk for the staff.

Ans:- The maintenance work which creates greater risk are as follows:
 Guard and enclosures have to be removed to allow access.
 Safety devices have to be removed or disabled.
 Equipment has to be partially or completely dismantled.
 Power sources may be exposed, such as electrical supply.
 Stored power may be accidently released, such as compressed spring.
 Access may be awkward.
 Handling of parts may be difficult.
 Additional hazards may be introduced.
Q 4. 8. Outline additional precaution that may be required during maintenance
work.

Ans:- The additional precautions are as follows:

 Maintenance should only be carried out by competent staff.
 Power sources should be isolated and physically locked off.
 Stored power should be released.
 Where power cannot be isolated, additional precautions are required.
 Cover live parts with insulating materials.
 Use additional personal protective equipment such as, insulating
rubber gloves.
 If dangerous moving parts have to be accessed, additional precautions are
required.
 Run at very low speed.
 Fit maintenance guard.
 Handling aids and equipment should be used to reduce manual handling.

Q 4. 9. a) Outline the responsibilities of worker for the safe use of an item of

machinery.

Ans- The users of work machinery should:

• Only operate equipment they are authorized to use.

• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions / in house instructions and training.
• Only use equipment for its intended purpose.
• Carry out safety checks before use.
• Not use equipment if it is unsafe.
• Report defects immediately as per the defect reporting procedures.
• Not use equipment under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
• Keep equipment clean and in safe order.
b) Identify ways in which a worker can be made aware of his responsibilities
when using machinery.

Ans:- The ways in which a worker can be made aware of his responsibilities when
using machinery include:
 Provide a formal training on safe systems of work.
 Provide the manufacturer’s safe operating procedures to workers.
 Provide tool box talks / verbal instructions.
 Affix warning notices beside the machinery on the conditions of usage.
 Use of posters on safe operating procedure.

Q 4. 10. A worker is carrying out maintenance work on a commercial washing

machine. Outline the control measures taken during the maintenance of the
washing machine.

Ans:- The control measures are as following:

 Isolate the power [LOTO], water and other services.

 Do the work in a designated area, and restrict entry to unauthorized persons.
 Provide adequate lighting and other environmental requirements.
 Provide adequate information and instruction and ensure only trained and
competent workers are undertaking the job.
 Release all stored energy, like electricity from capacitors.
 Remove chemicals like detergents before repair.
 Cover exposed electrical conductors.
 Keep the area clean and tidy, away from soap water and other hazards.
 Keep away from dirty and contaminated cloth.
 Use all appropriate PPE like gloves, masks, goggles.
 Use special guards during maintenance.
Q 4. 11. Outline what are the general health and safety responsibilities of machine
operators.

Ans:- The general health and safety responsibilities of machine operators are:

 Only operator equipment they are authorized to use.

 Operator equipment in accordance with instruction and training.
 Only use equipment for its intended purpose.
 Carry out all necessary safety checks before using equipment.
 Not use equipment if it is unsafe.
 Report defects immediately.
 Not use equipment under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
 Ensure equipment is cleaned and maintained in safe working order.

HAND-HELD TOOLS AND PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

Q 4. 12. Identify from what the risks in the use of hand-held tools arise.

Ans:- The risks in the use of hand tools arise from operators are:
 Error
 Misuse
 Improper maintenance

Q 4. 13. Outline control measures to reduce the risks to workers when using
non-powered/hand-held tools.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Tools must be suitable for the task that they are going to perform.
 Tools must be suitable for the environment in which they are to be used.
 Provide appropriate information, instructions and training to the users.
 Tools should be visually inspected routinely before use to ensure they are in
acceptable condition.
 Sub-standard tools should be maintained or discarded.
 Tools should be maintained in a safe condition and be fit for use.
 Supervision is important to ensure that safe working practices are adhered to.
Q 4. 14. In relation to the ill‐health effects from the use of vibrating hand‐held
tools.
(a).Identify typical symptoms that might be shown by affected
individuals.

Ans:- The typical symptoms include:

 Vibration white finger
 Muscle weakening
 Joint damage
 Nerve damage

(b).Outline control measures that can be used to minimize the risk of

such effects.

Ans:- The control measures that can be used are as follows:

 Carry out a Risk assessment to assess the employee’s exposure to hand arm
vibration.
 Select the equipment based on its declared vibration emission values, which
are more suited for the task.
 Good maintenance practices, including regular sharpening of tools and
replacement of worn out items.
 Reduce exposure of workers by changing the work pattern, introducing job
rotation, job breaks
 Provide information and safe systems of work including training on the safe
usage, especially the type of grip the worker have on the equipment.
 Provide the worker with anti-vibration gloves [the effectiveness is still under
debate] and warm clothing, which will increase blood circulation and reduces
the risk of vibration white finger.
 Introduce a system to report so that the employees concerns can be recorded
and investigated.
 Encourage the employee to check regularly for any symptoms of vibration
related ill health and participate in any health surveillance measures provided.
Q 4. 15. Outline why a worker may have developed HAVS when doing a hand held
powered drill.

Ans:- Worker may have developed HAVS due to following reasons:

 May have been using the hand held powered drill for a long time.
 There might not have been adequate rest breaks
 The equipment that was used might have been not suitable for the work, which
increased the hand arm vibration.
 The equipment that was used might have been not well maintained.
 There were no proper inspection of equipment
 The tool used might have been blunt which had increased the vibration dose
 The work piece on which he was drilling might have been very hard
 The worker would not have received adequate training on how to use the
equipment
 The worker might not have understood the bad effects of hand arm vibration and
hence had not taken any precaution
 There was no health surveillance to find out the onset and progress of the health
problem.

Q 4. 16. Outline what do the additional risks of portable power tools arise.

Ans:- The additional risks of portable power tools arise are:

 Electricity- results in electric shock, burns, arcing or fire.

 Fuel- Usually petrol, which creates a fire and explosion risk.
 Noise- cause hearing loss.
 Vibration- causes hand-arm vibration.
 Dust- which is harmful if inhaled.
 Ejection- of material, such as brick fragments.
 Trip hazards from power cables.
Q 4. 17. Outline safe use of a portable power tool.
Ans:- The safe use of a portable power tool requires:
 Tools are only used for their intended purpose.
 Necessary guards and safety devices are always used.
 Necessary personal protective equipment is always used.
 Trailing power cables or pipes are carefully positioned.
 Noise exposure is controlled by using hearing protection.
 Dust exposure is controlled by the use of respiratory protective equipment.
 Vibration exposure is controlled by job rotation, frequent break.
 Provide information, instruction and training to the workers for safe use.

ELECTRIC DRILL
Q 4. 18. Outline four hazards associated with the use of electric drill.
Ans:- The four hazards are as follows:
 Drawing in and entanglement.
 Contact with moving parts.
 Electricity
 Contact with hot parts.
 Stabbing or puncture for the drill with normal use if drill bit breaks.
 Puncture from the swarf ejected during metal cutting, and Noise

Q 4. 19. Outline precautions that could be taken to reduce risk to the worker.
Ans:- The precautions are as followings:
 Care should be taken that ejected part should not cause harm to the workers
as well as nearby.
 Dust exposure should be control by damping down or using RPE(Respiratory
protective equipment).
 Noise exposure is control by using hearing protection.
 Necessary guards and safety devices should always be used, such as fixed
guard.
 Trailing power cable should be carefully positioned so that it does not cause
any trip hazard.
 MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS
Q 4. 20. Outline mechanical hazards.

Ans:- The mechanical hazards are:

 Crushing- the body is trapped between two moving parts.
 Shearing- A part of body trapped between two parts of the machine.
 Crushing or severing- contact with a moving sharp edged part.
 Entanglement- loose clothing or hair caught on a rotating machine part.
 Drawing in or trapping- Part of the body is caught between two moving parts
and drawn into the machine.
 Impact- the body is struck by a powered part of a machine.
 Stabbing and puncture- By the sharp parts of the machine.
 Friction or abrasion- contact with fast moving surface.
 High-pressure fluid injection.

Q 4. 21. Identify non-mechanical hazards of machinery.

Ans:- The non-mechanical hazards of machinery are as follows:

 Electricity
 Noise
 Vibration
 Hazardous substances
 Ionizing radiation
 Non-ionising radiation
 Extreme temperatures
 Ergonomics
 Slip, trips and fall
 Fire and explosion
 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROLS
PHOTOCOPIER
Q 4. 22. (a). Outline the hazards associated with the use of photocopier.

Ans:- The hazards are:

 Drawing in and entanglement from contact with moving parts.
 All hazards associated with Electricity such as Burns, Shock, Arcing, Fire and
Explosion.
 Contact with hot parts.
 Health hazard from ozone (irritant gas) which is emitted during operation.
 Chemical hazards with the exposure to toner.

(b).Outline the control measures associated with the use of photocopier.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Fixed and interlocked guards enclosing all mechanical hazards.

 Routine inspection and portable appliance test to protect against electrical
hazards.
 Use in a ventilated room to dilute the concentration of ozone.
 Inspection and maintenance of the machine.
 Proper Information, Instruction and Training.
 Provision of PPE like glove and RPE.

PAPER SHREDDER
Q 4. 23. (a). Identify hazards associated with the use of paper shredder machine.

Ans:- The hazards are as follows:

 Cutting and drawing in.
 Electricity.
 Ergonomic hazard from handling of waste.
(b). Outline control measures associated with the use of paper shredder machine.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Fixed and interlocking guards enclosing all mechanical hazards.

 Routine inspection and portable appliance testing.
 Provide information, instruction and training to the user.

PEDESTRIAL DRILL
Q 4. 24. (a) Identify FOUR mechanical hazards associated with the use of a
pedestrial drill.

Ans:- The four mechanical hazards are:

 Drawing in nip point between the motor and drive belt.
 Electricity.
 Hot parts.
 Impact if struck by the work piece if bit jams and work piece rotate.
 Puncture from swarf ejected during metal cutting.
 Stabbing or puncture from drill bit if drill bit breaks during normal use.

(b) Outline FOUR control measures to reduce the risk of injury to

operators of pedestrial drills.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Fixed guard over motor and drive mechanism.
 Interlock guard over chuck and drill bit to reduce hazard due to flying swarf.
 Eye protection- impact resistance glasses.
 Hearing protection- such as ear plug and ear muff.
 Installation of local exhaust ventilation system.
 Routine maintenance including inspection or portable appliance testing for
electrical safety.
 BENCH-TOP GRINDER
Q 4. 25. (a) Identify or outline the hazards associated with bench-top grinder.

Ans:- The hazards associated with bench top grinder are:

 Abrasion on contact with rotating abrasive wheel.
 Drawing in at nip point between wheel and tool rest.
 Ejection of parts of the wheel during normal use, or if burst.
 Entanglement with the spindle on which the wheel is mounted.
 Electricity.
 Hot parts caused by friction.
 Health hazard from the dust.
 Noise and vibration.

(b) Outline the control measures to reduce the risk of bench-top grinder.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Secure grinder in position.
 Fixed enclosing guards around motor and part of abrasive wheel.
 Adjustable polycarbonate eye guards over exposed part of the wheel.
 Eye protection- impact resistance glasses.
 Hearing protection- such as ear plug or ear muff.
 Installation of local exhaust ventilation system.
 Routine maintenance including inspection or portable appliance testing.
 Tool rest should be adjusted to minimize nip-point.
 Regular checks of the grinding wheel.
 Operators to avoid loose clothing.
 Uses and setting should be restricted to competent or authorized person
only.
 Reduce the exposure of noise and vibration by job rotation and frequent
break.
 Provide adequate information, instruction and training to the operators.
 CYLINDER MOWER

Q 4. 26. A petrol–powered cylinder mower is to be used by a grounds person

to prepare grass tennis court prior to a major event.
(a). Outline the mechanical and non‐mechanical hazards to which the
Grounds person could be exposed during the use of the cylinder
mower.

Ans:- MECHANICAL HAZARDS

 Cutting on contact with moving blades.
 Impact or crushing if struck by the mower.
 Entanglement with various rotating part.
 Drawing in at various nip-points.

NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS
 Noise
 Vibration
 Fire and explosion from petrol.
 Health hazard from sensitization to grass sap, pollen, etc.

(b). Outline the control measures to reduce the risk to workers.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Fixed guard over drive mechanism.
 Safety switch under seat to ensure that driver is in seat before machine will
operate.
 Use restricted to trained operators only.
 Hearing protection may be necessary.
 Refueling carried out in well-ventilated area.
 Job rotation may be necessary to limit vibration exposure.
 Use restricted for workers who are sensitive to vibration.
 Provide information, instruction and training to the operators.
 PETROL DRIVEN LAWN MOWER

Q 4. 27.A petrol driven lawn mower is used to prepare a tennis court.

(a). Outline the mechanical and non- mechanical hazards.

Ans:- MECHANICAL HAZARDS

 Entanglement with rotating drum.

 Crushing under rotating drum.
 Cutting with sharp blades.
 Impact by the moving mower.

NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS

 Fire due to presence and handling of petrol.

 Exhaust toxic fumes.
 Biological hazards- allergens like grass.
 Noise –Excess and continuous noise of the engine.

(b). Outline the control measures to reduce the risk of workers.

Ans:- The control measure are as follows:

 Fixed guard over drive mechanism.
 Safety switch under seat to ensure that driver is in seat before machine will
operate.
 Use restricted to trained operators only.
 Hearing protection may be necessary.
 Refueling carried out in well-ventilated area.
 Job rotation may be necessary to limit vibration exposure.
 Use restricted for workers who are sensitive to vibration.
 Provide information, instruction and training to the operators.
 STRIMMER OR BRUSH CUTTER (PETROL DRIVEN)

Q 4. 28. A petrol driven strimmer is being used for cutting grasses near to road.
(a).Identify possible hazards at the time of work.

Ans:- The possible hazards are:

 Entanglement with rotating shaft.
 Ejection of stones and debris.
 Cutting by the cutting blade / wire.
 Manual handling due to carrying of the strimmer.
 Hand arm vibration.
 High Noise levels.
 Fire and Explosion from petrol exposure, refueling.
 Smoke and fumes of exhaust.
 Traffic hazards such as collision by uncontrolled vehicles.
 Severe weather such as rain / cold / hot weather.

(b). Identify different PPE’s that can be used to reduce the risk.

Ans:- The different PPE’s are:

 Boots with steel toe caps and good grip.

 Full face shield.
 Safety glasses.
 Hearing protection.
 Warm impervious gloves.
 Stout trousers and non-snagging upper garments.

(c). Outline different control measures other than PPE’s in order to reduce the
effects.

Ans:- The different measures other than PPE’s are as follows:

 Fixed enclosing guards over motor and drive mechanism.

 Partial side guards fitted around cutter ahead.
 Safety interlocked throttle trigger to prevent accidental operation of throttle.
  Job rotation required to limit vibration exposure.
 Harness to support and balance weight of machine.
 Refueling carried out in well-ventilated areas.
 Use restricted to trained operators only.
 Use restricted to workers who is sensitive to vibration.

CHAINSAW (PETROL DRIVEN)

Q 4. 29. (a) Outline hazards associated with the use of chainsaw.

Ans:- The hazards are:

 Cutting on contact with moving blades.
 Drawing in at nip-point between blade and casing.
 Entanglement with moving blade.
 Puncture by ejected parts.
 Burn from hot exhaust gas.
 Vibration into hands.
 Fire and explosion from petrol.
 Health hazards from dust, fumes and lubricating oil.

(b). Outline the control measures.

Ans:- The control measures are as following:

 Fixed enclosing guards over motor and drive mechanism.

 Hand guard for front hand grip.
 Chain brake to stop chain in event of kick back.
 Safety interlock throttle trigger.
 Job rotation may be necessary to limit the exposure of vibration.
 Refueling carried out in well-ventilated area.
 Use restricted to trained workers only.
 Provide information, instruction and training to workers.
 COMPACTOR
Q 4. 30. (a) Outline hazards associated with the use of compactor.

Ans:- The hazards are as follows:

 Crushing, if a person is inside during operation.

 Shearing between moving arms during operation.
 Crushing or impact by ejected bale or container lorry.
 Electricity.
 High pressure fluid ejection from hydraulic system.
 Ergonomics from handling material during loading.

(b). Outline control measures associated with the use of compactor.

Ans:- The control measures are includes:

 Fixed perimeter guard around loading area and mechanism.

 Interlocked guard to allow access to loading area.
 Routine inspection and portable appliance testing.
 Use restricted to trained operators only.
 Provide information, instruction and training to workers.

CHECKOUT CONVEYOR SYSTEM

Q 4. 31. (a) Identify hazards associated with the use of checkout conveyor
system.

Ans:- The hazards are as following:

 Drawing in at nip point on belt system.
 Entanglement with motor or rollers driving the belt.
 Friction on contact with moving belt.
 Electricity.
 Ergonomics from handling items while seated.
 Non-ionising radiation from laser bar-code scanner.
(b). Outline control measures associated with the use of checkout conveyor
system.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Fixed and interlocked guards on motor and drive mechanism.

 Trip fitted to conveyor to prevent drawing in.
 Routine inspection and portable appliance testing.
 Use restricted to trained operators only.
 Provide proper information, instruction and training to workers.

CEMENT MIXER
Q 4. 32. (a) Identify hazards from cement mixture.

Ans:- The hazards are as follows:

 Entanglement with rotating drum and drive motor.
 Drawing in nip-point between motor and drive mechanism.
 Crushing between drum.
 Electricity.
 Ergonomics.
 Manual handling injuries.
 Health hazard from cement dust inhalation.
 Hazards due to fuel.
 Stuck by the other vehicle operating in the area.

(b). Outline the control measures.

Ans:- The control measures are as following:

 Locate mixer on firm and level ground.
 Location away from traffic.
 Fixed guard to motor and drive mechanism.
 Routine inspection and portable appliance testing.
 Safe storage of petrol and control of ignition.
  Reduction in manual handling or positioning of cement bags close to the
equipment.
 Hearing protection to reduce noise exposure.
 Concrete suit must be worn including gum boots.
 Use restricted to trained operators only.

(c). Identify the PPE that should be worn when using a chainsaw.

Ans:- PPE that should be worn when using a chainsaw are:

 Face (visor) and eye protection (impact resistant).

 Hearing protection.
 Head protection (hard hat) may be necessary.
 Robust gloves.
 Boots with good grip and steel toe-caps.
 Cut-resistant trousers or chaps trousers cover).
 Robust shirt.

BENCH MOUNTED CIRCULAR SAW

Q 4. 33. (a) Identify hazards with bench mounted circular saw.

Ans:- The hazards are:

 Cutting on contact with blade.
 Entanglement with drive motor.
 Drawing in at nip-point between motor and drive belt.
 Ejection of work piece during cutting.
 Electricity.
 Noise.

(b). Outline control measures/precautionary measures.

Ans:- The control measures are as follows:

 Competent operators to complete the task.
 Operators should be provided with appropriate PPE.
 Machine guards should be provided e.g. fixed guard or interlock guard.
 Routine inspection should be carried out.
  Adequate ventilation system should be provided to control dust.
 Maintenance should be carried out by designated authorize worker.

SAFETY GUARDS AND DEVICES

Q 4. 34. Identify types of guard used on machinery.

Ans:- The types of guards are:

 Fixed guard
 Adjustable guard
 Interlock guard
 Trip devices
 Two-handed control

FIXED GUARD
Q 4. 35. Identify the three types of fixed guard.

Ans:- The three types of fixed guard are as follows:

 Fixed enclosing guard
 Fixed perimeter guard
 Fixed distance

Q 4. 36. Outline the features/principles that identified when adopting fixed guards
in machines.

Ans:- The features of fixed guards in machines are:

 They are simple.
 Always in position.
 No moving parts and hence maintenance free.
 Difficult to remove, needs a special tool.
 Must be robust in construction.
 It may be opaque or can be made inner parts visible.
 It can be solid or made suitable for free airflow.
 Guard must follow the contour of the machinery to minimize the gaps between
guard and machinery.
Q 4. 37. Outline merits and limitations of fixed guard.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of fixed guard

 It is completely prevent access to dangerous parts.

 It is fixed in place.
 Require minimal maintenance because there are no moving parts.
 Can only be defeated by a deliberate act.
 Require only a visual inspection to check effectiveness.
 May protect operators from many hazards, e.g. noise, dust, etc.

Limitations/disadvantages of fixed guard

 Is not linked to the machine controls.

 Provides no protection when removed during maintenance.
 Difficult to remove there are situations which requires regular access inside
the machine for operation maintenance and cleaning.
 It should not be used in the machine where regular access inside the guard
is required as there is a high probability that user would remove it.
 Tends to be left in an unfixed condition when frequent access is required due
to machine problems.

INTERLOCKED GUARD
Q 4. 38. Outline merits and limitations of interlocked guard.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of interlocked guard

 Interlock guard over drill bit or chuck to prevent from the swarf ejected during
metal cutting.
 Ensuring that guard is locked shut until it is safe for the guard to open.
 Power to the machine is disabled and the machine will not operate until the
guard is in place.
 Allow ready to safe access for material feeding, etc
 Are convenient to use.
 Speed up operations.
 Limitations/disadvantages of interlocked guard
 Strict rules to regarding safe use of interlock guard.
 Increase the complexity of the machine.
 Are difficult to test and maintain.
 May need a brake and timed delay where machinery does not stop instantly.
 Rely on components which could fail in service.
 Require regular maintenance and testing.
 May not provide security.
 Appropriate types of guards should always be used.

ADJUSTABLE GUARD
Q 4. 39. Outline merits and limitations of adjustable guard.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of adjustable guard

 Potential to accommodate various dimensions of material.
 Easily adjust to material thickness and automatically close at the end of the
cut.
 It can be used on wide range of positions depending upon nature of the work
and operation requirement.
 Can be adjusted by operator to provide information.
 Protects operator where size or position of dangerous parts varies.

Limitations/Disadvantages of adjustable guard

 Might prevent to adjust for a new material.

 Doesn’t protect the material beneath it.
 It does not totally enclose the hazard.
 It can easily be defeated.
 Requires maintenance.
 It relies operator competence.
 TRIP/PROTECTIVE DEVICE
Q 4. 40. Outline merits and demerits of ‘trip devices’/ Protective devices.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of trip/protective devices.

 Can be used as an additional risk control.
 Can minimise the severity of injury.

Limitations/Disadvantages of trip/protective devices.

 Can be overridden.
 May not prevent harm from occurring.
 May cause production delays.
 Increase stress in users with false trips.

TWO-HANDED CONTROL DEVICE

Q 4. 41. With respect to the operation of machinery, Identify merits and
limitations of two‐hand controls as safety device.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of two-hand controls:

 Ensure both of the operator’s hands are out of the danger area when the
machine is operated.
 Visibility, access to machine.
Limitations/Disadvantages of two-hand controls:
 Only protects the operator from harm.
 May limit speed of operation with delays if controls are not pressed at exactly
same time.

HOLD-TO-RUN DEVICES

Q 4. 42. Outline merits and limitations of hold-to-run devices.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of hold-to-run devices:

 Ensures the operator is out of danger area when the machine is operated.
 Provides distance between operator and hazard.
 Limitations/Disadvantages of hold-to-run devices:

 Only protects the operator from harm.

 May be residual movement of dangerous parts once the device has been
released.

PROTECTION APPLIANCES
Q 4. 43. Outline merits and limitations of Protection appliances- jigs, holders and
push-sticks.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of Protection appliances:

 Provide distance between operator and hazard.
 Inexpensive and easily replaced if damaged.
 May be shaped to suit work being carried out.

Limitations/Disadvantages of Protection appliances:

 Harm may still occur from other non-mechanical hazards.
 Designs can be awkward to use and may result in a lack of control.
 Adjustments have to be made.
 Failure of the protection (for e.g. breaking or kickback) may present an
additional hazard to the operator.

EMERGENCY STOP CONTROL

Q 4. 44. Outline merits and limitations of Emergency stop controls.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of emergency stop controls:

 Removes power immediately.
 Equipment has to be reset after use.
 Prevents accidental restarting of the equipment.

Limitations/Disadvantages of emergency stop controls:

 Does not prevent access to the danger area.
 May be incorrectly positioned.
 INFORMATION, INSTRUCTION, TRAINING AND SUPERVISION
Q 4. 45. Outline merits and limitations of IITS.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of IITS:

 Easy to reach a wide audience on a variety of subjects.
 Can be applied immediately and adapted to suit specific needs of the user.

Limitations/Disadvantages of IITS:
 Supervision may not prevent contact with the hazard.
 Relies on the person concerned to follow the instruction.
 May be misunderstood.
 Supervision is needed to a sufficient degree to ensure health and safety.
 Equipment requires high degree of supervision.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Q 4. 46. Identify types of Personal Protective Equipment.

Ans:- The types of personal protective equipment are as follows:

 Overalls
 Safety glasses
 Ear defenders
 Steel toe capped footwear
 Hair nets
 Gloves
 High-visibility clothing

Q 4. 47. Identify merits and limitations of PPE.

Ans:- Merits/advantages of PPE

 It give immediate protection
 In some situations, it may be the only control option available
 It may be needed as a backup for emergency when others control have failed
 It is usually cheap.
 Limitations/disadvantages of PPE
 It only protect one person-the wearer
 It may not protect adequately if not fitted correctly
 It may not compatible with other items of PPE
 It may increase overall risk by impairing the senses
 People do not like wearing PPE
 It doesn’t remove hazards.
 Fails to danger.
 Expensive long term
 It may be contaminated
 Relies on wearer.

Q 4. 48. Outline basic requirements of a guard or safety device.

Ans:- Basic requirements are as follows:

 Suitability for the intended purpose- e.g. if it is intended to also contain dusts,
then a mesh guard is unsuitable.
 Meets relevant standards- with regard to preventing contact with dangerous
parts.
 Strong and robust- to withstand the forces it may be subjected to.
 Compatible- must not interfere with machine operation.
 No rough and sharp edges.
 No easy to defeat or bypass.
 Vision- must not interfere with any need to see in to the machine.
 Ventilation- must not block any air flow required.
 Ease of maintenance- should be easy to maintain.
 Removal for maintenance- ideally, the guard should not have to be removed
to allow maintenance on the machine to take place.
 Does not increase overall risk to the operators.