1.

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
PROGRAM :
fahrenheit_to_celsius <- function(fahrenheit) {
celsius <- (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9
return(celsius)
}

celsius_to_fahrenheit <- function(celsius) {

fahrenheit <- (celsius * 9/5) + 32
return(fahrenheit)
}
repeat {
cat("Temperature Conversion Program\n")

cat("1. Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius\n")

cat("2. Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit\n")
cat("3. Exit\n")
choice <- [Link](readline(prompt = "Enter your choice (1, 2, or 3): "))
if (choice == 1) {
temp_fahrenheit <- [Link](readline(prompt = "Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: "))
temp_celsius <- fahrenheit_to_celsius(temp_fahrenheit)

cat(temp_fahrenheit, "degrees Fahrenheit is equal to", temp_celsius, "degrees Celsius.\n\n")

} else if (choice == 2) {
temp_celsius <- [Link](readline(prompt = "Enter temperature in Celsius: "))
temp_fahrenheit <- celsius_to_fahrenheit(temp_celsius)
cat(temp_celsius, "degrees Celsius is equal to", temp_fahrenheit, "degrees Fahrenheit.\n\n")
} else if (choice == 3) {

cat("Exiting program. Goodbye!\n")

break
 } else {
cat("Invalid choice. Please enter 1, 2, or 3.\n\n")
}
}

OUTPUT:
> source("F:\\r program\\fahrenheit.r")
Temperature conversion program
[Link] fahrenheit to celsius
[Link] celsius to fahrenheit

[Link]
Enter your choice(1,2 or 3):1
Enter temperature in fahrenheit:22
22 degrees fahrenheit is eqaul to -5.555556 degrees celsius.
Temperature conversion program
[Link] fahrenheit to celsius

[Link] celsius to fahrenheit

[Link]
Enter your choice(1,2 or 3):2
Enter temperature in celsius:-5.555556
-5.555556 degrees celsius is eqaul to 22 degrees fahrenheit.
 2. CALCUTE THE AREA OF RECTANGLE, SQUARE, CIRCLE AND
TRIANGLE
PROGRAM :
calculate_rectangle_area<-function(){
length<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter the length of the rectangle:"))
width<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter the width of the rectangle:"))
area<-length*width

cat("Area of the rectangle",area,"\n")

}
calculate_square_area<-function(){
side<-[Link](readline(prompt="enter the side length of the square:"))
area<-side*side
cat("Area of the square",area,"\n")

}
calculate_circle_area<-function(){
radius<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter the radius of the circle:"))
area<-pi*radius^2
cat("Area of the circle:",area,"\n")
}
calculate_triangle_area<-function(){
base<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter the base of the triangle:"))
height<-[Link](readline(prompt="enter the height of the triangle:"))
area<-0.5*base*height
cat("Area of the triangle:",area,"\n")
}

while(TRUE){
cat("\nselect a shape to calculate its area:\n")
cat("[Link]\n")
cat("[Link]\n")
cat("[Link]\n")
cat("[Link]\n")

cat("[Link]\n")
choice<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter your choice(1-5):"))
if(choice==1){
calculate_rectangle_area()
}
else if(choice==2){

calculate_square_area()
}
else if(choice==3){
calculate_circle_area()
}
else if (choice== 4){

calculate_triangle_area()
}
else if(choice==5){
cat("exiting program.\n")
break
}

else{
cat("Invalid choice please enter a number between 1 and 5.\n")
}
}
OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\calculate.r")
select a shape to calculate its area:
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Enter your choice(1-5):1
Enter the length of the rectangle:3

Enter the width of the rectangle:2

Area of the rectangle 6
 3. LIST OF EVEN NUMBERS
PROGRAM :
find_even_numbers<-function(n){
even_numbers<-c()
for(i in 1:n){
if(i%%2==0){

even_numbers<-c(even_numbers,i)
}
}
return(even_numbers)
}
n_value<-20

result<-find_even_numbers(n_value)
print(paste("Even numbers from 1 to ",n_value,"are:"))
print(result)

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\even.r")
[1] "Even numbers from 1 to 20 are:"

[1] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
 4. SQUARE OF NUMBERS IN SEQUENCE
PROGRAM :
Print_Squares_in_Sequence<-function(n)
{
numbers<-1:n
squares<-numbers^2

for(i in 1:length(numbers))
{
cat(numbers[i],"^2=",squares[i],"\n")
}
}
Print_Squares_in_Sequence(5)

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\square.r")
1 ^2= 1
2 ^2= 4
3 ^2= 9
4^2= 16

5^2= 25
 5. CBIND() AND RBIND()
PROGRAM :
cat("\t CBIND()","\n")
df1<-[Link](

Name=c("Alice","Bob"),
Age=c(25,30)
)
df2<-[Link](
Height=c(160,175),
Weight=c(55,70)

)
combined_df_cols<-cbind(df1,df2)
print(combined_df_cols)

cat("\t RBIND()","\n")
df3<-[Link](

Name=c("Charlie","David"),
Score=c(90,85)
)
df4<-[Link](
Name=c("Eve","Frank"),
Score=c(92,88)

)
combined_df_rows<-rbind(df3,df4)
print(combined_df_rows)
OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\cbind.r")

CBIND()
Name Age Height Weight

1 Alice 25 160 55
2 Bob 30 175 70

RBIND()
Name Score
1 Charlie 90
2 David 85

3 Eve 92
4 Frank 88
 6. STRING MANIPULATION
PROGRAM :
my_string<-"R programming is FUN!"
cat("Number of characters:",nchar(my_string),"\n")
cat("UpperCase:",toupper(my_string),"\n")
cat("LowerCase:",tolower(my_string),"\n")

cat("substring(char 3 to 10):",substr(my_string,3,10),"\n")
string1<-"Hello"
string2<-"World"
cat("Concatenated string:",paste(string1,string2),"\n")
cat("Concatenated with separator:",paste(string1,string2,sep="-"),"\n")
split_string<-strsplit(my_string," ")

cat("Split string:",unlist(split_string),"\n")
modified_string_sub<-sub("programming","Coding",my_string)
cat("After sub():",modified_string_sub,"\n")
another_string<-"Apple Pie,apple juice,apple sauce"
modified_string_gsub<-gsub("Apple","Orange",another_string)
cat("After gsub():",modified_string_gsub,"\n")
matching_indices<-grep("is",my_string)

cat("Indices where 'is' is found:",matching_indices,"\n")

contains_fun<-grepl("FUN",my_string)
cat("Does the string contain 'FUN'?",contains_fun,"\n")

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\string.r")

Number of characters: 21
UpperCase: R PROGRAMMING IS FUN!
LowerCase: r programming is fun!
substring(char 3 to 10): programm
Concatenated string: Hello World
Concatenated with separator: Hello-World

Split string: R programming is FUN!

After sub(): R Coding is FUN!
After gsub(): Orange Pie,apple juice,apple sauce
Indices where 'is' is found: 1
Does the string contain 'FUN'? TRUE
 7. LIST
PROGRAM :
my_list<-list(name="John doe",age=25,scores=c(90,85,92),details=list(city="New
York",zip=10001))
print(my_list)
cat("\t PRINTING LIST WITH COMMAND \n")
print(my_list$name)
print(my_list[["name"]])
cat("\t PRINTING LIST WITH INDEX \n")

print(my_list[[2]])
print(my_list[[3]][1])
cat("\t SUBSET THE LIST \n")
subset_list<-my_list[c("name","age")]
print(subset_list)
cat("\t MODIFY THE LIST \n")

my_list$age<-26
my_list[[3]]<-c(95,88,91)
print(my_list)
cat("\t ADDING THE LIST \n")
my_list$email<-"john@[Link]"
print(my_list)

cat("\t DELETING THE LIST \n")

my_list$email<-NULL
print(my_list)
cat("\t MERGING THE LIST \n")
list1<-list(1,2)
list2<-list("a","b")
merged_list<-c(list1,list2)
print(merged_list)
cat("\t CONVERT TO THE VECTOR\n")
score_list<-list(90,85,92)

score_vector<-unlist(score_list)
print(score_vector)

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\list.r")
$name

[1] "John doe"

$age
[1] 25
$scores
[1] 90 85 92
$details

$details$city
[1] "New York"
$details$zip
[1] 10001
PRINTING LIST WITH COMMAND
[1] "John doe"

[1] "John doe"

PRINTING LIST WITH INDEX
[1] 25
[1] 90
SUBSET THE LIST
$name
[1] "John doe"
$age
[1] 25

MODIFY THE LIST

$name
[1] "John doe"
$age
[1] 26

$scores
[1] 95 88 91
$details
$details$city
[1] "New York"
$details$zip

[1] 10001
ADDING THE LIST
$name
[1] "John doe"
$age
[1] 26

$scores
[1] 95 88 91
$details
$details$city
[1] "New York"
$details$zip
[1] 10001
$email
[1] "john@[Link]"

DELETING THE LIST

$name
[1] "John doe"
$age
[1] 26
$scores

[1] 95 88 91
$details
$details$city
[1] "New York"
$details$zip
[1] 10001

MERGING THE LIST

[[1]]
[1] 1
[[2]]
[1] 2
[[3]]

[1] "a"
[[4]]
[1] "b"
CONVERT TO THE VECTOR
[1] 90 85 92
 8. SIMPLE CALCULATOR
PROGRAM :
num1<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter First Number:"))
num2<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter Second Number:"))
while(TRUE){

cat("Select Operation:\n")
cat("[Link]\n")
cat("[Link]\n")
cat("[Link]\n")
cat("[Link]\n")
cat("[Link]\n")

selected_option<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter choice(1/2/3/4/5):"))
switch(selected_option,
'1'={result<-num1+num2},
'2'={result<-num1-num2},
'3'={result<-num1*num2},
'4'={
if(num2!=0){

result<-num1/num2
}else{
result<-"Undefined (division by zero)"
}
},
'5'={result<-num1%%num2},{result<-"Invalid choice"}

)
cat("Result:",result,"\n")
}

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\simplecalculator.r")
Enter First Number:2

Enter Second Number:3

Select Operation:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
Enter choice(1/2/3/4/5):1
Result: 5

Select Operation:
[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Enter choice(1/2/3/4/5):2
Result: -1
 9. PRIME NUMBER
PROGRAM :
N<-[Link](readline(prompt="Enter the value of N:"))
is_prime<-function(num){

if(num<=1){
return(FALSE)
}
for(i in 2:sqrt(num)){
if(num%%i==0){
return(FALSE)

}
}
return(TRUE)
}
cat("Prime numbers upto",N,"are: \n")
for(i in 2:N){

if(is_prime(i)){
cat(i," ")
}
}

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\prime.r")
Enter the value of N:7
Prime numbers upto 7 are: 3 5 7
 10. VECTOR

PROGRAM :
ages<-c(22,25,45,30,19)
print(ages)
cat("\t TYPE AND LENGTH \n")
print(typeof(ages))
print(length(ages))

cat("\t SUM AND MEAN THE AGES \n")

sum_ages<-sum(ages)
mean_ages<-mean(ages)
cat("Sum:",sum_ages,"\n")
cat("Mean:",mean_ages,"\n")
cat("\t MIN AND MAX THE AGES \n")

min_age<-min(ages)
max_age<-max(ages)
cat("Min Age:",min_age,"\n")
cat("Max Age:",max_age,"\n")
cat("\t PRINTING THE FIRST AGE \n")
first_age<-ages[1]

print(first_age)
cat("\t RANGE OF ELEMETS(2nd to 4th)\n")
selected_ages<-ages[2:4]
print(selected_ages)
cat("\t NON-CONSECUTIVE ELEMENTS \n")
specific_ages<-ages[c(1,3,5)]
print(specific_ages)
age_gt_25<-ages[ages>25]
print(age_gt_25)
cat("\t SORT AGES IN ASCENDING ORDER \n")
sorted_ages_asc<-sort(ages)

print(sorted_ages_asc)
cat("\t SORT AGES IN DESCENDING ORDER \n")
sorted_ages_desc<-sort(ages,decreasing=TRUE)
print(sorted_ages_desc)

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\vectors.r")
[1] 22 25 45 30 19
TYPE AND LENGTH
[1] "double"
[1] 5
SUM AND MEAN THE AGES

Sum: 141
Mean: 28.2
MIN AND MAX THE AGES
Min Age: 19
Max Age: 45
PRINTING THE FIRST AGE

[1] 22
RANGE OF ELEMETS(2nd to 4th)
[1] 25 45 30
NON-CONSECUTIVE ELEMENTS
[1] 22 45 19
[1] 45 30
SORT AGES IN ASCENDING ORDER
[1] 19 22 25 30 45
SORT AGES IN DESCENDING ORDER

[1] 45 30 25 22 19
 11. DATA FRAMES
PROGRAM :
Name<-c("Alice","Bob","Charlie","David","Emma")
Age<-c(24,27,22,23,25)
Grade<-c(85.5,72.0,91.5,88.0,79.5)
cat("\t CREATE THE DATA FRAME \n")

students_df<-[Link](Name,Age,Grade)
print(students_df)
cat("\t INSPECT THE DATA FRAME \n")
print(str(students_df))
print(summary(students_df))
print(head(students_df))

print(dim(students_df))
cat("\t ACCESS A SPECIFIC COLUMN USING THE $ OPERATOR \n")
print(students_df$Name)
cat("\t MODIFY THE VALUE IN THE DATAFRAME \n")
students_df[2,3]<-75.0
print(students_df)
cat("\t ADD NEW COLUMN \n")

students_df$pass<-students_df$Grade>=80
print(students_df)
cat("\t REMOVE A COLUMN \n")
students_df$Age<-NULL
print(students_df)
cat("\t EXTRACTING ONLY STUDENTS WHO PASSED \n")

passing_students<-students_df[students_df$pass==TRUE,]
print(passing_students)
cat("\t SELECT ONLY SPECIFIC COLUMNS \n")
name_grade_df<-students_df[,c("Name","Grade")]
print(name_grade_df)
cat("\t FILTER USING A CONDITION \n")

high_achievers<-subset(students_df,Grade>90)
print(high_achievers)

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\dataframes.r")
CREATE THE DATA FRAME

Name Age Grade

1 Alice 24 85.5
2 Bob 27 72.0
3 Charlie 22 91.5
4 David 23 88.0
5 Emma 25 79.5

INSPECT THE DATA FRAME

'[Link]': 5 obs. of 3 variables:
$ Name : chr "Alice" "Bob" "Charlie" "David" ...
$ Age : num 24 27 22 23 25
$ Grade: num 85.5 72 91.5 88 79.5
NULL

Name Age Grade

Length:5 Min. :22.0 Min. :72.0
Class :character 1st Qu.:23.0 1st Qu.:79.5
Mode :character Median :24.0 Median :85.5
Mean :24.2 Mean :83.3
 3rd Qu.:25.0 3rd Qu.:88.0
Max. :27.0 Max. :91.5
Name Age Grade
1 Alice 24 85.5

2 Bob 27 72.0
3 Charlie 22 91.5
4 David 23 88.0
5 Emma 25 79.5
[1] 5 3
ACCESS A SPECIFIC COLUMN USING THE $ OPERATOR

[1] "Alice" "Bob" "Charlie" "David" "Emma"

MODIFY THE VALUE IN THE DATAFRAME
Name Age Grade
1 Alice 24 85.5
2 Bob 27 75.0
3 Charlie 22 91.5

4 David 23 88.0
5 Emma 25 79.5
ADD NEW COLUMN
Name Age Grade pass
1 Alice 24 85.5 TRUE
2 Bob 27 75.0 FALSE

3 Charlie 22 91.5 TRUE

4 David 23 88.0 TRUE
5 Emma 25 79.5 FALSE
REMOVE A COLUMN
Name Grade pass
1 Alice 85.5 TRUE
2 Bob 75.0 FALSE
3 Charlie 91.5 TRUE
4 David 88.0 TRUE

5 Emma 79.5 FALSE

EXTRACTING ONLY STUDENTS WHO PASSED
Name Grade pass
1 Alice 85.5 TRUE
3 Charlie 91.5 TRUE
4 David 88.0 TRUE

SELECT ONLY SPECIFIC COLUMNS

Name Grade
1 Alice 85.5
2 Bob 75.0
3 Charlie 91.5
4 David 88.0

5 Emma 79.5
FILTER USING A CONDITION
Name Grade pass
3 Charlie 91.5 TRUE
 12. BAR CHART
PROGRAM :
article_counts<-c(17,32,8,53,1)
months<-c("Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May")
barplot(article_counts,
[Link]=months,

xlab="Month",
ylab="Number of Articles",
main="Article publication per month",
col="skyblue")

OUTPUT :
 13. PIE CHART
PROGRAM :
expenditure<-c(600,300,150,100,200)
categories<-c("Housing","Food","Transport","Leisure","Utilities")
piepercent<-round(100*expenditure/sum(expenditure),1)
pie(expenditure,

labels=piepercent,
main="Monthly Expenditure Breakdown",
col=rainbow(length(expenditure)))
legend("topright",categories,cex=0.8,fill=rainbow(length(expenditure)))

OUTPUT :
 14. ODD OR EVEN
PROGRAM :
count_even_odd<-function(){
N_str<-readline(prompt="Enter the number of elements (N):")
N<-[Link](N_str)
if([Link](N)||N<=0){

cat("Invalid input for the number of elements. Please enter a positive integer.\n")
return()
}
numbers<-vector("numeric",N)
cat(sprintf("Enter %d numbers,one by one:\n",N))
for(i in 1:N){

input_str<-readline(prompt=sprintf("Number%d:",i))
num<-[Link](input_str)
if([Link](num)){
cat("Invalid number entered. Exiting program.\n")
return()
}
numbers[i]<-num

}
even_count<-0
odd_count<-0
for(num in numbers){
if(num%%2==0){
even_count<-even_count+1

}
else
{
odd_count<-odd_count+1
}
}

cat(sprintf("\n From the input array(%s):\n",paste([Link]=",")))

cat(sprintf("Number of even numbers: %d\n",even_count))
cat(sprintf("Number of odd numbers: %d\n",odd_count))
}
count_even_odd()

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\oddeven.r")
Enter the number of elements (N):3
Enter 3 numbers,one by one:
Number1:1
Number2:2

Number3:3
From the input array(,):
Number of even numbers: 1
Number of odd numbers: 2
 15. FACTORIAL
PROGRAM :
factorial_recursive<-function(n){
if(n<=1){
return(1)
}else{

return(n*factorial_recursive(n-1))
}
}
cat("Enter a non-negative integer:")
num<-[Link](readline())
if([Link](num)||num<0){

cat("Invalid [Link] enter a non-negative integer.\n")

}else{
result<-factorial_recursive(num)
cat(sprintf("The factorial of %d is %d \n",num,result))
}

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\fact.r")
Enter a non-negative integer:5
The factorial of 5 is 120
 16. LEAP YEAR
PROGRAM :
year=[Link](readline(prompt="Enter a year:"))
if((year%%4)==0){
if((year%%100)==0){
if((year%%400)==0){

print(paste(year,"is a leap year"))

}else{
print(paste(year,"is not a leap year"))
}
}else{
print(paste(year,"is a leap year"))

}
}else{
print(paste(year,"is not a leap year"))
}

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\leapyear.r")

Enter a year:2024
[1] "2024 is a leap year"
> source("F:\\r program\\leapyear.r")
Enter a year:2025
[1] "2025 is not a leap year"
 17. GET INPUT FROM USER
PROGRAM :
[Link]<-readline(prompt="Enter a name:")
[Link]<-readline(prompt="Enter your roll no:")
[Link]<-readline(prompt="Enter your age:")
[Link]<-readline(prompt="Enter your email:")

[Link]<-readline(prompt="Enter your phone no:")

[Link]<-[Link]([Link])
[Link]<-[Link]([Link])
cat("HI",[Link],"\n")
cat("Roll no:",[Link],"\n")
cat("next year you will be",[Link]+1,"years old","\n")

cat("Email:",[Link],"\n")
cat("Phone number:",[Link],"\n")

OUTPUT :
> source("F:\\r program\\input.r")
Enter a name:Abi
Enter your roll no:23

Enter your age:19

Enter your email:abi@[Link]
Enter your phone no:9182736450
HI Abi
Roll no: 23
next year you will be 20 years old

Email: abi@[Link]

Phone number: 9182736450

 18. READ A CSV FILE AND ANALYZE THE DATA IN THE FILE
CREATING CSV FILE :

PROGRAM :
read_data<-[Link]("F:/New Folder/[Link]",header=TRUE,stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
print(read_data)

cat("\n Total columns:",ncol(read_data))

cat("\n Total Rows:",nrow(read_data))
read_data$Month.<-gsub(",","",read_data$Month.)
read_data$X1958.<-[Link](gsub(",", "",read_data$X1958.))
read_data$X1959.<-[Link](gsub(",", "",read_data$X1959.))
read_data$X1960 <-[Link](gsub(",", "",read_data$X1960))

min_data<-min(read_data$X1960,[Link]=TRUE)
max_data<-max(read_data$X1958.,[Link]=TRUE)
cat("/n Min value(1960):",min_data)
cat("/n Max value(1958):",max_data)

OUTPUT :

> source("F:\\r program\\dataset1.r")

Month. X1958. X1959. X1960

1 JAN, 340, 360, 417

2 FEB, 380, 342, 391

3 MAR, 362, 406, 419

4 APR, 348, 397, 462

5 MAY, 363, 420, 472

6 JUN, 435, 472, 435

7 JUL, 491, 548, 622

8 AUG, 505, 559, 606

9 SEP, 404, 463, 508

10 OCT, 359, 407, 461

11 NOV, 310, 362, 390

Total columns: 4

Total Rows: 11

Min value(1960): 390

Max value(1958): 505

 19. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DATA
PROGRAM :

hours <- c(5,5,5, 10,10,10, 15,15,15, 20,20,20, 25,25,25)

marks <- c(45,50,55,

60,65,70,

70,75,80,

80,85,88,

90,95,98)

par(mfrow=c(2,2))

plot(hours, marks,

main = "Scatter Plot: Study Hours vs Exam Marks",

xlab = "Hours Studied",

ylab = "Exam Marks",

pch = 19, col = "blue")

abline(lm(marks ~ hours), col = "red", lwd=2)

barplot(marks,

main = "Bar Chart: Exam Marks of Students",

xlab = "Students",

ylab = "Marks",

col = rainbow(length(marks)),

[Link] = paste("S", 1:length(marks)),

las = 2,

[Link] = 0.8,

space = 0.5)

categories <- c("Below 60", "60-75", "Above 75")

counts <- c(sum(marks < 60), sum(marks >= 60 & marks <= 75), sum(marks > 75))

pie(counts,

labels = categories,

main = "Pie Chart: Exam Performance",

col = c("red", "yellow", "green"))

OUTPUT :
 20. FACTOR
PROGRAM :

student_data <- [Link](

Name = c("Aman", "Riya", "Karan", "Sneha", "Rahul", "Priya"),
Course = c("BCA", "BBA", "BCA", "BCom", "BBA", "BCA"),
Grade = c("A", "B", "A", "C", "B", "A"),
Marks = c(85, 72, 90, 65, 75, 88)
)
student_data$Course <- factor(student_data$Course)
student_data$Grade <- factor(student_data$Grade,
levels = c("C", "B", "A"),
ordered = TRUE)
str(student_data)
cat("\nCourse Count:\n")

print(table(student_data$Course))
cat("\nGrade Summary:\n")
print(summary(student_data$Grade))
cat("\nAverage Marks by Course:\n")
print(aggregate(Marks ~ Course, data = student_data, mean))

OUTPUT :
'[Link]': 6 obs. of 4 variables:
$ Name : chr "Aman" "Riya" "Karan" "Sneha" ...
$ Course: Factor w/ 3 levels "BBA","BCA","BCom": 2 1 2 3 1 2
$ Grade : [Link] w/ 3 levels "C"<"B"<"A": 3 2 3 1 2 3
$ Marks : num 85 72 90 65 75 88
Course Count:
BBA BCA BCom
2 3 1
Grade Summary:

CBA
123
Average Marks by Course:
Course Marks
1 BBA 73.50000
2 BCA 87.66667

3 BCom 65.00000
 21. MATH FUNCTION
PROGRAM :
num <- 25
num2 <- 5.7
cat("\n\t SQUARE ROOT ","\n")
sqrt_result <- sqrt(num)

cat("Square root of", num, "is:", sqrt_result, "\n")

cat("\n\t POWER FUNCTION ","\n")
power_result <- num^2
cat("Square of", num, "is:", power_result, "\n")
cat("\n\t ABSOLUTE VALUE","\n")
abs_result <- abs(-15)

cat("Absolute value of -15 is:", abs_result, "\n")

cat("\n\t CEILING FUNCTION ","\n")
ceil_result <- ceiling(num2)
cat("Ceiling value of", num2, "is:", ceil_result, "\n")
cat("\n\t FLOOR FUNCTION ","\n")
floor_result <- floor(num2)
cat("Floor value of", num2, "is:", floor_result, "\n")

cat("\n\t LOG FUNCTION ","\n")

result <- log10(1000)
cat("log10(1000) =", result)
cat("\n\t EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ","\n")
exp_result <- exp(2)
cat("Exponential value of e^2 is:", exp_result, "\n")
OUTPUT :
SQUARE ROOT

Square root of 25 is: 5

POWER FUNCTION

Square of 25 is: 625

ABSOLUTE VALUE

Absolute value of -15 is: 15

CEILING FUNCTION

Ceiling value of 5.7 is: 6

FLOOR FUNCTION

Floor value of 5.7 is: 5

LOG FUNCTION

log10(1000) = 3

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Exponential value of e^2 is: 7.389056

 22. CLASS
PROGRAM :

library(methods)
setClass(
"Student",
slots=c(
name="character",
scores="numeric"
)
)
createStudent<-function(name,scores){
new("Student",name=name,scores=scores)
}
printStudent<-function(student){

cat("Student:",student@name,"\n")
cat("Scores:",paste(student@scores,collapse=","),"\n")
avg<-round(mean(student@scores),2)
cat("Average Score:",avg,"\n")
grade<-if(avg>=90)"A" else if(avg>=80)"B" else if(avg>=70)"C" else "D"
cat("Grade:",grade,"\n\n")

}
addScore<-function(student,score){
student@scores<-c(student@scores,score)
return(student)
}
s1<-createStudent("Alice",c(85,90,78))
s2<-createStudent("Bob",c(70,88,95))
printStudent(s1)
printStudent(s2)
s1<-addScore(s1,92)
s2<-addScore(s2,80)

printStudent(s1)
printStudent(s2)

OUTPUT :
Student: Alice
Scores: 85,90,78

Average Score: 84.33

Grade: B

Student: Bob
Scores: 70,88,95
Average Score: 84.33

Grade: B

Student: Alice
Scores: 85,90,78,92
Average Score: 86.25
Grade: B

Student: Bob
Scores: 70,88,95,80
Average Score: 83.25
Grade: B
 23. FIND SUM,MEAN AND PRODUCT OF VECTOR,IGNORE NA
VALUES
PROGRAM :
x=c(10,NULL,20,30,NA)
print("Sum:")
print(sum(x,[Link]=TRUE))
print("Mean:")

print(mean(x,[Link]=TRUE))
print("Product:")
print(prod(x,[Link]=TRUE))

OUTPUT :
[1] "Sum:"

[1] 60
[1] "Mean:"
[1] 20
[1] "Product:"
[1] 6000
 24. SEQUENCE OF NUMBERS TO FIND MEAN AND SUM
PROGRAM :
print("Sequence of numbers from 20 to 50:")
print(seq(20,50))
print("Mean of numbers from 20 to 60:")
print(mean(20:60))

print("Sum of numbers from 51 to 91:")

print(sum(51:91))

OUTPUT :
[1] "Sequence of numbers from 20 to 50:"
[1] 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50
[1] "Mean of numbers from 20 to 60:"
[1] 40
[1] "Sum of numbers from 51 to 91:"

[1] 2911
 25. MATRIX
PROGRAM :
A<-matrix(c(2,3,5,1,0,-2),nrow=2,byrow=TRUE)
B<-matrix(c(-2,0,4,3,2,1),ncol=2)
print(A)
print(B)

A_transpose<-t(A)
product_AB<-A%*%B
print(A_transpose)
print(product_AB)

OUTPUT :
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 2 3 5
[2,] 1 0 -2
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -2 3
[2,] 0 2
[3,] 4 1

[,1] [,2]
[1,] 2 1
[2,] 3 0
[3,] 5 -2
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 16 17

[2,] -10 1
 26. CORRELATION AND COVARIANCE
PROGRAM :
x<-c(2,3,5,6,9)
y<-c(5,3,4,6,12)
correlation<-cor(x,y)
covariance<-cov(x,y)

print(paste("Correlation:",correlation))
print(paste("Covariance:",covariance))

OUTPUT :
[1] "Correlation: 0.852056336165632"
[1] "Covariance: 8.25"
 27. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
PROGRAM :
values<-rnorm(10,mean=50,sd=10)
values
mean_val<-mean(values)
print(paste("Calculated Mean:",mean_val))

sd_val<-sd(values)
print(paste("Calculated SD:",sd_val))
hist(values,main="Normal
Distribution(mean=50,SD=10)",xlab="values",col="lightblue",border="black")

OUTPUT :
[1] "Calculated Mean: 48.0897765795147"
[1] "Calculated SD: 9.27271508568294"