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Neisse Ria

The document provides an overview of Neisseria infections, detailing the characteristics, pathogenic species, and clinical features of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for these infections. Key points include the importance of vaccination, antibiotic treatment, and the need for good hygiene practices to prevent outbreaks.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views5 pages

Neisse Ria

The document provides an overview of Neisseria infections, detailing the characteristics, pathogenic species, and clinical features of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for these infections. Key points include the importance of vaccination, antibiotic treatment, and the need for good hygiene practices to prevent outbreaks.

Uploaded by

victorable26
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Neisseria Infections

Introduction

Neisseria species: Gram-negative diplococci, oxidase positive, grow aerobically


at 37°C.

Examples: Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, non-pathogenic


Neisseria.

Infections caused: Meningitis, gonorrhoea, septicaemia. Non-pathogenic species


are usually oral commensals.

Morphology: Occur in pairs (diplococci) or short chains; “coffee bean”


appearance; kidney-shaped.

Culture characteristics: Non-motile, non-spore forming, capnophilic, grow best


at 35–37°C on enriched medium (e.g., Modified Thayer Martin agar), oxidase
and catalase positive.

Species

Pathogenic: N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis

Non-pathogenic: N. lactamica, N. sicca, N. subflava, N. mucosa, N. flavescens, N.


catarrhalis (Moraxella), N. cinerea, N. polysaccharea, N. elongata

Neisseria meningitidis

History

First reported in the 16th century; definitive description by Vieusseux (1805).

Isolated from CSF by Weichselbaum (1887); serotypes described in 1909.


Disease Spectrum

Meningococcemia (bacteraemia): 5–20% without meningitis

Meningitis: 50% of cases (most common)

Respiratory infections: URTI (1%), LRTI pneumonia (5–15%)

Other: arthritis (2%), myocarditis, skin lesions

Epidemiology

Humans are the only reservoir; 20% of population may carry, mostly non-
capsulated.

Epidemic carrier rate can reach 90%.

Endemic in Africa’s “meningitis belt” (Ethiopia → Senegal, N. Nigeria).

Epidemics: Serogroups A & C; occur every 8–12 years, attack rate 500–
1000/100,000.

Risk Factors

Age (3 months–3 years; 18–23 years)

Lack of bactericidal antibodies (IgG, IgM)

Travel to endemic areas, complement deficiencies (C5–C8)

Asplenia, host genetic polymorphisms, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding

Bar/nightclub exposure, alcohol, occupational exposure (lab workers)

Pathogenesis

Colonizes nasopharyngeal mucosa using pili → inflammation → bloodstream


invasion (<1% of carriers)
Capsule is major virulence factor; basis for serogrouping (13 serogroups: A, B, C,
D, 29E, X, Y, Z, W-135, H, I, K, L)

Clinical Features

Incubation: 2–10 days (commonly 3–4)

Abrupt onset: sore throat, headache → drowsiness, meningitis signs

Types: Meningitis, fulminant (shock), mixed meningococcemia-meningitis, mild


acute meningococcemia

Transmission

Respiratory droplets, prolonged close contact, facilitated by co-existing


respiratory infections

Epidemics start in dry season, stop in wet season

Diagnosis

Specimens: Blood, CSF, nasopharyngeal swab, puncture materials (do not


refrigerate)

CSF analysis: ↑ pressure, turbidity, WBC, protein; ↓ glucose; Gram-negative


intracellular diplococci

Culture: Chocolate agar or Thayer-Martin; incubate at 37°C with 5% CO₂

Non-culture: Latex agglutination, PCR, counter-immuno electrophoresis

Treatment

Hospitalization, isolation, monitoring, fluid/electrolyte balance

Antibiotics: Penicillin G, cephalosporins (3rd gen), chloramphenicol,


sulfonamides
Supportive: Antipyretics, mannitol for ↑ ICP, dexamethasone, treat
shock/respiratory failure

Prevention

Isolation of patients, monitoring of contacts

Good hygiene, avoid crowded places during epidemics

Vaccination: Polysaccharide (MPSV4) and conjugate vaccines (Menactra,


Menveo)

Chemoprophylaxis for close contacts: Rifampin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

History

“Gonococcus” first described by Neisser (1879); disease mentioned in Old


Testament

Microbiology

Gram-negative diplococcus, non-motile, non-spore forming; resembles N.


meningitidis

Grows only on selective media (Thayer Martin, NYC medium)

Sensitive to drying; requires CO₂ jar at 35–37°C

Epidemiology

~6 million cases/year globally; incidence declining in industrialized countries

Transmission: sexual intercourse, perinatal; infects urogenital, rectal,


pharyngeal mucosa

Neonatal conjunctivitis possible at birth


Pathogenesis

Antigenically variable to evade host defenses

Surface structures: pili (attachment, neutrophil resistance), LOS, POR (porins),


OPA (adhesion), RMP (structural modification)

Clinical Features

Men: Urethritis, discharge, dysuria, epididymitis (common complication)

Women: Cervicitis, urethritis, dysuria, intermenstrual bleeding, salpingitis, PID,


perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis)

Other: Rectal, pharyngeal, ocular infections; disseminated gonococcal infection

Diagnosis

Specimens: Urethral swab (men), endocervical/urethral swab (women),


rectal/pharyngeal swabs, Bartholin’s duct, synovial fluid, CSF

Gram stain: intracellular Gram-negative diplococci

Culture on selective media; glucose utilization test; beta-lactamase detection

Treatment

Cephalosporins (first line)

Management of sexual partners

Prevention: condoms, sexual health education

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