H+ V)=T(uy+T(v) (cu) =eT(u) VEO PROBLEMS | Show that the function T:R?>R? by T(vi.¥2)=(v vay) +2v5) transformatic en TR? OR? by T(iv2)=(y ~v5,¥y 4 2¥5) (tv "(v,,v,) and u=(u,,u,) be vectors in Rand let ¢ be any real number. Then, 8 PO y)=T[ (ups) + (vive) =TLE(u + v4) (us + ve) ] =T[(u, + y)—(uy + v2). uy ty #2(uy + ¥2)] (vi.¥2) = (M1 = Ya Vi + 2¥2) =[(u, =u) (y= ¥2)s (th #23) +(vs + 2¥2)] =(u,-u,,u, + 2u,)+ (v)-Vv2,¥) +22) 2) +T(vi.¥2) =T(u)+T(v) ) F(cu)=TLe(u,,u,)]=T[(cu,,cu2)] (cu, -eu,,cu, +2cu,) +2u,)=eT(u,,u,)=cT(u) =T(u go avenn teavcromystiOns 2, Determine whether the function T:R?>R? by T(x¥)=(x7) isa linear transformation. Solution Given T:R?9R? by T(x,y) = (x.y?) Let v=(v,.v,) and u=(u,,u,) be vectors in Rand let c be any real number. Then, T(utv)=T[(u.m)+(v¥2)] =T[(u,+%)+(02 +¥2)) =((aen (us +¥2)') since T(x.y)=(%¥") = [uty wiv +2u.v] a(u evn a vi)a(u tud)e(% =T (uy) +T(%¥2) =T(u)+T(v) So, T is not a linear transformation. liter (cu) =TLe(.ms)]=TEleurevs)] =(eus(ews)’)=° o(wyut) er (aus) eT) So, T is not a linear transformation. Aliter’ . Let w=(L2)andv=(2,3)eR T(v) = T (2.3) = (2.9) and so, phen T(u)=T(12)= (le) )+2.9)=(.13)tv)eT(u)+T(v) vuwer? linear transformation ce LUNAR TRANSFORMATIONS 4.2 PROPERTIES OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION Let T bea linear transformation from V into W, w1 i ee into W, where wand v are in V. Then the T(0)=0 T(-v)=-1(v) T(u-v)=T(u)-T(v) If vac, +,¥, +4 6¥qs then T(v)=T(em +e¥, isnot a linear transformation, because +(0.0) SOLVED PROBLEHS 1. Determine whether the function T:R*9R? by T(x.y.a)=(xthy +he+!) is linear transformation. Solution Given T:R'R’ by T Since (0, ‘Tisnota lineartransformation 2. Determine whether the function TR by a)=(x+hy thee)ITN linear transformation, mo Solution — Rt)=r 0)+47(0,1,0)~1(0,0,1) =-2(2,4,-1)+4(1,3,-2)- (0,-2.2) Let a+0b+e=0 = anbeOe=2 at2b+e=-1a=2,b=he=—4 )-4T(1,0,1) 1)~4(1,1,0) =(-3,-6,-3) 4.3 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION GIVER BY A MATRIX Let VR" be the vector space and the vector v=(v, fom +-+-¥,)ER" is in the matrix lel 0, let A be an mxn matrix. The function T:R°R” by T(v)=Av is a linear sformation form R'>R”. + In order to confirm to matrix multiplication with an m*n matrix, n*1 matrices sent the vectors in R" and mx1 matrices represent the vectors in R™. SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. Show that the function T:R’—>R? by T(v)=Av where “i et) isalinear transformation Also find T(v) where v=(2,-1), Solution Given T°? by reread 2] To show that T isa linear transformation, we need to prove () Vaver®, T(u+v)=T(u)+T(v) (ii) T(cu)=eT(u) for any scalar e For any vectors u and vin R?; the distributive property of matrix multiplication over addition produces T(utv)=A(uty)=Au+Av=T(u)+T(v) Similarly, for any vector u in R? and any scalar ¢, the commutative property of scalar multiplication with matrix mulkiplicétion produces ‘T(cu)=A(cu)=e(Au)=er, Hence T isa linear transformation. At v=(2,-1), we have 3 roperenene| 2 forthe linear transformation represented by each mutrix of al o 2 dimensions of R'and on fro ae Ae ; 42 Gi a a (i) |ee Solution (i) The size of the matrix A is 33, so it defines a linear transformation from R’ into ANE Gi) The size of the matrix Ais 3x2, soit defines a liner transformation from R° into Rr. oe ht] (iii) The size of the matrix A is 24, so it defines a linear transformation fiom R¢into R’ % eft SHE 3. Let T:R*9R? be the linear transformation by T(v)=Av where Given TR9R* by T=av-[ a @ T(t) [ (>) The preimage of (1, [3 EVL) 1), since fo] solution @ ) Ay t2v4y, 430, 44y, 2-1 and 2v,-v,=8 we get v,=2a-8 and v)=2b+7a+de-23 5. For the linear transformation T:R’>R {i -b] a4 b al Find a andb such that aby T(v}=Av wherePR? given by royal 1S] 4.4 ROTATION 1M ‘This isa common type of linear transformation from R? into R?. SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. Show that the linear transformation T:R’R? represented by the matrix “aa sind cos0 has the property that itrotates every vector in R? counter clockwise about the origin through theangle 0. Solution Given T:R?9R® be the linear transformation represented by the matrix iq ~fc039 sind sind cos So we have T(v)=Av for veR? _ [eos -sino] = thal woo Since v=(v,,v,) bea vector in R°, its polar from is v, = reosa, v, =rsing ‘Therefore 11) C05 sin6 cose = eeee- sine) FsinOcosa+ reosOsine: ‘The vector T(¥) has thesamelngthas since ITO )=161 since y]=VFeotasesin'a =e and Ir@l= Furthermore, the angle from positive x-axis to T(v) is =a. So T(v) is the vector that results from rotating the vector v counterclockwise through the angle 8. os'(0+u)= om Bea) <0 Note: Rotation in R° preserve both vector length and angle between two vectors. Thatis, and angle between T(u) and 2. Let T be the linear transformat T(x.y}={seos=ys Find for 049 (a) TU(b) 7(4,4) for 0=30° (c) (5,0) for @=120° Solution Given T:R?>R? be the linear transformation such that e080 sin fx (any) =(xcos0-— ys, sin yon) = 9 ail] implies T is a rotation in R*. Therefore, we have Tew) [ eee) ae (2) EF (a) T(4,4) for 0=45° a=tan'(I)=7 road SB =4E 1(44)-[4PBen( 4502) aBsin( 45-2) (09) (b) T(4,4) for 0=30° 1(4,4)= [s2eos(30--5 ),afisn(20-2)] = [4V2(c0s30c0s45—sin30sin45), 43 (sin30cos45 + cos30sin45)] B 1 Lait [4 $b} lth) =(2V3 -2,2v3+2) 3 (©) T(5.0) for 01207 antn'(2)-0 =[520s(90+30), ssn =[-Ssin(30),505(3)] 4 4.5 PROJECTION IN RY A linear transformation T:R’R' represented by 10 0) | Az|o 10 00 0! is aprojectionin’ Ifv=(x,y.2) isa vectorinR’ then 10 offs) [x] T(y)=Av=|0 00 | That means, T mapsevery ve ss ortaogonal projection in the xy plane as, shown belowA TEy299) pa Projection onto xy plane SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. The matrix represent the linear transformation T:R?»R°. Deseribe the orthogonal projection to Given T:R?9R? by which T maps every vector in R’. Solution 0 0 ox] [o t(v=av=]o 1 olly|=|y|=(0.¥.2) oo ile] lz implies isa projection on R?. Hence T maps every vector in R? to its orthogonal projection in the [Link]. Projection onto the yz-plane. EE ’”~SS =~ ll ET Be EXERCISE 1 Determine whether he folowing funtionsare linear trarsforation (a) TR? R? by Tay (b) TER? > R? by 7 2)=(x+y.x-y,2) (6) THR? +R vy 11 et T bea linear trans vow) 2 L a linear t ation from 2 TOMY TC LA) Fhe ra form HOR such that Ts 3, Let T be alinear transformation from R? into R? such that T(1. TC-1,1)=(,1). Find T(2,0) and T( “ a >R?be a linear transformation such that T' TO1,0)-C3-2) and T0.1)-(0.22), Find 13.0) 5. TO,-1,2-(3,2,-1) and T(1,0,1)=( 6. Consider the linear transformation T: R’R" defined by T(v)=Av. Find the dimensions of R° and R" forthe linear transformation represented by each matrix | | ° () A : ) and (b) the preimage of -1-L-1-D)m a a 9Rbe a linear transformation by T(v)=Av, where 4.6 THE KERNEL OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION ‘We know for any linear transformation T:V—>W, the zero vector in V maps t gis ley Qu zero vector in W. That isT(0)=0, The fist question you will consider in this sect pela is whether there are other vectors in veV such that T(¥)=0. The collection ofa Od! such elements isthe kernel of. Find (a) T(1,0,2,3) and (b) the preimage of (0,0,0).. In other words, T:V-+W bea linear transformation. Then the V that satisfy, T(¥)-0 isthe kemelofT and is denoted by ker(T). ie 9. Thematrix {vev:t(v)-0} 100 SOLVED PROBLEHS A=|0 00 1. Find the kemel ofthe linear transformation T:R’—+ R’ represented by om! T(xp%)=(%)-283,0.-%,) represent the linear transformation T: R’R®. Describe the orthogonal Solution projection to which T maps every vector in R’. Bydefinition, efver? ANSWERS ee 1. (a) not linear (b)linear (c) not linear = {(x,08,) eR? -Tlxyx 2 T(L4)=(3,-5), T(-21)=(-3,-1) (xx) eR? :x-28, =0-x; =O} 3 re0)-(33) r(oa)-(4 3) | Since the homogenoussystem x- 20, =0 and ~x, = 0 hasonly ~ (0,0). We have 4, T(1,-3,0)=(-1,-8,5), T(2,-4,1) =(0,-6,8) ker(T)= , 5, T(4,2,0)=(10,0,2), T(2, 1 4 oR! RAR? 6. (a) T:R? +R? (b)T:R' RS (c) T:R' OR | ean ker()=[veR:TU)= 7. (a) 12.2) (0)(-Liek 8. (a) (19,9) (b) (4-1 9. Projection onto the xz plane, ; . ERT (s.3.2)=0 RiN=0,7 =incar transformation T:R’— R? represented by } nuyen)@R?:(-2.-y.-x)=9} ={(0.0,0)} 1e kernel of the linear transformation T:R’—> R? represented by T(xy)=(x-¥.9-*) Solution : ker(T)={veR?:T(v)=0} = {(xay)eR?: T(x) =9} 2{(x.m)eR? xy = Oy-¥= Of ={onyer?ry=a}=(O09)) [we let x=a, any real number, then ver(T) ={(0.2) 5. Find the | kernel of the linear transformation T: 1a 3 solution ker(T)= p> R? defined by Tv)=Av where {ver T=} BB ern eon manczcouss ons ={veR':av-o} . Jer’ Jer? tH -24 =0 nv, +2v, +3v, ‘On solving the homogeneous system of equations. 1-120) pa azsobi td 1o 10 > ¥y-¥)=0 and v; +¥5 =0 o1 1 0 if we let vy = 1, we get vy, =tand v, =—t, Then ker(T)={( 6. Find the kernel ofthe linear transformation T:R°> R® by Ty) Av where | {3 Solutionee ={isves)er? yaya} =Span{(-2,1)} 7.-Find the kerel ofthe near transformation T:R)-> ’ defined by T(v}=AV where Solution ker(T)={veR?:T(v)=0} ={ver®:av=o} eros [i 5 1 fone pita tys “4 2v4vy=0 ‘Onsolving the homogeneous system of equations 1210] [1020] f10 2 0 o 2:10) [o 21 of jo 1 1/2 0 L +2V,=0 and v, +=¥,=0 Sy 42%) =0 andy, +5 1 If we put v, =1,a real number we get v, =—2t and vy =—51 2 8. Find the kernel ofthe linear transformation T:R?» R? defined by Tiw)-Av BEE ‘i T(x Solution ker(T)=[veRT(v)=0}ion is s¢metimes called the null space of T, since 4.7 FINDING A BASIS OF THE KERNEL 1s show how to find a basis for the kemel of the linear transformation, y SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. Define T:R' R' by T(¥)=Av where VER? and a-| 10201 00028 Find a basis for ker(T) as a subspace of R’ Solution By definition, ker(T)=[ver® T(y)=0} ={veR?:av=o} 1 ves wo - 1 1 ° ° 2 “| ‘The augmented matrix of the homogeneous system in row-reduced form (RRF) as shown below. 12 241 -10 oo eooe eoce eoe2s eee" 3 yp t2v tvs ver wavy 430 -¥at 220 yeetyse0 Letting yp-t 22 _gy, 4354s 2020 Letting vj =8 =See 2 and consequently Sotho uge ese otenateatstenaest Howse ert (-25 etn Dea Anata 19.0) +401.20.-41) = Span{(-211.0.0).0.2.0.-4.)) Soabasiorthe kerTis = 4(-2.41.00).(120-4.) sur te flaronaspent | 1 30 2 oo 028 "he augmented matrix ofthe homogeneous system inrow-reduced echelon frm (REF) shown below: [The main difference between roW-teduced matrt anda reduced row echelon ‘mates stat the non-reeo entries ina reduced row echelon matrix are all one, ‘while row reduced rt can continany values in tsnon-zer entries. Inadton, “reduced row form can only contain zeroes above or below its pivot pints in each ‘coh. 201 410 33420 22100 oo 2 8 ol Peo 1 4 aoa wy vo 022 1 9 of loz 2 1 0 ooo 2 se ol looo 2 & oO Poca aso Since the element. row Sand column 3 (pivot element) equals 210, Wensed ss “swap he tows Find theft non-zero clement in column 3 usder the pivot nity fan be cen there is no such entries. More to the next column, R.—>3R boa ws ws oo a os 1 4 ol ° : he Since the clement at row dand column 5 (pivot element) equals we ness to sap ‘the row, Find the frst non-zero clement in cohima Sunder the phot entry Asante seen, there are no suchentries. Move to the nexteoluma. Sinze the clement 3t 0% 4 and colurm 6 (pivot element) equals 0, we need to swap the rows. Find the se non-zero element in column 6 under the pivot entry. Asean be seen, there a8 suchentries‘Therefore reduced row echelon Frm is fil ey styote voy =0 Letting vas 24) 78+28 and consequently Hence ker |(-2s+ yee 2tette)ist are real aah ‘So abasis forthe ker Tis B= {(-214,00),(12.0,-41)} 2, Define TR?-> RY by T(v)HAN where VER? and sania 300 212i Find a basis for ker(T) as. subspace of Solution er(T)=fveR? 1 (¥)=0} fv eR? Av=0} : a2 ay wMiemewdeR?] 23.5.0 0/4, 0 L212 ‘The augmented matrix ofthe homogencoussystemin reduced row exhelon fort® (AREF) sshownbelo. ot 430 clon #9 0 oo 1.139 69 0) lo 01 139 -t6 8 fies a oo 1-219 189 0‘Soa basis forthe ker Tis i : Abasis forthe kernel ofT was found by solving the homogenous system represented by Ax=O. The set ofallx such that Ax-0is called the mulppace ofthe matrix. i, nul(A}=fx:Ax=0} ‘Therefore thekerelofte linear transformation Ts themulspace ofthe matrix A. ‘Theorem: Let :R R*be the near transformation T(x)[Link] ‘Tisequato the nulspace ofthe matrix (Souton space ofAx-0), Consequently, basis ofthe kerel of isequaltoa basis ofmullspace of, 4.8 RANGE OF A LINEAR TAAKSFORNATION ‘The kerelisoneofthetwo subspaces associated witha near transformation. The otheristhe range of, denoted by range (T). Let :V-> W be the tnear transformation, then the set ofa vectors we W that are mages of vectorsinV. That is ringe(T)={weW:w=T(s),veV) ={T(v)-visin} ‘Theorem: The range ofa nea tansfrmation TV» W | Proof Let ws €rnge(T)=[T]3):visin V Then, w/=T(v) std Wy =Tloy) eva, 2 Consider, Ww +¥, 2TH) TlH )=T[s, +¥,)sranse(T) Also forany scalar, ox, =€T(4) =*T(o,) erge(7) Hence range(T is subspace of W "Note: The kerelandrange ofa inear transformation T+ W are subspace and W, respecte SOLVED PROBLENS 1. Find the range oth ear tansfomation TR)-oR"by Tyv P=Ay, where y or ‘Also finda basso the range of T Solution Bydefntion sange(T)={weR=9 =TUs)v eR efveREow = eR) \. {ey i 2" foam? I oom itera oon (2B lth scan eer citi ofthe matrix A, E ection For getingthe coke spce ofthe atic A, conser he matrix of ar 020 andthe compute the REF elucedrow ctl form) ofA eee 2 if lo 2a lot v2, economy tases tt eas tothe pivot cours ofthe REF. Thsthe cour space ofS el (hI = range(T)= Span B={(L0) ))(-2.2)} (.0)(-2.2))andabassfortherange of 1) 8 2 ——___— ee 2. Find the range ofthe near transformation T:R'—oR by Tv)-Av, wher Vr aa? on Ao nd abst geo sation eT) = [vers =[Link]"} =fweR?iw=anveR’] ' ses (: a ane nthe For colunm space ofthe matrix A, consider ‘the matrix io Ael- 2 04 andthe ind be BREF taco xeon om) oF fl a3} Eat: spaceof A vay fi of ot“Thus the columa space of is wf} ome 42.) 53. Find he range oftheir transformation TPR? suc that T()~Av, where Also find bai for the ange of T Solution The RIREE (reduced row echelon form) ofA He The leading 'sappearsin cola J ony 20 the eee recat Aas forthe range of), B ={(1--3)) 4. LetT:R*-oRbe the ier tasformation such that TO) =A¥, where atte find basis forthe range of T a Solution to 3 i Use the RREF (reduced tw echelon orm) of A “The leading I's appersincolumn 1.2 and ofthe road mates, so ‘vector ofA forma ss forthe colar space of \ Nuss for ns rane Mees sRi3t3 J o oo 0 0 0 0) 1.0.2)| Note: TV, ——__parnrereromsrors [Link] RoR the finear transformation such that T(y)=AN, where VV tay, rank(1)q, ton such hat Tivo: Then 321s Sonny, a-|23500 SOLVED Ponts cola pce ofA) =k A) Boo LETRA ey = fonsch ty Ty As, here find basis forthe range of. af 2 that by Tv)=As, whe Solution “ i Find (ake jr form) ofthe matix Ais 0 “The RREF (reduedrow eselon form). eee 13214) 100 09 49 23500010 5/3 8/3 (MSC efrerr | 21210) lo 01 1/9 -1619 ‘ (eR aveal ‘The leading 1's appear in column 1,2 and 3 of the reduced matrix, so the ¢ corresponding colurm vectors ofA forma bass forthe column space of. A basis for the range of T's 8 Baf(-42.2),831).0,52)} 49° RANK AND NULLITY OF LINEAR TRAKSFORHATION Thisseetion gives the dimension ofthekeme! and range ofa linear transformation, LetT:V-+Wethelinca transformation, The dimension ofthe Kemelof T iscallednulity of T ndisdenoted by liy(T), The dimension ofthe range of Tis called rank of and is denoted by rank (1). nother words, number of elements in the basis ofker(T)ismulty(T) and number of | I welety,=t. launder, he clement inthe bas ofrange(T) sank). stele} ‘Theorem: Sum of Rankand nlity t ‘The rank and nullity of T are related to the dimensions of the domain of T, that is and basis forthe ker(T) is stated inthis theorem Let :V-Wrethe near transformation fromann-dimensionl vector space V intoa vector space W. Then the sum ofthe dimensions ofthe range and kernel is cequato the dimension ofthe domain, That is sank(T) + nutity(T)=n i range(T)) + ker()) =m ( domain)(6) The RREF formof 32), fb 2a af Jef " HE 21-77) Span{(-3)} {0-3}. (@ Sine basi g(t) = (1-3 dine) = ie rak(T)=1 2 Let RR bethe near transfrmatin such that by Ty), here 33 Asli Vt Find (a) ker(T (b) lity) (e)ange(T) and (4) rank), Solution ‘and so bass for range(T) = (0) ber(t)=fveR?t(0)= sponef ti} =0} Toesotoneetomepeous ysten Su sine ke(T}=((0 (6) Since ker(T)={(0.0)sutiy(t)=0 (© Forrange(T), comer the RREF of matrix 5-3) ft 0} Asti i lo|o ral [oo rage(T) = Span) (@) Since ange(1} Sp ak(T)=2 [Link]-f beter tnsformationishthay TH. = jroo) Az|0 0 0 loot Find (aks) (bali 7a. Facer one Solution fiannean 10 oT “9 s30-0 1 6 (a) ker(t)={ve R000] v; [=0)=/(01.0}:t eR} =Sran{(0,,0)} Wo oj oo of ooitul | pe (6) ratiy()=1 fo 100] -lo1o ood = range(T) =Span (10.0),(0.0.1)) 3 ker(T)={(v,.¥5.¥)eR? =v, +¥5 20.92 =0) (6) rank(T)=2 ={(-t0a):teR} =Sp3n{(-1.0.)) 4 Let T:R’-oRbethelinear transformation such that by TiO} where (@) outiy(7)=1 [13 wa 19 (c) Since the basis ofcohum space of Ais Aa 2/3113 203 ae =a Find (a ker() (6) lity T (6) ange) and (2) rank). a 7 _ Solution mal “13173 U3]. I > mige(T)=5 omer forea 28 U3 lsh ons -13 213-3}, 7 ‘The RREF ofc Oman} a eee 5. Findrank and muy oft Enea ansormation TR’ definetby the matrix A-|2i3 113 273 /éfo 1 0 10 3] 13 2/3 113) [a 0 0 =o 1 1 because ooo) 323-3) [121 Solution 3 v3 203|-] 2/3 U3 203 fo -2] 1/323 -1i3] [v3 213-3 Gira Aco tt seh reteds la Since isa REF fom ek othe mais ank(AY2= dim( column space) =2 = dim(range(T))=2 ie. rak(T)=2 Wehave rank() + nly") = (domain) =3 lliy( 1) =3 a1) 6: Let TER'-9R bea near ansformation (@)Findthe dimension ofthe kernel of T when he dimension ofthe range is2, {b)Findthe rank of T when the lity of T (6 Find the rank of Twhenker(T)=(0} Solution (Given in(rnge(T))=2, rank) =2 Wehave rank (T) mlly(T)=aim(R*) => nulliy(T) 5-2-3, ie dim(hee(1))=3 (6) Givennuliy( T=, Hence rank(T)=dim(R*)~nalliy(T)=5—4=1 (©) Given ker(r) {0} = nuty(1)=0,S0 ranik(T)=im(R*)-auliy()=5-0=5 FIERCE 1. Find thekemelofthe folowing ner tansformation (2) TR R?, Tay) =(0.00) (6) TR! 4, Te.y20) (yaw) (9) TR aR Thaypefaetyy a) (8) TR, tesa eap oa, cane Define tastomaton Tenftie keno tandiamycot en ena om wafis " ae Define the near transformation T by Tx}=As wing the following masses ‘Then Sin) ker Ti mliy(T (5) range) ads) ©) tt i of sito 3/0) © Bie ine fen wero} freee 4 419-419 219 (e) |-419 419 219 29-29 19 0-23 oft al LeCT:RR be alinear transformation (4) Find nuit (T),rank(T)=2 () Find rank (1), nuliy(1)=3 (¢) Find rank (T),ker(T) = {0} ANSWERS 1 (@) Re 0%) {(0..0.)} (©) ((00}} (8) {agsay is real} fa) (8 {(00)) (b) (Span ( (9 {00} (2) () Span{(-14.0)) ®) () (eo) (wo (aye (2 ») () {00} iyo (Gi) Spanf(4.0.2},0-3} (ip (©). () (4 -0)tis rea} On (iy? 4-21)} (i) R? (3) Span (1-10) (0.00) (i) Span {(1,0,-1,0),(0,1,-1.0),(0,0,0,1)) | | | a Cay seemanronaes @ Oster fp | on a Go avrg (ui sa (a2 9 0) hsedima tis (ili) a : 42 Or (yy AIO MATRICES. OF y Theleart EAL Tifonion MURR by That reR’and Dis A=-13 2 O34 ‘can be represeatdin 2 was, (0 Maas f2a (i) TOeac| 1 3 | to3 ahs] ‘Thesecondeesenatnshtertantie fist ons. bse npr to wri, simpler tread enerixoacaubor9¢ Inthe eile eres veto pres miepenatnsahays Posie 3 fntetmensonal “Theorem: Standard mati fora near transformation Ler Teeter tnsfrmton shut, rhe Wanda sb sector of,alee. | Ted] » | Ted “Then the mon matrix whose n columns correspond to Te) A sesuchthat T(0)-Av fr every vin RY, Ais called the standard matrix for, ‘Note:The standard bass for written in column veetr notations TV ff of]|] {lo B=foenees}=4]0 ||] of]. flo o}flol) [ba SOLVED PROBLEMS |. Find the standard maior the nea ranformation :R?-9R? defied by T(mya)=(x-29.28+9) Solution “Werhave the standard matixofthe lina tansformation :R'-9R"by TO)AX, xeRs A=[H4).T(e))T8)-T6)] where 6, ae standard basis FR =f ae the cohtmn vector rations ofthe sandard base for ®, A[Te).1(e)t(6)] the) wf lf nee fm 0 ntl w From weet Tlaya}e(e-2y.20+9) opbihal2. Find the standard matris forthe near transformation T:R'— defined by Tye) —2y +52,24+32.4x+y—22) Solution Given @ () (iy tw) Toya) =(x-29 452,204 32,44-+ 9-22) ts fill onpe ‘| le 2 Find the standard maces forthe following nea transformations T(x (xy, x=y. 9-42) Thay) =(5x+¥.04-59) T(xyin)= (2x Hy tase eye, Be ay 2) Taye) =(0,0.0.0) Solution GWT (24), yy te S1W}H(24.-4), T0, Henee Gi) Given Te 7) =(5425. 0.44 ‘Onsubstintng, > TU10)=(50.4), Tah (40.~ Hence po aslo 0 “ Gi Given THs.92) Beye Onsubstutg > Tl) (2.32). Tat Hence (Given Ts.y2) 10 ‘On susituing, salad bass for we get ‘a T( WO) 40.0.00), T42LC.0)™ Taats}-(0.009. THA) =.O Aal ° ° 4. The tnar wanformation TRY projet Ah point in Ron the xan, Find thestandard maior Sotion Welw T:R? FR? by T(x,y)=(x,0) So, the standard mati for Tis 10 a-treon(on}-[) §] 5 Use the standard tri he nea transormation To deined by T(ay)=(er yaaa) Find he image ofthe ver 2. Salution Given RR def by Txy)=(rya-y20.29) cause 1 7 oy ft] spo fat fa} hh 0 2 the and ati for Tis nt tea ao 02 = 18.3)-(0,66-6) 6. LetT:R'OR’ beth ines transformation such ear | Tasyt)=(142y-32,38—85.5 30 Find the standard marie for T and seo fo be Solution Given Tea) =(a29 3696-5 “Aiba ‘80, the standard tric foe T ou lle Lal ie Teatsa)e(t7-So) MATRIX FoR A LIL TRAXSFORMATION. BASED ON NON-STANDARD BASIS red basis for and, Tet T:V-sWhea var transformation, where Band 3 respeaheh Thats gent probiemisthathow if sass Ar Treltive tothe bass ant:IFT-V-9W be the linear transforma ‘with bases B and B respectively Befeontads B= (mtg) ad ion such that V and W are finite dimensional Troha] fra | [rp] Then the men ati whose n colin comespond to [7(v Ad[ta te os issue ha (rly =A, forevery veV. Thematic scaled the matic reltie to thebses Band SOLVED Puostens |. Let theTR?-9R*be incartransfomationdefinedby T(soka)=(819%95 281-94) Find the matrix Treativetothebases Be {(1.2).(-1)} and B'={(1,0),(0,1)} Solution Given Teta) =(0, me 2m) a - nga ror omarons W)=T412)-139) Tecan TUN strate matt oF, ektnc to 8 « (o}ea(,040404) ro] Saedben ‘The coordinate marco )rbine tos (0-3)=c(t0)-4101) = « ] Fromthe matrix ofT restive o Band B the matrix of T rltve tothe bases Ban Be singe mtr Treatise to thebases s-(dscla} ae find Ty) whee Solution Weseethttbemativ eT relative to Bands jso ade “The coowinte wor of = C1) eative to bases Bs eideall2)oULI) Fa =1,8=—w-[] oom EL] eave the image of (21) 6 T(21)=3™ +302 = T(2t}=3(0)+3(01) =(33) sie B'=((10),(01)) 3. Consider he tinear transformation ERR? by Toxya)a(a—v9~2) Find Ty), (2,46) sing (a) he standard mates for and (b) the mati for T relative to B and B' where Be (int). (140), (04 Solution Given Tio R? by Temya)(e-99-2) “Gath oft Tiyjeav oft ‘ SEE ie, 1(2,46)=(-2,-2) ).(21)} i) (ole MDH MO} (0.40) 8 ‘Thenwehave [Link]]and Bs fw uy From Tasa)e(x-y.y-2) weet Moy) =T(0. ‘Next wenneed he coordinate vectors [T(\ ‘The coordinate vector of[T rene (0,0)=a(11)+8(2.1) tts asbeo 220, b=0 trovk-[i] ‘Similan the ordinate vector of F.). Ts.) relmo We have [Ty] =AlV Ia For that, consider the [V],, the coordinate of v relative to B, where v=(2,4,6) .B=-2, y=2 4 021 z T(v) y= -2|= [Ole tt = ‘] 2 [7] and so the image of T(v) when v=(2.4,6) is 7(2,4,6) = -2(01) + 0(2,1)~(-2,-2) EXERCISE 1. Find the standard matrix for the following linear transformations 1) T(xsy) =(x+2y, x-2y) T(xysz)=(x4y.x-¥2-) (ili) T(x,y2)=@x-22,2y-2) 2. Use the standard matrix forthe following linear transformations T to find the image ofthe vector v (i) T(x,y2)=(2x+y,3y-2) v= =(x—3y,2x+ysy),v=(-24) T(xuy,2)=(2e43y—2, 3-22, 2x-y4z),¥=(L2-1) 2X5 %4)=(%, X20 ¥oy 142% Kay Xe) 3, Find T(v) by using (a the standard matrix and () the matrix for T relative to B and B’ 0 wi GT: RY, T(x,9,2)=(x~y-z, 2e-n.2y-2) ¥=(6-510), B=[(20, ANSWERS