. o ee a oo erage alt go} Se eee ese ac ogee oT cae mee ue ale peel Sel Ta SETA) Urea tS Rue oma ec ated * Body is telescoped + only outer panel generates power. ee * Body is extended ~ both panels receive sunlight. Ree nt) Dee cur ee Ce Oe Pree eee Neen oe eae ea te re ae Seas eee mo a ere eas ‘Above ~2 kW, solar sail design is more economical Reser erent) Tube ioe Oe neg a Ree ad ae cura} Leia tetirel ol| cy Earth eclipses a GEO satellite: NC td a5) Deseret eT ee ae een ee ica tod OR en en ea Td Ce ra ee cee ae a Sec e ae ey Cerna cd Ni-Cd (Nickel-Cadmium): older systems NEO Te CBT * Better power-to-weight ratioSao Mole Naito 3 Attitude = orientation of a satellite in space. OMe ices co SRE e ue Sa Ensure proper Earth coverage ¢ Need for Attitude Control Pee eet etectacesent a ete: eet: [et utek eee Beene cent evs Deol) * Meteorite impacts Ca ood Oct see Cun eT] ese eS ee ier een) Sell Cuneo) POEM Mr oR ice UC) Lv Pro Tad Te ea tele eae ul eT elt ola) * Methods of Attitude Control 1. Passive Control Oa renter ence ice! Uses natural effects ect Same) Secon eusse tata) PA a ela ice Osea ae Rete eta) Oa Von OM eran nt ere an CMCC ey mu* Roll, Pitch, Yaw Axes errr clit ncitig Oe es eet na tea) eee nd oad Re ee retcoR Cig * Spin Stabilization See ee el Ce Cece Rea On Ty © Spin axis aligned along North-South (pitch axis) Ser Ghenet ced Peels Coie anaes akg he ten si, paral co tear Oe te UEC eT ecclce ee Raterc Deen UR Un ey meee Mess MET ay mee Reeasele ee MCU Eaten ee UD eBooks hu) Meola uae ut Bie) Urea) Steere neha teehee un eels Boece rises sss od SUSE cd Tp) OMe Ear Paseo ECR Eg | Reaction wheels (zero bias) tee Peeve eee recess icy meV ORS Cie tol} eT ee Rel We Reto Roel ene eee eet BT Ce Sas tee M Ce Rucci)Roll/yaw Pitch control thrusters momentum wheel Direction of flight Pitch control ne theviters, Horizon sensor (a) Pitch momentum va Roll wheel Yaw wheel ‘Sensors Pitch wheel Yew wheel desaturation Omaturetion desaturation rustes, electromagnet tb) te) igure 7.8 Alternative momentum wheel stabilization systems: (a) one-wheel, (b) two- wheel, () three-wheel. (Reprinted with permission from Spacecraft Altitude DeterminationDTU Meee) * Station keeping = maintaining a satellite in its correct orbital position (slot) in GEO. Des eee) Ota ee acs Dene arcing * Gravitational pull of Sun and Moon OM tet ere Re CR Se eee ee oe Decco) eee ea dete cosity Ceca nae ou Ren ‘* Caused by Earth’s shape (ellipticity) Pees eRe Cees Pe ee eet un coat] Sete Mi Cum cee Te Lo} Cae Dee een Re cee os Deer PBMC aac lod) SSC Rae Cuneo cr al Control Method Cee en ME ry Oo ek EEE i Sec) See Sete R UU Been ei) SM Mee eee Mt er) eee Cee} Penne ee che ch eee ten aiaeheer a See enT Sa ee nee Saree ee ete rer a anc Secret Be ee te els Sere eee Se eee ee cata* Need for Thermal Control Peers eet Sane Ck eit Chet ts oe eevee Reset tir Sion as eee en Ca Rca citi Ce Nolo uae Keo Peres ea a1 Cie URE W Else R Ci tacos met lo) * Significant in low orbit Negligible in GEO SMC Rel) Se eee ur eee Oe eT ee et ecu eect Coreg ee oar) Oe esa Mc Ena to See Retold Oe eee Se ees kul st icine ere Cd Ce ROR CuCl Meco) CRs ma UR a ae LolaTs eENo) © Usually controlled from ground ¢ Effects of Increased Temperature in Satellites Dele Mole acco en Ley Ossetia even ieee eo Rapa eetieeatsmm cis ¢ Increase in noise level Oe eae ert eee her eee: eee eo are team ° Reduced efficiency of solar panels © High temperature lowers power generation capability. Sa erent e he ak earl eas) © Causes mechanical deformation > misalignment of antennas or structures. Dee rea eu eae ks eeu e Reduced life and efficiency of onboard batteries.TiC Rem es ORR Rec RU Ei) Oe ee ca Telemetry Function Pe ace We ue Cire eke unc) Sees oan ude data (sun & earth sensors) See uae rua aio) * System data (temperature, voltage, fuel pressure) Deere Cerin Coa cL Pee ents Pas uae an sa ar ea) Pa Deer ec Ru eae ee) Command Function CeCe Ree ola) Cai taclolic TTC&M antenna Cent tec SS emis ike ola OU ei ees * Perform station keeping Receive Tecan Cee e ltt \ See cnc nto is) eeu esheets Tracking Function Cee Or eset Dress Oe Cee ar eee Oe ree tegen unery fae old Computer i Paya for attitude [| Controller OU eee ia wittaeene Emphemeris Decuria 3 data Oe rereadDefinition of Transponder See aee eee cieneacs Mat eect urna era nec nei BTU UCU RE Ce eee Cer u cee eCvis ETT a Cola eee erie Cerone Cert ue Reaag * Sends it back as downlink signal ORe one eae haere as ec eae Sere ete] Oe eas neers OR aC ETL * Multiple carriers (telephony/data channels) na Frequency Reuse * Capacity can be increased using: SP reo) © Same frequency reused with different polarizations: CCAR) eee Ul PAS ular Colette Pe Gey Our um eve MN ica lel) ula 500: Vertical polarization 4—+| rn 4 c | | 6105 6145 6185 6085 6125 6165 Horizontal oolarization* Definition * The wideband receiver receives the entire uplink frequency band and processes it before CPs @ Redundancy OU eee esi mere Nae ia) Cen eee cy * Backup receiver is used if the main one fails o Main Components & Functions Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) eee gr Oe ou un uns ay Onn Ne easy eet aan ee Noise Consideration Sete Cac ner Wy Ts OS ee uy tare eu ney eRe I Ru re cryy Nee} enue aCe Oat ers ia ey eee Local Oscillator (LO) Oc ecg ms Oe reg rd Cee sy IF Amplifier (Second Amplifier) OMe Pee ar era OMe I eee ec ee nr Cy Ren ra) Pee rete teaU] Cees mere ead eeu acdterete See er EUR ctor anu bee us un ae ute UL Divides the received wideband signal for separate processing Power Amplifier eee td tra RC aCe Each channel has a separate power amplifier Traveling-wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) are widely used L I @ tel £ry Pare Cu esc) are ele R rads Deen Cen ese) See eee erin Sar DTU eee ea ear ER Cueet Ce Mc) Srna Cee Serre) Directional antennas Ce Re ERA cer lee} CUO neue Rote eet Eun Td Cer een Oe Cee uae) ed eee ote Ro cae Steerable beams ~ can be directed as required Reflector Antennas DTN ABC reel a ole fee rah ieles Ore (27 * Beamwidth « A/D Implications: * Larger diameter (D) > higher gain, narrower beam * Smaller wavelength (A) — better performance Frequency Band Effect De Nec eee eae led ren 7k te eee ae enue L-band = very large antennas (for mobile services)© Feed System Oey TEU hr) * Biconical dipole ~ used for tracking and control signals * Horn antenna Sa eT Co) Seer ar) Pe ue aur) ORS ric CMS tll oley * Separate transmit and receive signals (frequency-based) Re erage On Cun cu) Oe ee eure Rr Rea Teg ie OMe aed sg eee cn (0) offset fed sectioned parabolic reflector, Ofer Merce ah esac cylindrical reflector Gre eee ue nO eee pyramidal hom antenna and (c) conical horn antenna. (d) important design parameters of a horn enaPropulsion Subsystem (Satellite) Definition * The propulsion subsystem provides the force required to move and control the satellite in space. Functions Oe a a Ne eo Rei cae) * Station keeping (maintaining position in GEO) Oe atin Re eae etre) Olt recess en * Momentum dumping (removing excess momentum from wheels) etd oa Dene ey Deere emg ORM rut’ Paves bd Se SET OM ee imesic rato Pee * Uses electric energy to accelerate ions * Produces low thrust but very efficient Sasi OUR e Reon rs Ti)Fae Roa NAS ECOL) BC ecg * Known as Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) service ORES acck lence ence} On eu RO Xe eae: Pg Cea leo eal) ae PCL See ROL Oe canoe oy Ciera Cee ats hme Sur nat eae) See eee EE cuca + Now also used for home reception (with special equipment) * Ku-band (12 GHz): OMe eg et tee tk ED ead Oe ee RE RRR ug Oe ee ot kr ar eae CasL Selmer) Oe ec oer + Feed hom at focus receives signal Cn Sols 0a 0 Codd ORTON rca ears et ee te Saree gn a See Cee LT eee PAC acter mee em CLO asi urly * Sends signal via coaxial cable to indoor unit ao yc * Polarization switching (LHCP/RHCP or vertical/horizontal) * Power supply through cable Se aia Urs NES) Na eee ear) Olid Cie great Rite hc Oe Re anal Ma Sane Mtn crcl a Nao)122-127 GHz — Parabolic vole Low neise Reosive horn Ee ampleveonvener and pounce Outdoor Unit 80-1450 Mir Indoor Unit oe 4 power sotatinerecaner ~ Taking eran roue fm L- ps block demod “ample { Y Turatle | ssectand AM cselletcr delay Remos t Jo EO! Standard TV 4 Fae Use eae Sa eive-only stations are for downlink only eC Re ee Seni ee TL SS eis oat an Data services LBC ure meee 9 eee ten MCs marard Duplicate units are provided ec ee Cura acy Ensures high reliabilityCeger ‘Dpouny yosaay fo Avajino;y) “UotTeys Yaa WEPUNpAs ¥ Jo syraUTO[A seq — s'e CANBY joued uonoauueaveiul pueqaseg, wualuy e—urew Aqpueigh<-—4 eee ESS SeeseS cues (Oia) nee Seen eee ee tics Seats Pe ee eee eae enue Great eke) Perce ots Pee eeeee tse ene el Pomerat EM eR ase 4. Upconverted to microwave frequency (6 GHz / 14 GHz) Eide ee eel eh Cees 7. Sent to antenna via diplexer eM et Ker aM UII 9) Oe Cee A Meise une) See rn ae Ura) * Signal divided into carriers * Downconverted to IF Sera Ma swat SM Ceeiilac Mek Carll PO RSC) * Same antenna used for transmit + receive Peet nee eer Peeters Pes cu eme) a a Rela ae Rela * Ku-band: Uplink 14 GHz, Downlink 12 GHz Se ean coeur renee ht CN ol MI ae Bead Cee RC ne}[od Sc Percy el ele Rea ea) Cen = eee Re eect Antenna: ~3.6 m Pei Pama Iso uri Antenna: 10 m - 30m ER High capacity links (INTELSAT Standard A) 36 MHz transponder carries: CR e Cec eey Ce eA en ay * Antenna: > 30 m (very large dishes) 4 Power Backup Seat ee recent Pierce 4 Oe Ect CMe arco * Automatic switching ensures no service interruption