cÖ_g Aa¨vq

f‚wgKv t
1.1 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †iwgUv‡Ýi f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi wKQz mvavib ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q D”P
†eKvi‡Z¡i nvi , wb¤œ gv_v wcQz Avq, wb¤œ gRywi nvi
Ges wb¤œ wewb‡qvM| cÖ‡Z¨K eQi †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z
wekvj A‡¼i †iwgUvÝ hy³ n‡”Q hvi d‡j †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z
fvimvg¨ iÿv n‡”Q| Avgv`vwb ,icÍvwb,ivR¯^ Avq,ivR¯^
e¨q,‡gvU ‡`kR Drcv`b,‰e‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf© Ges
Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z †iwgUv‡Ýi cÖfve i‡q‡Q|jÿ¨ jÿ¨ cwievi
GB AvMZ †iwgUv‡Ýi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Rxeb avi‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq
Dcv`vb ¸‡jvi Pvwn`v c~ib Ki‡Z mg_© n‡”Q| †iwgUvÝ
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Z mg_© n‡”Q|
wewfbœ Kj¨vbgyLx KvR †hgb, QvG‡`i e„wI cÖ`vb Ges
cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb msµvšÍ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †iwgUvÝ we‡kl f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q| GB †iwgUvÝ Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ wkÿv
cÖwZóv‡bi AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb n‡”Q| GQvoI gmwR`,
gw›`i I BmjvwgK wkÿv cÖwZóvb¸‡jv cÖwZwóZ n‡”Q
†iwgUv‡Ýi A_© Øviv | GQvov A‡bK mvgvwRK cÖwZóvb
†iwgUv‡Ýi A_© Øviv avivevwnK fv†e cwiPvwjZ n‡q
Avm‡Q| GQvov †iwgUvÝ wewfbœ mvgvwRK Kg©KvÛ I
mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i †hvMvb
w`‡”Q| Gme Kvi‡b evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †iwgUv‡Ýi
Ae`vb me©Rb ¯^xK…Z|

GB †iwgUv‡Ýi cÖfve cvwievwiK cwigÛ‡j I cwijwÿZ nq| GB

AvMZ †iwgUvÝ cwievi ¸‡jv‡K A_©‰bwZK fv‡e

c„ô
v- 1
¯^vej¤^x Ki‡Q|Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ n‡”Q|
cwievi¸‡jv Avw_©K fv‡e ¯^vej¤^x nIqvi Kvi‡b MÖvg †_‡K
kn‡i cvwo Rgv‡”Q| Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i wkwÿZ K‡i Zzj‡Q |
†iwgUv‡Ýi A_© Øviv Zviv wewfbœ RvqMvq Rwg Rgv I
wewfbœ ¯’vqx m¤úwZ µq Ki‡Z mg_© n‡”Q|

mvgwMÖKfv‡e †`Lv hvq, †iwgUvÝ †`kxq gy`ªvi gvb

e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i †ÿ‡Î
Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki 2007 mv‡ji wi‡c©vU Abyhvqx 2006 mvj

ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k 6 kZvsk `vwi`ªZv K‡g‡Q we‡`‡k
¯’vbvšÍiKvix‡`i Rb¨|wb‡¤œi mviYx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki
[Link] †Z †iwgUv‡Ýi I ißvwb Av‡qi cÖfve Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q|

mviYx-1
The Impact of remittance in the GDP of Bangladesh
(In bU$$)
Year Remittance GDP as % of Export As % of
GDP Export
2002-2003 3.06 51.91 5.89 6.55 46.72
2003-2004 3.37 56.53 5.96 7.6 44.34
2004-2005 3.85 60.53 6.36 8.65 44.51
2005-2006 4.8 61.98 7.74 10.53 45.58
2006-2007 5.98 68.55 8.72 12.18 49.10
2007-2008 7.92 79.55 9.96 14.11 56.13
2008-2009 9.69 89.36 10.84 15.57 62.24
2009-2010 10.97 98.75 11.11 16.2 67.72

Source: Bangladesh Bank and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)

c„ô
v- 2
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`k †_‡K cÖwZ eQi cÖPzi cwigvY
gvbyl we‡`k MgY K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ kÖwgK‡`i `ÿZv bv _vKvq
Ges †eZb Kg nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki †iwgUvÝ Avq Kg nq|
1.2 M‡elbv mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z cÖ¯Ívebv
cÖwZw`b AmsL¨ gvbyl MÖvg †_‡K kn‡i Ges †`‡ki evB‡i
¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡”Q| MÖv‡g gvby‡li Rb¨ ch©vß Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
my‡hvM bv _vKvq gvbyl kn‡i A_ev †`‡ki evB‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
n‡”Q|
MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk gvbyl K…wlKvR K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn
K‡i GQvov I A‡b‡K †QvU †QvU e¨emv evwbR¨ K‡i RxweKv
wbe©vn K‡i| wKš‘ MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk gvbyl †eKvi | Kvib
A‡b‡Ki Rwg †bB Zviv kÖg wewµ K‡i A_© Dc©vRb K‡i|
GQvov MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk †Q‡j‡g‡qiv A_© I h_vh_
ZË¡ve`v‡bi Afv‡e cov‡jLv †_‡K Lye ZvovZvwo S‡o c‡o| GB
†eKvi QvG,hyeKiv A_© DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ kn‡i A_ev †`‡ki
evB‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| mvavibZ eqm,wj½ ˆeevwnK Ae¯’v,
wkÿv Ges †ckv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î wfbœZv Av‡b| ¯’vbvšÍi †`k
†_‡K †`‡k ev GKwU †`‡ki †fZ‡iI n‡Z cv‡i| GwU
Av_©mvgvwRK,‡fŠ‡MvwjK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK Kvi‡bi Dci
wbf©ikxj| ‡eKviZ¡,wb¤œ Avq,RbmsL¨v e„w×i D”Pnvi,
f~wgi Amg e›Ub, evm¯’vb wb‡q Amš‘wó ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii g~j
Dcv`vb| MÖvg †_‡K cÖPzi †jvK we‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i cÖavbZ
PvKzix ev A_© DcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨| KviY MÖvgxY gvbyl g‡b
K‡i we‡`‡k †M‡j Zviv Zv‡`i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
GBfv‡e MÖvg †_‡K hviv DcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡`k Mgb K‡ib
Zv‡`i wb‡q Avgvi M‡elYv| hviv MÖvg †_‡K we‡`k Mgb K‡i

c„ô
v- 3
Zviv kZKó mn¨ K‡i A_© DcvR©b K‡i hv‡Z K‡i MÖv‡g
Zv‡`i cwievi‡K my‡L kvwšÍ‡Z ivL‡Z cv‡i|GBfv‡e MÖvg
†_‡K we‡`‡k MgbK…Z gvby‡li Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
wKfv‡e cwieZ©b nq,Zv‡`i cvVv‡bv ‡iwgUvÝ wKfv‡e
MÖvgxb gvby‡li RxebhvÎv I Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b
f~wgKv iv‡L Ges we‡`k MgbKvixMY wK ai‡bi †ckvi mv‡_
hy³ I †Kvb †Kvb †`k †_‡K †iwgUvÝ Av‡m G wel‡q Rvbvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ PUªMÖvg †Rjvi Aš©Íf~³ m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gyQvcyi
BDwbq‡bi 5bs IqvW© †K †K›`ª K‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q Avgvi
M‡elYv|

PÆMÖvg evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kni|GwU‡K

evwbwR¨K ivRavbx ejv nq|PÆMÖvg †Rjvi AšÍ©MZ
mgy‡`ªi ey‡K GKwU †QvU Øxc Dc‡Rjv nj m›`¦xc|hvi
AvqZb 294.37 eM© wg.| hvi †gvU RbmsL¨v 472179
Rb(2009)|

GB Dc‡Rjvi AwaKvsk gvbyl cÖavbZ K…wlRxwe wQj|wKš‘

b`xfvOb, ‡bvbvRj Gi Kvi‡b dmj bv nIqvq GLvbKvi gvbyl
ax‡i ax‡i we‡`k †h‡Z kyiæ K‡i|GLb GB Dc‡Rjvi 90 kZvsk
gvbyl A_© DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ I msmvi Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †iwgUv‡Ýi
Dci wbf©ikxj|Zv‡`i †cÖiYK…Z †iwgUvÝ †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z
I Zv‡`i RxebhvGvi DbœwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
GB Dc‡Rjvi gvby‡li RxebhvGv †iwgUv‡Ýi Dci wbf©ikxj|
cª_g w`‡K wKQz msL¨K gvbyl we‡`k wM‡qwQj|wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K cwievi †_‡K `yB ev wZb Rb K‡i we‡`k
Av‡Q| gyjZ hyeKiv cov‡jLv gvSc‡_ †Q‡o †`q| Zviv †eKvi
_v‡K ,hvi Kvi‡b Zviv †`‡k †Kvb PvKzix bv †c‡q we‡`k P‡j

c„ô
v- 4
hvq| gyjZ GB Dc‡Rjvi gvbyl‡`i RxebhvGv I A_©‰bwZK
DbœwZ‡Z †iwgUvÝ wK fzwgKv iv‡L Zv Luy‡R †ei Kivi
Rb¨vB Avgvi M‡elYv Ò evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †iwgUv‡Ýi
f‚wgKv : m›`¦x‡ci gvby‡li Av_© - mvgvwRK Dbœqb I
RxebhvGvi Dci GKwU gvV M‡elYv|Ó

1.3 M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

‡iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i Rxebe¨e¯’v I Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii
Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi wPG Zz‡j ai‡ZB Avgvi
M‡elYvwU|D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i m›`¦xc
Dc‡Rjvi gyQvcyi BDwbq‡bi 5 bs Iq©v‡Wi 120 Rb †iwgUvÝ
DcvR©bKvix m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Avgvi M‡elYvwU
cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ|mvÿvrKvi Abym~wP I ch©‡eÿY c×wZ
e¨envi K‡i Avgvi M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨mgyn Zz‡j aivi †Póv K‡iwQ|
D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv nj-
(K) †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK
ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
(L) †iwgUvÝ wKfv‡e MÖvgxY gvby‡li RxebhvÎv I Av_©-
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b f‚wgKv ivL‡Q Zv Luy‡R †ei Kiv|
(M) we‡`k MgYKvix bvMwiKMY wK ai‡Yi †ckvi mv‡_ hy³
Ges †Kvb †Kvb †`k †_‡K gyjZ †iwgUvÝ Av‡m Zv †`Lv|

1.4 M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv

m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ we‡`k cvwo Rgv‡”Q|
RxweKvi mÜv‡b I RxebhvGvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Zviv †`‡ki
evwn‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡”Q| Zviv ga¨cÖvP¨ mn c„w_exi
wewfbœ †`‡k PvKzixi mÜv‡b hv‡”Q| Zviv we‡`k wM‡q

c„ô
v- 5
bvb cÖwZKzjZvi ga¨ ‡_‡KI cwiev‡ii DbœwZi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© AR©b K‡i †`‡k cvVvB|Zv‡`i GB †cÖwiZ
†iwgUvÝ cwiev‡ii hveZxq cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡q _v‡K| cwiev‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡q Zviv Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R GB A_© e¨q K‡i
†hgb- Rwg µq , evox wbg©vY , Avw_©K mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb ,
e¨emv‡q wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw`| GB †iwgUvÝ m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi
gvby‡li RxebhvGv I Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y
cÖfve ivL‡Q| wKfv‡e †iwgUvÝ GB Dc‡Rjvi gvby‡li
RxebhvGv I Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Ki‡Q Ges †Kvb †Kvb
†`k †_‡K †iwgUvÝ Av‡m I Zviv wK wK †ckvi mv‡_ hy³ Zv
Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgvi M‡elYvwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|

1.5 M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv

Avgvi M‡elYv KvRwUi ïiæ †_‡K m¤úbœ nIqv Aewa †ek
wKQz mxgve×Zvi m¤§yLxY n‡Z n‡q‡Q| GB
mxgve×Zv¸‡jv bv _vK‡j M‡elYvwU AviI gvb m¤§Z n‡Z
cviZ| †h‡nZz Avgvi M‡elYvwU GKwU gvV M‡elYv ZvB gvV
ch©vq †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z Avgvi h‡_ó mgq †j‡M‡Q |
wKš‘ mgq míZv wQj | †h‡nZy †iwgUvÝ hviv cvVvq Zviv
cÖvq mevB we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Kivq Avgv‡K Zv‡`i mšÍvb, fvB
A_ev ¯¿x †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avwg Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †h‡nZz cÖkœgvjv Abym~wP e¨envi K‡iwQ
ZvB Z_¨`vZv‡`i KvQ †_‡K wKQz wKQz cÖ‡kœi DIi †c‡Z
mgm¨v n‡q‡Q| Zviv we‡kl K‡i eqm , Avq, mÂq , wkÿvMZ
†hvM¨Zv I Kg©ms¯’vb msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z weeªZ
†eva K‡i‡Q| ZvQvov A‡b‡K Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kivi wewbg‡q Pv

c„ô
v- 6
bv¯Ív Avkv K‡i‡Q| m‡ev©cwi ejv hvq hw` mgq m¦íZv bv
_vKZ Zvn‡j Avwg Avi I fvj K‡i GB wel‡q h‡_ó Ávb AR©b
K‡i M‡elYv KvRwU AviI weï× Kivi cÖqvm KiZvg | Avevi
†Kvb wbw`©ó BDwbqb ev †Rjvi Dci ‡iwgUv‡Ýi
Av_©mvgvwRK I A_‰bwZK cÖfve msµvšÍ ‡Kvb M‡elYv
bv _vKvq GB wel‡q h_vh_ avibv ev Ávb AR©b Kiv Avgvi
Rb¨ Kómva¨ n‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j M‡elYv KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
Avgvi ‡eM ‡c‡Z n‡q‡Q|

1.6 M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi KvVv‡gv web¨vm

GKwU M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡”Q
KvVv‡gv web¨vm|‡m wn‡m‡e Avwg Avgvi
cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡K bqwU Aa¨v‡q wefvRb K‡iwQ|
cÖ_g Aa¨v‡qi f~wgKv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z
†iwgUv‡Ýi f‚wgKv,M‡elYv mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z
cÖ¯Ívebv,M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨, M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv,M‡elYvi
mxgve×Zv Ges M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi KvVv‡gv web¨vm
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq Aa¨v‡q ZvwI¦K KvVv‡gv,GLv‡b Push Pull
Theory,Neo-Classical Economics Theory,Classical Theory,Social
Network Theory ¸‡jv wKfv‡e Avgvi M‡elYvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ nj
Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|

PZz_© Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi
g~j Ask M‡elYv c×wZ‡K|

c„ô
v- 7
cÂg Aa¨v‡q gvV ch©vq †_‡K msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i wfwI‡Z
†iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK
ˆewk‡ó¨i wPG Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
lô Aa¨v‡q gvV ch©vq †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i gva¨‡g MÖvgxY
gvby‡li Rxeb I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †iwgUv‡Ýi f~wgKv I
djvdj Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
mßg Aa¨v‡q gvV ch©vq †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwI‡Z we‡`k
MgYKvix‡`i †ckv Ges †iwgUvÝ Avmvi †`kmgyn I we‡`‡k
Zv‡`i mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
Aóg Aa¨v‡q cÖvß cÖv_wgK Z‡_¨i wfwI‡Z M‡elYvi djvdj
Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
beg Aa¨vq nj Dcmsnvi I mycvwikgvjv|

c„ô
v- 8
 wØZxq Aa¨vq
ZvwZ¡K KvVv‡gv
GKwU gvbm¤§Z M‡elYv Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡G ZvwI¦K KvVv‡gv A‡bK
¸iæZ¡c~b©| Avgvi M‡elYvq GK‡`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
Kvib Ges †iwgUv‡Ýi gva¨‡g wKfv‡e gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK I
mvgvwRK cwieZ©b n‡”Q Zv Av‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡&G Avwg †ek
wKQz Z‡I¦i e¨envi K‡iwQ&| ¯’œœvbvšÍ‡ii Kvib e¨vL¨v
we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Everett [Link] Gi push pull Theory Ges †iwgUv‡Ýi
gva¨‡g wKfv‡e `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡”Q Zv e¨L¨v Kivi Rb¨ Neo – Classical
Economics Theory , Classical Theory Ges Social Network Theory
¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

2.1 Push –pull Theory

¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges eûj cÖPwjZ GKwU g‡Wj
GB Push –pull factor , 1969 mv‡j Everet S. Lee GB ZI¦ cÖ`vb
K‡ib| GB Z‡I¦ ejv nq †h , Drm ¯’‡ji weKl©Y RwbZ Dcv`vb
Ges MšÍe¨ ¯’‡ji AvKl©Y RwbZ Dcv`v‡bi mgwš^Z cÖfv‡e
RbmsL¨vi ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U| Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ki ‡cÖwÿ‡Z Drm ¯’v‡b
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i AcÖZzj¨Zv , Kv‡Ri my‡hvM bv _vKv,
cÖvK…wZK `~‡hv©M, Aciva cÖebZv , †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i
KvR bv cvIqv , ivR‰bwZK nvbvnvwb , mvgvwRK wbcxob
I agx©q cÖwZeÜKZv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡b gvbyl Drm ¯’vb Z_v
MÖv‡gi cÖwZ weK©lY Abyfe K‡i ( AvjgMxi ,1993)| MšÍe¨
¯’v‡b KvR cÖvwßi my‡hvM , cÖvK…wZK `~‡hv©‡Mi

c„ô
v- 9
cÖ‡Kvc Kg, ivR‰bwZK D`viZv , mvgwRK w¯’wZkxjZv I
AwZwi³ Av‡qi myweav BZ¨vw` Kvi‡b MšÍe¨ ¯’v‡bi cÖwZ
AvKl©Y Abyfe K‡i| Avgvi M‡elYvq Drm ¯’v‡bi weKl©Y
RwbZ bvbvwea Kvi‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ_g ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Afve, GQvov D”P wkÿvi my‡hvM bv _vKv,
cÖvK…wZK `~‡hv©M, Kg DcvR©b BZ¨vw` D‡V Av‡m|
MšÍe¨ ¯’vb Z_v we‡`‡ki cÖwZ AvKl©‡Yi Ab¨Zg Kvib nj
eûgyLx Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM, AwZwi³ Av‡qi my‡hvM ,
Avw_©K Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi my‡hvM Ges DbœZ Rxebhvcb
e¨e¯’v| AvKl©b Ges weKl©Y wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡qB
†h MÖvg †_‡K we‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U Zv jÿ¨bxq Avgvi
M‡elbvq| hv Lee Gi Z‡I¦i mv‡_ ¯^v`„k¨c~Y©|

2.2 Neo – Classical Economics Theory

Neo – Classical Economics ms‡ÿ‡c `yB ai‡Yi cÖZ¨qMZ aviYv
e¨vL¨v K‡i| †m¸‡jv nj Macro Ges Micro Theory.
GB ch©‡eÿb ¸‡jv‡K hviv Z‡Ë G‡b‡Qb Zviv n‡jb Todaro,
Lewis, Ranis Ges Fei(Massey et al,1993 pp.434)| GwU gRyixi
cv_©‡K¨i Dci †Rvi †`q | hvi Kvi‡b ¯’vbvšÍiKvixiv AwZwi³
Av‡qi Rb¨ DbœZ †Kvb †`‡k ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|

Macro Theory ‡Z ejv nq hLb Dbœq‡bi K_v wPšÍvq Av‡m ZLb

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †m me ‡`‡ki gvbyl Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mgvb hy³ bv
†hLv‡b kªwgK‡`i gRyix A‡bK †ewk| cÿvšÍ‡i †h me †`‡k
kªwg‡Ki mnRjf¨Zv i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b kÖwgK‡`i gRyix Kg| GB
kÖwgK mnRjf¨ †`k¸‡jv‡K A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `wi`ª ‡`k e‡j
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv †_‡K kÖwgKiv †hLv‡b

c„ô
v-
10
kÖwgK msL¨v Kg I gRyix †ewk †m me †`‡k Mgb K‡i
AwZwi³ gRyixi Avkvq| Avgvi M‡elYvi mv‡_ GwU
m¦v`„k¨c~Y©|

Micro Theory ‡Z ejv nq kÖwgKiv †hLv‡b †M‡j Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv

Abyhvqx h_vh_ KvR cv‡e †mLv‡b Zviv MgY K‡i| hvi d‡j
Zviv Zv‡`i hv LiP n‡q‡Q †m A_© cybivq Avq Ki‡Z †Póv
K‡i| ZvB ¯’vbvšÍiKvix †hLv‡b Zvi Avq †ekx n‡e †mLv‡b
MgY K‡i| †hLv‡b †`Lv hvq Micro ZË¡ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡G Macro
‡_‡K Lye mvgvb¨ cwigvb wfbœ| cÖ_gZ , GwU †`Lvq †h
wfbœ wfbœ ¯’vbvšÍiKvix†`i wfbœ wfbœ D‡`k¨ _v‡K |
wØZxqZ, PvKzixi my‡hvM Ges gRyixi wfbœZvi Kvi‡b
†ewk ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U| Z…ZxqZ, GB kÖwgK‡`i ¯’vbvšÍi ZZw`b
ch©šÍ Kg‡e bv hZw`b ch©šÍ †hme †`k ‡_‡K kÖwgKiv
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq †m me †`k¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK fv‡e DbœwZjvf
Ki‡e| GB welq¸‡jv Avgvi M‡elYvi mv‡_ mgc„³|

c„ô
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2.3 Classical Theory
GB Z‡I¦ ‡`Lvq †h `wi`ª †`k My‡jv‡Z wekvj cwigvb gyjab
Gi AvMgb Ges wkívq‡bi d‡j `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv `ªyZ A_©
‰bwZK Dbœqb I AvaywbKvq‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq|
¯’vbvšÍi Gi d‡j `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡Z g~jab wewb‡qvM K…Z
g~jab Gi cwigvb ev‡o Ges hv ¯’vbxq mgvR‡K DbœZ
Rxeb,MbZvwš¿K aviYv, †hvw³K wPšÍv †PZbv I wkÿvi w`‡K
avweZ K‡i|

Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv evB‡ii †`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi †K Drmvn w`‡”&Q

Kvib GwU †`k ¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi
wn‡m‡e cÖgvb n‡q‡Q|

¯’vbvšÍiKvixiv cwieZ©b, D™¢veb I wewb‡qvMKvix

wn‡m‡e cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q|

GB welq mg~n Avgvi M‡elbvi mv‡_ ¯^v`„k¨c~Y|

2.4 Social Network Theory

GB ZI¦ †iwgUv‡Ýi mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡ †K Zz‡j a‡i A_©
‰bwZK ¸iæ‡Z¡i cwie‡Z©| hv ¯’vbvšÍiKvix I Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii
Rxe‡b f’wgKv iv‡L| †iwgUv݇K m¤ú` wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq hv
mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨ wewbgq nq| †hLv‡b
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM †K eZ©gvb GKwU ms¯’v wn‡m‡e
g‡b eiv nq, hv wewfbœ `‡ji gvbyl‡`i †K ‡ckvMZ,cvwievwiK
,mvs¯‹…wZK A_ev Kvh©Kvix eÜb G Ave× K‡i|

c„ô
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m¤ú`¸‡jv‡K Social network G cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q e‡j ZLb g‡b
Kiv nq| hLb GKRb ¯’vbvšÍiKvix †iwgUvÝ cvVvq, hv wb‡¤œi
wKQz wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i:-

 wewb‡qvM cvi¯úwiK n‡Z cv‡i|‡h‡nZz ¯’vbvšÍiKvix

mvgvwRK eva¨evaKZv wk‡L Zv‡`i †_‡K hv‡`i ‡_‡K †h
†iwgUv‡Ýi A_© DcvR©b K‡i|
 ¯’vbvšÍiKvix H mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †iwgUv‡Ýi
cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i †_‡K gyj¨‡eva I wk‡L|
 †iwgUvÝ `vZv I MÖnxZv Dfq †`‡ki RbM‡bi mvgvwRK
`~i`k©xZv e„w× K‡i|
GB mg¯Í welq¸‡jv Avgvi M‡elYvi mv‡_ mgc„³ i‡q‡Q|
AZGe Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡b gvbyl
Ab¨ †`‡k ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡”Q| GQvov AvMZ †iwgUvÝ GKwU
†`‡ki I GKwU MÖv‡gi A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK DbœwZ‡Z
¸iæZ¡c~Y f~wgKv iv‡L|GB ZvwI¦K `„wófw½¸‡jvi gva¨‡g
Avgvi M‡elYvwU ¯úó n‡q D‡V|

c„ô
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13
 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

M‡elYv mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv

Avgvi M‡elYvi welqwU m¤ú‡K© fvjfv‡e Rvbvi Rb¨
evsjv‡`‡ki †iwgUvÝ m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Kiv ‡Póv K‡iwQ|
we‡klZ m›Øxc Dc‡Rjv m¤ú‡K©| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k †iwgUvÝ
Gi mv‡_ hy³ Lye Kg Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q Ges m›Øx‡ci Dci
‡iwgUv‡Ýi Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖfve m¤ú‡K© †Kvb M‡elYv
cvIqv hvqwb| †h me M‡elYv cvIqv wM‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv
wb‡¤œ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv njt
Siddiqui Tasneem(2005): wZwb Zvi M‡elYv c‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki
A_©bxwZ‡Z kÖwgK

¯’vbvšÍi Gi ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb hviv evB‡ii †`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi

K‡i hvIqvi ci Zviv †h mgm¨vq c‡i Ges hvIqvi Av‡M `vjvj‡`i
Øviv †h mgm¨vq c‡i †m¸‡jv mbv³ K‡ib| wZwb we‡`‡k
Kg©iZ evsjv‡`kx kÖwgK‡`i myweavi K_v wPšÍv K‡i wKQz
mycvwik K‡ib KZ©…cÿ‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i|

Admons [Link]. Al(2005): `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b †iwgUv‡Ýi Av_©-

mvgvwRK f’wgKvi Dci GKwU M‡elYv cwiPvjbv K‡ib |Zviv
mKj Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni †gvU †`kR Drcv`b,
Avg`vwb,ißvwb, wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Dci wfwI K‡i
Zv‡`i †iwgUvÝ Gi cwigvc K‡i Ges GKwU Kg©cwiKíbv
w`‡q‡Q hv‡Z `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b †iwgUv†Ýi cÖfve cwigvc
Kiv hvq|

Azad, A.K.(2005): wZwb I †iwgUv‡Ýi Dci GKwU M‡elYv

cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges †QvU cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi DbœwZ‡Z

c„ô
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†iwgUvÝ wK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv †`Lvb|wZwb GKwU
ZvwI¦K Kvh©cÖYvjx †`b hv‡Z K‡i †iwgUvÝ Gi mv‡_ †QvU
cÖwZôvb ¸‡jvi DbœwZi GKwU †hvMmyG ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
Gi ci wZwb †`Lvb †h †gw·‡Kv‡Z †iwgUvÝ Gi MwZc_
wKfv‡e ÿz`ª cÖwZôvb Dbœqb I f~wgKv iv‡L|wZwb
BKz‡qWi Ges eªvwRj Gi †iwgUvÝ dvÛ Gi eûcvwÿK
wewb‡qvM †`Lvb | wZwb Unlade Kabayan bv‡g wdwjcvB‡bi
GKwU ms¯’vi K_v e‡jb †hwU ¯’vbvšÍwiZ kÖwgK‡`i
†iwgUvÝ †K Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R Ges mgv‡Ri Dbœqb G e¨envi
K‡i| wZwb fviZxq wewb‡qvM ms¯’vi wewfbœ cÖwµqv
Zz‡j a‡ib hv fviZxq †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv‡K AbvevwmK fviZxq‡`i
mn‡hvwMZvi c_ †`Lvq| g~jab I cÖhyw³i Drmmgyn mbv³
K‡i Zviv GwU K‡i _v‡K| Zvi GB M‡elYvq wZwb e‡jb †h
ms¯’vwU wewfbœ m¤¢vebvgq cÖ‡R± Gi Rb¨ wkívqb
msµvšÍ Z_¨ mg~n cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|me‡k‡l wZwb evsjv‡`ki
†iwgUvÝ mgyn‡K ÿz`ª cÖwZóvb Dbœq‡bi ‡ÿ‡G †gw·‡Kv,
BKz‡qWi,eªvwRj, wdwjcvBb Ges fvi‡Zi gZ cÖwµqv
Abymib Kivi K_v e‡jb| wZwb evsjv‡`†ki ‡iwgUv‡Ýi
cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ †`Lvb Ges †iwgUvÝ Gi `vZv I MÖwnZv
msµvšÍ wKQz M‡elYv cÖkœ mbv³ K‡ib|Ae‡k‡l wZwb wKQz
cwjwmi K_v e‡jb hvi gva¨‡g †iwgUvÝ †K evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª
cÖwZóvb Dbœq‡b e¨env†ii K_v e‡jb| cwjwm ¸‡jv njt
1)kÖwgK‡`i †iwgUvÝ w`‡q mviv †`k e¨vcx ÿz`ªcÖwZóvb
Dbœq‡bi Kg©m~wP cÖwZóv Ki‡Z n‡e| 2) `ªvwi`ª
we‡gvPb Kg©KvÛ †hgb ÿz`ª D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb Gi cÖevmx
Kj¨vb ms¯’vi DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡e hv GB `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú‡`i †hvMvb ‡`qv | 3) Micro Financial

c„ô
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institution (MFIS) Gi m¤ú„³v `vwi`ª‡`i Kv‡Q †cŠ‡Q ‡`q|
4)Bm¨yK…Z †iwgUvÝ nj ¯’vbvšÍwiZ‡`i †iwgUvÝ msMÖ‡ni
DrmvwnZ Pzw³ Ges we‡kl Awfevmx Pzw³|

Islam M.N.(2009) : wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b

†iwgUv‡Ýi f’wgKv m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv K‡ib| wZwb cÖgvY
K‡ib †h †iwgUvÝ †hB †`k †_‡K cvVvq I †hB †`‡k Av‡m Dfq
†`‡ki `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b †iwgUvÝ fzwgKv iv‡L|

ZvQvov m›Øx‡ci Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ˆe`vwkK

†iwgUv‡Ýi cÖfve msµvšÍ †Kvb M‡elYv †bB|GB welqwU
we‡ePbv K‡i eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU Kiv n‡q‡Q|

c„ô
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16
 PZz_© Aa¨vq
M‡elYv c×wZ
M‡elYv c×wZ g~jZ M‡elYvi jÿ¨ Ges D‡Ïk¨ mg~n AR©‡bi
avc ev ‡KŠkj ‡K eY©bv K‡i| †h †Kvb M‡elYv Kv‡Ri
¸iæZ¡c~©Y Ask GwU|Gi DciB M‡elYvi gvb Ges djvdj
wbf©i K‡i| GKwU fvjgv‡bi M‡elYv c×wZ M‡elK‡K Zvi jÿ¨
Ges D‡Ïk¨mg~n Lye mn‡R AR©‡b mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
wb‡¤œ Avgvi M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`bwU I M‡elYv c×wZ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

4.1 M‡elYvi aiY

Avgvi M‡elbvq Avwg m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gvby‡li Rxe‡b
†iwgUv‡Ýi cÖfve m¤ú©‡K Rvb‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ| †iwgUvÝ
wKfv‡e GLvbKvi gvby‡li RxebhvGv I Av_©- mvgvwRK
Dbœq‡b f’wgKv iv‡L Zv Ly‡R †ei Kiv Ges †Kvb †Kvb †`k
†_‡K †iwgUvÝ Av‡m I Zviv †hLv‡b wK †ckvi mv‡_ hy³ Zv
Rvb‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ|‡m wn‡m‡e Avgvi M‡elYvwU GKwU
eY©bvgyjK I AbymÜvbgyjK M‡elYv|

4.2 M‡elYv GjvKv wbe©vPb

M‡elYvi ïiæ‡Z M‡elYv GjvKv wbe©vPb AZxe Riæix|Avwg
M‡elYv GjvKv wn‡m‡e m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gyQvcyi BDwbq‡bi
5 bs IqvW© G we‡`‡k _v‡K Ggb †jv‡Ki msL¨v A‡bK †ewk|
GQvov GwU Avgvi wbR MÖv‡gi IqvW©- weavqZ_¨
msMÖn Kiv A‡bK mnR n‡e| Z_¨ cÖvwßi myweav ,wbR
MÖvg Ges M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ AR©‡b mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z

c„ô
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cv‡i e‡j Avwg GB GjvKv‡K M‡elYv GjvKv wn‡m‡e
wbe©vPb K‡iwQ|

4.3 M‡elYvi mgMÖK

PÆMÖvg †Rjvi m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gyQvcyi BDwbq‡bi 5 bs

Iqv‡W©i mg¯Í we‡`k MgbKvix Rb‡Mvóx‡K Avgvi M‡elYv
mgMÖK wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q‡Q|

c„ô
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4.4 PjKmg~‡ni Kvh©Kix msÁvqb
‡iwgUvÝ t †iwgUvÝ ej‡Z wbR ‡`k †_‡K Ab¨‡`‡k
cY¨`ªe¨,hš¿cvwZ ,‡cvkvK gvbe m¤ú` I Ab¨vb¨ wRwbhcG
ißvwbi gva¨‡g †h A_© Avq nq Zv‡K eySvq|
Avqt Avq ej‡Z we‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍiKvixiv †h A_© Dcv©Rb K‡i
Zv eySvq| A_¨vr wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri cvwikÖwgK|

e¨qt e¨q ej‡Z wb‡Ri nv‡Z e¨wqZ A_©‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mÂqt Av‡qi GKwU Ask hLb fwel¨r Gi Rb¨ †Kv_vI Rgv ivLv
nq Zv‡K mÂq e‡j|

Drm ¯’&vbt ¯’vbvšÍiKvix †h ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i we‡`‡k Mgb

K‡i ev ¯’vbvšÍiKvixi ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii c~‡e©i ¯’vb |

MšÍe¨ ¯’vb t Drm ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i †h ¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i

†mUv‡K MšÍe¨ ¯’vb e‡j n‡q‡Q|

AvKl©YRwbZ Kvib(Pull factor)t fvj PvKzix, D”P wkÿ¨v,

DbœZ Rxebhvcb e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw` †h mKj my‡hvM myweavi
cÖZ¨vkvq †jvKRb we‡`‡k hvq †m¸‡jv‡K AvK©lYRwbZ evib
ejv nq|

weKl©YRwbZ Kvib(Push factor)t cÖvK…wZK

`~‡hv©M ,‡eKviZ¡, wb¤œ Avq BZ¨vw` Amyweavi Kvi‡b
gvbyl hLb Drm¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i G¸‡jv‡K weKl©YRwbZ Kvib
ejv nq|

Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b †iwgUvÝ t wbR †`k e¨ZxZ

Ab¨ †Kvb †`k †_‡K AwR©Z A_© hLb †Kvb †`k ev MÖv‡gi
gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mgm¨v mg~n `~i K‡i

c„ô
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Rxebhvcb mnR K‡i ZLb Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b †iwgUvÝ
Gi cÖfve ezSvq|

A_©vqb Gi Drmt we‡`k hvIqvi mgq gvby‡li †h A‡_©i

cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv gvbyl †h me gva¨g †_‡K †RvMvo K‡i
†m¸‡jv‡K A_©vq‡bi Drm e‡j|

Fbt Fb nj gvbyl hLb wbw`©ó cwigvb my‡`i wewbg‡q Ab¨

Kv‡iv ‡_‡K A_© wb‡q _v‡K Zv‡K eySvq|

¯’vbvšÍwiZt 5 eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i hviv we‡`‡k _v‡K

Zv‡`i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ wn‡m‡e n‡q‡Q|

cÖK…Z gRyixt Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q ‡h gRyix †c‡q _v‡K

†mUvB cÖK…Z gRyix|

cÖZ¨vwkZ gRyixt †h gRyixi ¯^cœ †`‡L ev cv‡e e‡j

cÖZ¨vkv K‡i †mUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ gRyix|

DbœZ Rxeb e¨e¯’vt cvwb ,wkÿv, wPwKrmv I we‡bv`‡bi

my‡hvM m¤^wjZ Rxeb e¨e¯’v‡KB DbœZ Rxeb e¨e¯’v ejv
n‡q‡Q|

4.5 bgybvqb c×wZ

Avwg Avgvi M‡elvbi bgybv wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡G D‡Ïk¨gyjK
bgybvqb c×wZ e¨envi e‡iwQ| †Kbbv Avgvi M‡elYvi g~j
D‡Ïk¨ †iwgUvÝ wKfv‡e MÖvgxb gvby‡li RxebhvGv I Av_©
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Q Ges †Kvb †Kvb †`k n‡Z
†iwgUvÝ Av‡m I †mLv‡b kÖwgKiv wK wK †ckvi mv‡_
RwoZ Zv Rvbv | †m‡ÿ‡G hviv 5 eQ‡ii †_‡K AwaK mgq a‡i
we‡`k Av‡Q Ges Avgvi M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Y

c„ô
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mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j g‡b n‡q‡Q †mB ai‡bi
Rb‡Mvôx‡KB bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb K‡iwQ|‡hUv
D‡Ïk¨gyjK bgybvqb c×wZ bv wb‡j m¤¢e nZ bv|

4.6 bgybvi AvKvi

m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gyQvcyi BDwbq‡bi 5 bs Iqv‡W©i 120 Rb
Z_¨`vZvi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgvi Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡G gyjZ hviv we‡`‡k _v‡K Zv‡`i mšÍvb, fvB I
¯¿x G‡`i †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|hviv 5 eQ‡ii †ewk
mgq a‡i we‡`k Av‡Q Zv‡`i m¤ú©‡K Z_¨ †bqv n‡q‡Q| mí
mg‡qi M‡elYvi myweav‡Z© bgybvi AvKvi 120 Rb
wba©vib K‡iwQ|

4.7 Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZ

M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡G mvÿvZKvi AbymywP Ges
ch©‡eÿb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q | mvÿZKvi Ab~mywP nj
wKQz wbw`©ó welq m¤ú©‡K Z_¨ msMÖn | †hLv‡b GKRb
Ab¨Rb †_‡K wKQz cÖkœ Rvb‡Z Pvq| Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvq
gy‡LvgywL mvÿvZKv‡ii gva¨‡g we‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍwiZ‡`i
Av_© mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK Ae¯’v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov
ch©‡eÿb c×wZi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri wbw`©ó GKwU GjvKvi
Rb‡Mvwói AvPib , Av_© mvgvwRK I RxebhvGv m¤ú©‡K
avibv cvIqv hvq| ZvB m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gyQvcyi BDwbq‡bi 5
bs Iqv‡W©i gvby‡li Rxe‡b †iwgUvÝ wK cÖfve iv‡L, wKfv‡e
Zv‡`i RxebhvGv I A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©b K‡i Ges Zviv
†Kvb †Kvb †`‡k _v‡K I wK wK †ckvi mv‡_ hy³ BZ¨vw`

c„ô
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wel‡q Rvbvi Rb¨ G c×wZ mg~n e¨envi K‡iwQ Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡G|

4.8 Z_¨ cªwµqvRvZKib,we‡kølb I Dc¯’vcb

c×wZ

gvV Kg©wU Ki‡Z ¸bMZ I cwigvbMZ `yB ai‡bi Z_¨ msMÖn

K‡iwQ| GB Z_¨ ¸‡jv‡K we‡kølb K‡i ¸bMZ Z_¨¸‡jv‡K
eY©bvgyjK I e¨vL¨vgyjK we‡kølb K‡iwQ| gvV ch©v‡qi
Z_¨¸‡jv‡K m¤úvabv , †kÖbxKib I mswÿßKi‡bi gva¨‡g
cÖwZ‡e`‡b e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Kiv n‡q‡Q| †iwgUvÝ
Dc©vRbKvix‡`i Av_© mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK Z_¨ ,
MÖvgxb gvby‡li Rxeb Dbœq‡b †iwgUv‡Ýi f~wgKv Ges
MgbKvix‡`i †ckv I †iwgUvÝ Avmvi †`k mg~n msµvšÍ
Z_¨vejx mviYx I †jLwPG AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
wKQz Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kivi myweav©‡Z eY©bvi e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

c„ô
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 cÂg Aa¨vq
‡iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK
‰ewkó¨ M‡elYvi Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡G DIi`vZv‡`i Av_©-
mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK ˆewkó¨ we‡kølY Riæix| ‡mB
wn‡m‡e Avgvi M‡elYvi we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix‡`i wj½ I eqm,
‰eevwnK Ae¯’v,cwiev‡ii aiY,cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v,ag© I
wkÿvMZ ‡hvM¨Zv GB me Z‡_¨i web¨vm †`Lv‡bv nj mviYxi
gva¨‡g|

5.1 wj½ I eqm wfwIK wefvRb

mviYx-2
wj½ wfwIK wefvRb
wj½ MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
cyiæl 120 100
bvix 0 0
‡gvU 120 100

mviYx 2 G wj½ Abymv‡i †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i

web¨vm †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|‡hLv‡b kZKiv 100 Rb we‡`k
MgYKvix nj cyiæl|KviY A_© DcvR©b Kivi Rb¨ g~jZ
cwiev‡ii cyiæl m`m¨iv KvR K‡i _v‡K|ZvB Avgvi M‡elYvi
Rb¨ msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i kZKiv 100 Rb B nj cyiæl|bvixi msL¨v
nj ïY¨|

c„ô
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23
 mviYx-3
eqm wfwIK wefvRb
eqm(eQi) MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
15-25 0 0
25-35 20 16.67
35-45 70 58.33
45-55 30 25
‡gvU 120 100

mviYx 3 G †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i eqm wfwIK wefvRb

†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq †h we‡`‡k MgYKvix‡`i
g‡a¨ (15-25) eQi eq‡mi i‡q‡Q kZKiv 0 Rb|KviY G‡`i eqm
Kg _vKvq Giv ‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i|ZvQvov G‡`i wcZv I fvB †KI
bv †KI we‡`k _v‡K hvi Kvi‡Y Zviv †`‡k covïbv K‡i A_ev
†eKvi _v‡K|kZKiv 16.67 Rb (25-35)eQ‡ii cyiæl we‡`‡k
_v‡K|Zviv A_© DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ GB e‡q‡m we‡`k hvIqv ïiæ
K‡i|kZKiv 58.33 Rb (35-45)eQ‡ii cyiæl we‡`‡k _v‡K|Avgvi
M‡elYvq GwU m‡e©v”P|KviY GB e‡q‡mi cyiæl‡`i cwiev‡ii
fiY‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨ A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z nq|ZvB GB e‡q‡mi
cyiæliv me‡P‡q †ewk we‡`‡k _v‡K| kZKiv 25 Rb (45 -
55)eQi e‡q‡mi cyiæliv we‡`k _v‡K|GB e‡q‡mi gvbyl
cwievi Pvjv‡bv I mšÍvb‡`i †jLvcov ‡kl Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡`‡k
Zv‡`i †kl mgqUzKz e¨q K‡i _v‡K|

5.2 weevn wfwIK wefvRb

mviYx-4
weevn wfwËK wefvRb
‰eevwnK Ae¯’v MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi

c„ô
v-
24
weevwnZ 104 86.67
AweevwnZ 16 13.33
‡gvU 120 100
Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i weevn wfwIK
wefvRb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|kZKiv 86.67 Rb we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix
nj weevwnZ|KviY MÖv‡g gvbyl ZvovZvwo weevn K‡i|hvi
Kvi‡b we‡`k †_‡K †`‡k Avm‡j cvwievwiK fv‡e Zv‡`i we‡q
Kiv‡bv nq|kZKiv 13.33 Rb nj AweevwnZ| cwiev‡ii cÖwZ
Zv‡`i wewfbœ `vwq‡Z¡i Kvi‡b Zviv GL‡bv weevn Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb|

5.3 cwiev‡ii aiY I m`m¨ msL¨v wfwIK wefvRb

mviYx-5

cwiev‡ii aiY wfwIK wefvRb

cwiev‡ii aiY MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
GKK 55 45.83
‡hŠ_ 65 54.17
‡gvU 120 100
mviYx 5 G †`Lv hvq †h kZKiv 45.83 wU cwievi nj GKK|
KviY hviv we‡`k _v‡K Zviv we‡q Kivi ci cÖvq †ÿ‡G cwievi
†_‡K Avjv`v n‡q evm K‡i|kZKiv 54.17 wU cwievi nj †hŠ_|
KviY MÖv‡gi gvbyl GK‡G evm Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i|hvi Kvi‡Y
MÖv‡g †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii msL¨v GL‡bv †ewk|

mviYx-6

cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v wfwIK wefvRb

cwiev‡ii m`m¨ MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi

c„ô
v-
25
msL¨v
3-5 55 45.83
5-8 50 41.67
8-10 15 12.5
‡gvU 120 100
mviYx 6 G †`Lv hvq †h ,kZKiv 45.83wU cwiev‡ii m`m¨
msL¨v (3-5) R‡bi g‡a¨|KviY GLv‡b A‡bK¸‡jv GKK cwievi
i‡q‡Q Geswewfbœ Kvi‡b A‡bK †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v
I Kg|kZKiv 41.67 wU cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v (5-8) R‡bi
g‡a¨|Kvib †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk _v‡K|kZKiv
12.5 wU cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v (8-10) R‡bi g‡a¨|

5.4 ag© wfwIK wefvRb

mviYx-7
ag© MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
gymwjg 105 87.5
wn›`y 10 8.33
‡eŠ`¦ 5 4.17
wLªóvb 0 0
‡gvU 120 100
mviYx 7 G †`Lv hvq †h,kZKiv 87.5 Rb nj gymwjg|KviY
Avgvi M‡elYv GjvKvwU nj GKwU gymwjg Aay¨wlZ GjvKv|
hvi Kvi‡b gymwjg‡`i msL¨v †ewk| kZKiv 8.33 Rb nj wn›`y|
kZKiv 4.17 Rb nj †eŠ× |Avgvi M‡elYv GjvKvq †Kvb wLªóvb
a‡g©i gvbyl cvIqv hvqwb|

c„ô
v-
26
5.5 wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv wfwIK wefvRb
mviYx-8
wkÿvMZ MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
†hvM¨Zv
wbiÿi 41 34.17
1g-5g 33 27.5
5g-8g 22 18.33
gva¨wgK 10 8.33
D”P gva¨wgK 9 7.5
¯œvZK/mggvb 5 4.17
¯œvZ‡KvIi/mggvb 0 0
‡gvU 120 100

mviYx 8 G †`Lv hvq †h,kZKiv 34.17 Rb †iwgUvÝ

DcvR©bKvix nj wbiÿi |GwU GB mviYx‡Z m‡e©v”P nvi|
Av‡M MÖv‡gi gvbyl wkÿv`xÿvq wcwQ‡q wQj|Zviv covïbv
KiZ bv|hvi Kvi‡b Av‡M hviv we‡`k wM‡q‡Q Zviv †ewki
fvMB wQj wbiÿi|(1g-5g) †kÖYx ch©šÍ covïbv K‡i kZKiv
27.5 Rb|hviv ¯‹z‡j ‡hZ Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB cwiev‡ii h_vh_ h‡Zœi
Afv‡e cÖv_wgK wkÿv MÖn‡bi c~‡e©B ¯‹z‡j hvIqv †Q‡o
w`Z|(5g-8g) †kÖYx ch©šÍ covkbv K‡i kZKiv 18.33 Rb|
A‡_©i Afv‡e G‡`i †ewkifvM covïbv †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nq|
gva¨wgK ch©šÍ covïbv K‡i kZKiv 8.33 Rb|G‡`i †ewki fvMB
cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b covïbv †Q‡o w`‡q we‡`k P‡j hvq|D”P
gva¨wgK ch©šÍ covïbv K‡i kZKiv 7.5 Rb|hv‡`I cwievi
covïbv Kiv‡Z AvMÖnx wQj Zviv GZUzKz ch©šÍ covïbv
Ki‡Z ‡c‡iwQj|¯œvZK ch©šÍ covïbv K‡i kZKiv 4.17 Rb|hv‡`i
cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’v fvj wQj Ges cwievi covïbv Kiv‡Z

c„ô
v-
27
AvMÖnx wQj ïay ZvivB GZUzKy ch©šÍ covïbv Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQj| Avgvi M‡elYvq ¯œvZ‡KvIi ch©šÍ c‡owQj Ggb KviI
Z_¨ cvIqv hvqwb |

lô Aa¨vq
6.1 mg‡qi wfwI‡Z wefvRb
cÖ_g we‡`k hvIqvi mg‡qi mviYx

mviYx-9
mgqKvj MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
1990-1995 22 18.33
1995-2000 48 40
2000-2005 30 25
2005-2010 20 16.67
‡gvU 120 100

mviYx 9 G †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv 18.33 Rb †iwgUvÝ

DcvR©bKvix (1990-1995) mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡`k wM‡qwQj|
ZLb gvbyl A_© DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ we‡`k hvIqv ïiæ K‡iwQj|
kZKiv 40Rb we‡`k MgYKvix (1995-2000) mv‡ji g‡a¨
we‡`k wM‡qwQj|GB mgq MÖv‡gi gvby‡li g‡a¨ we‡`k
hvIqvi cÖebZv e„wØ` cvq|hvi Kvi‡b GB mg‡q we‡`k
hvIqvi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk|kZKiv 25 Rb we‡`k MgYKvix
(2000-2005) mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡`k wM‡qwQj|GB mg‡q we‡`k
hvIqvi nvi wKQzUv n«vm cvq|kZKiv 16.67 Rb (2005-

c„ô
v-
28
2010) mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡`k wM‡qwQj|GB mgq we‡`k hvIqvi
cÖebZv Av‡iv wKQz n«vm cvq|KviY BwZg‡a¨ G‡`i A‡b‡Ki
wcZv I fvB we‡`k wM‡q‡Q|hvi Kvi‡b hviv we‡`k _v‡K Zviv
Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i †`‡k covïbv Kiv‡bvi †Póv K‡i|GB we‡`k
hvIqvi nvi KL‡bv Kg KL‡bv †ewk _v‡K|

c„ô
v-
29
 mviYx-10

KZ eQi a‡i we‡`k Av‡Qb Zvi mviYx

Mgq MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
5-10 20 16.67
10-15 30 25
15-20 48 40
20-25 22 18.33
‡gvU 120 100

Gi Av‡Mi mviYx‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q cÖ_g gvbyl KLb †_‡K

we‡`k hvIqv ïiæ K‡iwQj|Avi eZ©gvb mviYx‡Z Zviv KZ eQi
a‡i we‡`k Av‡Q Zvi nvi †`Lv‡bv nj|GLv‡b †`Lv hvq
†h,16.67 % gvbyl (5-10) eQi a‡i we‡`k Av‡Qb| GB gvbyl
¸‡jv Lye †ewk w`b Av‡M we‡`k hvqwb| 25% gvbyl (10-
15) eQi a‡i we‡`k Av‡Qb| Giv cwiev‡ii Avw_©K DbœwZ‡Z
f’wgKv iv‡L| 40% gvbyl (15-20) eQi a‡i we‡`k Av‡Qb|
GwU GB mviYxi m‡e©v”P nvi| GB †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvixiv
GZ¸‡jv eQi ïay gvG Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii Av_©-mvgvwRK
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡`‡k i‡q‡Q|Zviv Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| 18.33% gvbyl (20-25) eQi a‡i
we‡`k i‡q‡Q| Giv GZ eQi a‡i we‡`k i‡q‡Q KviY G‡`i
mšÍvb‡`i covïbv GL‡bv †kl nqwb Ges G‡`i cwiev‡i Ab¨
†KD Avq K‡i bv|

6.2 we‡`k hvIqvi A_©vq‡bi Dr‡mi wefvRb

mviYx-11
A_©vq‡bi Dr‡mi mviYx

A_©vq‡bi Drm MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi

c„ô
v-
30
wbR¯^ Znwej 17 14.17
wbKU AvZ¥xq 23 19.17
FY 42 35
Ab¨vb¨ 38 31.66
‡gvU 120 100

mviYx 11 †Z †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv 14.17 Rb wb‡Ri UvKv

w`‡q we‡`k hvq|GB mg¯’ cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’v fvj|
kZKiv 19.17 Rb wbKU AvZ¥xq †_‡K UvKv avi wb‡q we‡`k
hvq|we‡`k hvIqvi ci G‡`i‡K `ªæZ GB UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z
nq|kZKiv 35 Rb wewfbœ cÖwZôvb †_‡K UvKv avi wb‡q
we‡`k hvq|M„nxZ UvKv my` mn †diZ w`‡Z nq|hvi Kvi‡b
G‡`i Dci evowZ Pvc _v‡K †h wbw`©ó mg‡q UvKv †diZ bv
w`‡Z cvi‡j Zv‡`i‡K ‡`wi Kivi Rb¨ evowZ UvKv w`‡Z nq|
kZKiv 31.66 Rb Ab¨vb¨ Drm we‡kl K‡i k¦ïi evwo †_‡K
we‡qi mgq †hŠZzK wb‡q we‡`k hvq|MÖv‡g GLbI GB
cÖ_v A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Ki|

6.3 Avw_©K m‡qi wefvRb

mviYx-12
gvwmK m‡qi mviYx
UvKv(nvRvi) MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
3-5 58 48.33
5-8 27 22.5
8-10 7 5.83
10-15 4 3.33
15-20 3 2.5
20-25 2 1.68
25-30 1 0.83
mÂq ‡bB 18 15

c„ô
v-
31
 †gvU 120 100

Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z †`Lv hvq †h,kZKiv 48.33 Rb †iwgUvÝ

DcvR©bKvix gv‡m (3-5) nvRvi UvKv K‡i Rgv K‡i _v‡K|
MgYKvix‡`i †eZb †ekx bv nIqvB Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¨q enb Kivi
ci Zviv Gi †_‡K †ekx Rgv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|kZKiv 22.5 Rb (5-8)
nvRvi UvKv K‡i Rgv K‡i _v‡K| G‡`i Avq GKUz †ekx e‡j RgvI
†ekx K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 5.83 Rb gv‡m (8-10) nvRvi UvKv K‡i
Rgv K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 3.33 Rb gv‡m (10-15) nvRvi UvKv K‡i
Rgv K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 2.5 Rb gv‡m (15-20) nvRvi UvKv K‡i
Rgv K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 1.68 Rb gv‡m (20-25) nvRvi UvKv K‡i
Rgv K‡i|kZKiv 0.83 Rb (25-30) nvRvi UvKv K‡i Rgv K‡i
_v‡K|hv‡`i Avq †ekx Zv‡`i gvwmK Rgvi cwigvbI †ekx|
wKš‘ Lye Kg gvbylB we‡`‡k †ekx †eZ‡b PvKzix K‡i _v‡K|
ZvB gvwmK Rgvi cwigvb †ekx Ggb gvby‡li msL¨v Kg|
kZKiv 15 R‡bi †Kvb mÂq †bB|KviY G‡`i †eZb Kg Ges hv
Avq K‡i Zv cwiev‡ii Li‡Pi Kv‡R e¨q n‡q hvq|

6.4 MgYKvix‡`i Nievwoi wefvRb

mviYx-13
we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix‡`i Nievwoi mviYx

c~‡e©i MYmsL kZKiv eZ©gv MYmsL kZKiv

Ae¯’v ¨v nvi b Ae¯’v ¨v nvi
‡euov 25 20.83 wUb 74 61.67
wUb 86 71.67 cuvKv 46 38.33
cuvKv 9 7.5 Ab¨vb¨ 0 0
‡gvU 120 100 ‡gvU 120 100

c„ô
v-
32
Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix‡`i Nievwoi c~‡e©i I
eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|c~‡e© kZKiv 20.83 Rb Gi
Ni wQj †euovi|eZ©gv‡b †Kvb †euovi Ni †bB|KviY GLb
Zv‡`i Avq e„wØ †c‡q‡Q|ZvB N‡ii Ae¯’vI cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|
c~‡e© 71.67% Gi Ni wQj wU‡bi wKbÍy eZ©gv‡b 61.67%
Gi Ni nj wU‡bi|wU‡bi N‡ii cwigvb K‡g‡Q KviY eZ©gv‡b
Zv‡`i Avq †e‡o‡Q|ZvB wU‡bi cwie‡Z© GLb cvuKv N‡ii
msL¨v †ekx|c~‡e© kZKiv 7.5 R‡bi Ni wQj cuvKv |wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b kZKiv 38.33 R‡bi Ni nj cuvKv|KviY we‡`k hvIqvi
d‡j Zv‡`i Avq †e‡o‡Q hvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i N‡ii Ae¯’vI cwieZ©b
n‡q‡Q|Avi GB cwieZ©b GK w`‡b nqwb Kvib G‡`i g‡a¨
A‡b‡K `xN© mgq a‡i we‡`k i‡q‡Q|

c„ô
v-
33
6.5 cvwievwiK gvwmK Av‡qi wefvRb
mviYx-14
cwiev‡ii c~‡e©i gvwmK Av‡qi mviYx
UvKv(nvRvi) MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
5-10 40 33.33
10-15 60 50
15-20 13 10.84
Ab¨vb¨ 7 5.83
‡gvU 120 100

Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv 33.33 R‡bi cwiev‡ii

gvwmK Avq (5-10)nvRvi UvKvi g‡a¨ wQj|Gme cwiev‡ii
Avq Kg wQj Kvib Giv wQj w`bgRyi Ges G‡`i cwiev‡i Avq
Kivi gvbyl wQj GKRb|kZKiv 50 R‡bi cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq
wQj (10-15) nvRvi UvKvi g‡a¨|Giv wQj g~jZ K…lK ‡kªYx|
hv‡`i Av‡qi cÖavb Drm wQj K…wl|kZKiv 10.84 R‡bi
cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq wQj (15-20)nvRvi UvKvi g‡a¨| GBme
cwiev‡ii †jvKRb K…wli cvkvcvwk †QvULvU e¨emv evwYR¨
KiZ|hvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i gvwmK Avq †ewk wQj|kZKiv 5.83 R‡bi
cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq 20 nvRvi UvKvi †_‡K †ewk wQj|GB
me cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv e¨emv evwYR¨ KiZ Ges Giv Av‡M
†_‡KB Avw_©Kfv‡e m”Qj wQj|

mviYx-15

cwiev‡ii eZ©gvb gvwmK Av‡qi mviYx

UvKv(nvRvi) MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
20-30 33 27.5
30-40 37 30.84

c„ô
v-
34
40-50 28 23.33
50-60 16 13.33
Ab¨vb¨ 6 5
‡gvU 120 100
Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z †`Lv hvq †h,kZKiv 27.5 R‡bi cwiev‡ii
gvwmK Avq (20-30) nvRvi UvKvi g‡a¨|GB cwievi¸‡jv gyjZ
GKK cwievi|cwiev‡ii †h e¨w³ we‡`k _v‡K †m hv Avq K‡i
ZvB GB cwievi¸‡jvi gvwmK Avq|kZKiv 30.84 R‡bi cwiev‡ii
gvwmK Avq (30-40) nvRvi UvKvi g‡a¨|GBme cwiev‡ii
m`m¨‡`i gvwmK Avq †ewk ZvB Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii Avq I †ewk|
kZKiv 23.33 R‡bi cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq (40-50) nvRvi
UvKvi g‡a¨|GBme cwiev‡ii GKvwaK e¨w³ we‡`k _vKvq
Zv‡`i Avq †ewk|kZKiv 13.33 R‡bi cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq(50-
60) nvRvi UvKvi g‡a¨|GBme cwiev‡ii hviv we‡`k _v‡K Zviv
we‡`‡k fvj PvKzix Kivi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii Avq †ewk|
kZKiv 5 R‡bi cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq 1jÿ †_‡K 3jÿ UvKvi
g‡a¨|Kvib GBme cwiev‡ii hviv we‡`k _v‡K Zviv BD‡ivc I
Av‡gwiKvq _v‡K|Zv‡`i Avq †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii
gvwmK Avq I †ewk|

6.6 mšÍvb‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi wefvRb

mviYx-16
c~‡e© †Q‡j‡g‡qiv KZUzKz covïbv KiZ

wkÿvMZ MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi

†hvM¨Zv
1g-5g 49 40.83
5g-8g 31 25.83
gva¨wgK 5 4.17

c„ô
v-
35
D”P gva¨wgK 3 2.5
Ab¨vb¨(mšÍvb 32 26.67
†bB)
‡gvU 120 100

Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv 40.83 R‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv

(1g-5g) ‡kÖYx ch©šÍ covïbv K‡iwQj| Kvib Av‡M Zv‡`i Avq
Kg wQj|hvi Kvi‡b Zviv mšÍv‡bi covïbvi LiP Pvjv‡Z cviZ bv|
kZKiv 25.83 R‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv (5g-8g) †kÖYx ch©šÍ covïbv
KiZ|mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbvi Afv‡e ZLb A‡b‡K covïbv †Q‡o
w`Z|Kvib Zv‡`i‡K covïbv Kivi Rb¨ Drmvn †`qvi †KD wQj
bv|kZKiv 4.17 R‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv gva¨wgK ch©šÍ covïbv KiZ|
Gme cwievi covïbvi cÖwZ AvMÖnx wQj wKš‘ A‡_©i Afv‡e
Giv †ewk covïbv Ki‡Z cviZ bv|kZKiv 2.5 R‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv
D”P gva¨wgK ch©šÍ covïbv K‡iwQj|Kvib Gme cwievi wQj
wkwÿZ Zviv mšÍvb‡`i covïbv KivZ|kZKiv 26.67 R‡bi Av‡M
†Kvb mšÍvb wQj bv A_ev Zviv †KD †KD wQj AweevwnZ|

mviYx-17

eZ©gv‡b †Q‡j‡g‡qiv KZUzKz covïbv K‡i

wkÿvMZ MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
†hvM¨Zv
1g-5g 0 0
5g-8g 19 15.83
gva¨wgK 33 27.5
D”P gva¨wgK 26 21.67
¯œvZK/mggvb 19 15.83
¯œvZ‡KvIi/mggvb 7 5.84

c„ô
v-
36
Ab¨vb¨(mšÍvb 16 13.33
†bB)
‡gvU 120 100

Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, GLb hviv we‡`k Av‡Q Zv‡`i
KviI mšÍvb (1g-5g) ‡kÖYx‡Z c‡o bv|Kvib hv‡`i mšÍvb Av‡Q
Zviv BwZg‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿv †kl K‡i‡Q|kZKiv 15.83 R‡bi
†Q‡j‡g‡qiv (5g-8g) †kÖYx‡Z c‡o|kZKiv 27.5 R‡bi
†Q‡j‡g‡qiv gva¨wgK ch©šÍ covïbv Ki‡Q|GLb mevB †Póv
K‡i mšÍvb‡K covïbv Kiv‡Z|Kvib mevB PvB Zvi mšÍvb ‡`‡k
fvj †Kvb PvKzix KiæK|kZKiv 21.67 R‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡q D”P
gva¨wg‡K covïbv K‡i|kZKiv 15.83 R‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡q ¯œvZ‡K
covïbv K‡i|kZKiv 5.84 R‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡q ¯œvZ‡KvIi ch©šÍ
covïbv K‡i|eZ©gv‡b mevB mšÍvb‡K covïbv Kiv‡bvi
e¨vcv‡i hZœkxj|ZvB GLb mevB mšÍvb‡K D”P wkwÿZ Ki‡Z
AvMÖnx|kZKiv 13.33 R‡bi †Kvb mšÍvb †bB|Kvib Giv GLbI
we‡q K‡iwb|

6.7 we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i †ckvi wefvRb

mviYx-18
c~‡e©i MYms kZKiv eZ©gv MYms kZKiv
‡ckv L¨v nvi b †ckv L¨v nvi
K…wlKvR 30 25 K… 9 7.5
wlKvR
w`bgRyi 10 8.33 ‡`vKv‡b 12 10
PvKzix
euvk †e‡Zi 10 8.33 e¨emv 2 1.67
mvgMÖx

c„ô
v-
37
ˆZix
e¨emv 3 2.5 kÖwgK 36 30
Mvwo 2 1.67 Mvwo 8 6.67
Pvjv‡bv Pvjv‡bv
‡eKvi 41 34.17 I‡qjwWs 11 9.17
Ab¨vb¨(co 24 20 M„nwb 12 10
vkybv) gv©b
kÖwgK
‡gvU 120 100 Lvgvi 6 5
M„nKg 18 15
©x
Ab¨vb¨ 6 5
‡gvU 120 100

Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i c~‡e©i I eZ©gvb †ckvi

nvi Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mviYx‡Z †`Lv hvq †h,c~‡e© kZKiv 25
Rb K…wlKvR KiZ|Kvib MÖv‡gi gvby‡li cÖavb †ckvB nj K…
wl|kZKiv 8.33 Rb c~‡e© w`bgRyi wQj|hv‡`i Rwg wQj bv
Zviv A‡b¨i Rwg‡Z ZLb UvKvi wewbg‡q gRyi LvUZ|kZKiv
8.33 Rb c~‡e© euvk †e‡Zi mvgMÖx ˆZix K‡i Avq KiZ|
ZLb MÖv‡g GK‡kÖYxi gvbyl wQj hviv GB euvk †e‡Zi
mvgMÖx ˆZix K‡i Zv evRv‡i weµq K‡i Avq KiZ| ‡Kvb fv‡e
msmvi PvjvZ|kZKiv 2.5 Rb we‡`k hvevi Av‡M †QvULvU
e¨emv KiZ|kZKiv 1.67 Rb we‡`k hvevi Av‡M Mvwo
Pvjv‡Zv|kZKiv 34.17 Rb we‡`k hvevi Av‡M †eKvi wQj|
MÖv‡g A‡b‡K wQj hviv †Kvb KvR KiZ bv cwiev‡ii Dci e‡m
e‡m †LZ| ZvB cwievi¸‡jv GBme †eKvi‡`i we‡`k cvwV‡q

c„ô
v-
38
†`q|kZKiv 20 Rb we‡`k hvevi Av‡M covïbv KiZ|wKš‘
cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b G‡`i we‡`k cvwV‡q †`qv nq hv‡Z Zviv
cwiev‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡Z cv‡i|

cÿvšÍ‡i,eZ©gv‡b hviv we‡`‡k Av‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ kZKiv 7.5

Rb K…wlKvR K‡i|kZKiv 10 Rb †`vKv‡b PvKzix K‡i| Ab¨‡`i
Zzjbvq G‡`i †eZb †ekx| kZKiv 1.67 Rb we‡`‡k e¨emv K‡i|
Lye Kg gvbyl we‡`‡k wM‡q e¨emv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges G‡`i Avq
I Ab¨‡`i †_‡K A‡bK †ewk|kZKiv 30 Rb we‡`‡k kÖwgK
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| evsjv‡`k †_‡K hviv we‡`k hvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨
†ewkifvM kÖwgK wn‡m‡e hvq|Kvib we‡`‡k kÖwg‡Ki
Pvwn`v †ewk|kZKiv 6.67 Rb we‡`‡k WªvBfvi wn‡m‡e hvq|
G‡`i I †eZb fvj|kZKiv 9.17 Rb we‡`‡k I‡qjwWs Gi Kv‡R
hvq|GB Kv‡Ri Pvwn`v we‡`‡k †ewk| kZKiv 10 Rb
M„nwbg©vb kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB Kv‡R SuzwK
A‡bK †ewk| kZKiv 5 Rb wewfbœ Lvgv‡i KvR K‡i| kZKiv 15
Rb M„nKg©x wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| kZKiv 5 Rb Ab¨vb¨ KvR K‡i
Avq K‡i _v‡K| we‡`‡k wM‡q wewfbœ KvR K‡i GBme †jvK
Zv‡`i Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|

6.8 we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i Av‡qi wefvRb

‡jLwPÎ- 01

c„ô
v-
39
 we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i eZ©gvb Avq
30
25
20
15 27.5 30
kZKiv nvi

10
18.33 gvwmK Avq
5
0 6.67 7.5
5
20000- 25000- 3.33
25000 30000 30000- 35000- 40000- 1.67
35000 40000 45000- 100000
45000 50000 200000
- -
200000 250000

Drm- gvV ch©vq †_‡K msM„nxZ

Dc‡ii †jLwP‡Gi f‚wg A‡ÿ we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i Avq Ges j¤^

A‡ÿ MgYKvix‡`i kZKiv nvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|kZKiv 27.5 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (20000-25000) UvKvi g‡a¨|kZKiv 30 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (25000-30000) UvKvi g‡a¨|kZKiv 18.33 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (30000-35000) UvKvi g‡a¨|kZKiv 6.67 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (35000-40000) UvKvi g‡a¨|kZKiv 7.5 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (40000-45000) UvKvi g‡a¨|kZKiv 5 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (45000-50000) UvKvi g‡a¨|kZKiv 3.33 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (100000-200000) UvKvi g‡a¨|kZKiv 1.67 R‡bi
gvwmK Avq (200000-300000) UvKvi g‡a¨|Giv BD‡ivc I
Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ †`‡k KvR Kivi Kvi‡b G‡`i Avq †ewk|

‡jLwPÎ-02

c„ô
v-
40
 we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i c~‡e©i Avq
60

50

40
nvi

gvwmK Avq
30
54.17
kZKiv

20

24.17
10 17.5

0 2.5 1.67
5000-10000 10000- 15000- 20000- Avq wQj bv
15000 20000 25000

Drm- gvV ch©vq †_‡K msM„nxZ

Dc‡ii †jLwP‡Gi f‚wg A‡ÿ we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i c~‡e©i gvwmK
Avq Ges j¤^ A‡ÿ kZKiv nvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|kZKiv 24.17
R‡bi gvwmK Avq (5000-10000)UvKvi g‡a¨ wQj|Giv `wi`ª
K…lK wQj|kZKiv 17.5 R‡bi gvwmK Avq (10000-
15000)UvKvi g‡a¨ wQj|kZKiv 2.5 R‡bi gvwmK Avq
(15000-20000) UvKvi g‡a¨ wQj|Giv wQj Avw_©Kfv‡e
mvej¤^x|kZKiv 1.67 R‡bi gvwmK Avq(20000-25000)
UvKvi g‡a¨ wQj|Giv †QvULvU e¨emvqx wQj|kZKiv 54.17
R‡bi gvwmK Avq wQj bv|Kvib Zviv †eKvi wQj|
6.9 †iwgUvÝ e¨env‡ii cÿmgy‡ni wefvRb

‡jLwPÎ- 03

c„ô
v-
41
 ‡iwgUvÝ e¨env‡ii cÿmg~n

85 34.17 100 msmvi LiP

mšÍv‡bi †jLvcov
Nievox wbg©vY
32.5 75 KR© cwi‡kva
Rwg µq
wPwKrmv LiP
wewb‡qvM
mÂq
100 ag©xq cÖwZóv‡b `vb
45.84 54.17 60

Drm- gvV ch©vq †_‡K msM„nxZ

‡jLwPG -05 G †iwgUvÝ e¨env‡ii wewfbœ cÿmgyn
mgc‡K© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|GLv‡b †`Lv hvq †h,me‡P‡q
†ewk †iwgUv‡Ýi A_© e¨q nq msmvi Li‡P|Kvib hviv we‡`k
_v‡K Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cwievi †iwgUv‡Ýi Dci wbf©i K‡i|kZKiv
75 Rb e‡j‡Q mšÍv‡bi †jLvcovi Rb¨ †iwgUv‡Ýi A_© e¨q K‡i
_v‡K|kZKiv 60 Rb e‡j‡Q Nievwo wbg©v‡bi Rb¨ †iwgUv‡Ýi
A_© e¨q nq| kZKiv 54.17 Rb e‡j‡Q KR© cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨
†iwgUv‡Ýi A_© e¨q nq|kZKiv 45.84 Rb e‡j‡Q Rwg µ‡qi
Rb¨ †iwgUv‡Ýi A_© e¨q nq|mevB e‡j‡Q †h wPwKrmvi Rb¨
†iwgUv‡Ýi A_© e¨q nq|kZKiv 32.5 Rb e‡j‡Q Zviv wewfbœ
Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ GB A_© e¨q K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 85 Rb
e‡j‡Q Zviv wKQz A_© mÂq K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 34.17 Rb
e‡j‡Q Zviv wKQz A_© ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b `vb K‡i _v‡K|

mßg Aa¨vq
7.1 †h me †`k †_‡K †iwgUvÝ Av‡m

c„ô
v-
42
 ‡jLwPG-04

‡iwgUvÝ Avmvi †`kmgyn

1.67
mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ
1.67
3.33 8.33 evnivBb
19.17 KvZvi
‡mŠw` Avie
gvj‡qwkqv
Igvb
8.33
Av‡gwiKv
jÛb
34.17 8.33 Kz‡qZ
Ab¨vb¨
11.67

3.33

Drm- gvV ch©vq †_‡K msM„nxZ

Dc‡ii †jLwP‡G †h me †`k †_‡K †iwgUvÝ Av‡m Zvi D‡jøL Kiv

n‡q‡Q| kZKiv 19.17 Rb we‡`k MgYKvix mshy³ Avie
Avwgiv‡Z _v‡K| kZKiv 8.33 Rb evnivBb _v‡K| kZKiv 8.33
Rb KvZvi _v‡K|kZKiv 11.67 Rb †mŠw` Avi‡e _v‡K|kZKiv
3.33 Rb gvj‡qwkqv _v‡K|kZKiv 34.17 Rb Igvb _v‡K| Avgvi
M‡elYvq GwU m‡e©v”P msL¨v| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq
ga¨cÖv‡P¨i †`kmgy‡n †ewk gvbyl _v‡K|kZKiv 3.33 Rb
Av‡gwiKv _v‡K|kZKiv 1.67 Rb jÛb _v‡K| kZKiv 8.33 Rb
Kz‡qZ _v‡K|kZKiv 1.67 Rb Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k _v‡K|Gme †`k †_‡K
gyjZ †iwgUvÝ Av‡m|

c„ô
v-
43
7.2 MgYKvix‡`i †ckvi aiY

†jLwPÎ- 05

MgYKvix‡`i eZ©gvb †ckv

5.00% 1.67%
10.00%

‡`vKv‡b PvKzix
6.67% e¨emv
Mvox Pvjv‡bv
30.00% I‡qjwWs
9.17% M„nwbg©vb kÖwgK
K…wl KvR
Mevax cï cvjb
10.00% M„nKg©x
kÖwgK
Ab¨vb¨
15.00% 7.50%
5.00%

Drm- gvV ch©vq †_‡K msM„wnZ

‡jLwPÎ-02 G MgYKvix‡`i eZ©gvb †ckv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

MgYKvix‡`i kZKiv 10 Rb †`vKv‡b PvKzix K‡i|kZKiv 1.67 Rb
e¨emv K‡i|G‡`i Avq Ab¨‡`i †_‡K †ewk|kZKiv 6.67 Rb
Mvwo Pvjvq|kZKiv 9.17 Rb I‡qjwWs Gi KvR K‡i |kZKiv 10
Rb M„nwbg©vb kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|kZKiv 7.5 Rb K…
wlKvR K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 5 Rb Mevwacï cvjb K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv
15 Rb we‡`k MgYKvix M„nKg©x wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
kZKiv 30 Rb we‡`k MgYKvix kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
_v‡K|we‡`‡k kÖwgK‡`i Pvwn`v A‡bK †ewk|kZKiv 5 Rb
we‡`k MgYKvix Ab¨vb¨ KvR K‡i _v‡K|we‡`k MgYKvixiv

c„ô
v-
44
we‡`‡k KvR K‡i †h A_© Avq K‡i Zvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i A_©
‰bwZK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

c„ô
v-
45
7.3 MgYKvix‡`i Kvh©‡ÿ‡Gi mgm¨v mg~n

‡jLwPG-06

Kvh©‡ÿ‡Gi mgm¨v mgyn

90
80 82.5
77.5
70
60 62.5
55
50
40 35.83
30
kZKiv nvi

20 23.33
10
0

¨v Kg v v
¨v b¨
bZ vG ¨v
gm Zb x g gm
Ab
m ‡e vn vc
i v cI ³ Z i im
‡b bi i ‡
¯’
v w Zw v ev
m i xi Aw L
ev Kz
Pv

Drm- gvV ch©vq †_‡K msM„nxZ

Dc‡ii †jLwP‡G we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix‡`i Kvh©‡ÿ‡Gi wewfbœ

mgm¨v mgyn Zz‡j aiv nj|kZKiv 55Rb e‡j‡Q †mLv‡b Zv‡`i
evm¯’v‡bi mgm¨v i‡q‡Q|kZKiv 62.5 R‡bi cwievi e‡j‡Q
we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix‡`i †eZb Kg|kZKiv 77.5 R‡bi cwievi
e‡j‡Q PvKzixi wbivcIv †bB|kZKiv 82.5 Rb e‡j‡Q AwZwi³
ZvcgvGv |kZKiv 35.83 Rb e‡j‡Q Lvev‡ii mgm¨v|kZKiv
23.33 Rb Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi K_v e‡j‡Q|GB mgm¨v¸‡jv Zv‡`i
Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡G cÖavb evav n‡q `vovq|

c„ô
v-
46
7.4 †iwgUvÝ cvVv‡bvi gva¨‡gi wefvRb
mviYx-19
‡iwgUvÝ cvVv‡bvi gva¨‡gi mviYx
gva¨g MYmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
e¨vsK 82 68.33
ûwÛ 31 25.83
Ab¨vb¨ 7 5.84
‡gvU 120 100

Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z †`Lv hvq †h,kZKiv 68.33 Rb we‡`k †_‡K

UvKv e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g cvVvb|Kvib G‡Z †Kvb SuywK †bB
Ges MÖvnK mn‡R e¨vsK †_‡K UvKv Zzj‡Z cv‡i|kZKiv
25.83 Rb we‡`k †_‡K UvKv ûwÛi gva¨‡g cvVvq|Giv covïbv
Rv‡b bv Ges Kg m‡PZb|Zviv g‡b K‡i e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g UvKv
cvVv‡bv Sv‡gjv|Zviv GwU‡K mnR g‡b K‡i|kZKiv 5.84 Rb
†KD we‡`k †_‡K Avmvi mgq Zvi gva¨‡g A_ev Ab¨vb¨
Dcv‡q UvKv cvVvq|Z‡e eZ©gv‡b mevB e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g
cvVv‡Z cQ›` K‡i|

7.5 †iwgUvÝ cvVv‡bvi gva¨‡gi mgm¨v

evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi wecyj cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK †iwgUvÝ
Av‡m|Avi GB †iwgUvÝ we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvixiv wewfbœfv‡e
cvVvq|eZ©gv‡b mevB e¨vsK,ûwÛ A_ev Ab¨Kv‡iv nv‡Z
cvVvq|Z‡e eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q RbwcÖq gva¨g nj e¨vsK|G‡Z
†Kvb SzwK †bB|ZvB mevB GLb GB gva¨g e¨envi K‡i |
UvKv cvVv‡bvi Av‡iKwU gva¨g nj ûwÛ|GwU nj GKwU A
‰ea gva¨g|G‡Z cÖwZ eQi miKv‡ii A‡bK UvKv ÿwZ nq|GB
gva¨g gyjZ Zviv e¨envi K‡i hv‡`i KvQvKvwQ †Kvb e¨vsK

c„ô
v-
47
_v‡K bv A_ev e¨vs‡Ki KvR hv‡`i Kv‡Q mgm¨v g‡b nq|
Av‡M gvby‡li †iwgUvÝ cvVv‡Z mgm¨v nZ|wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b
me wKQz A‡bK mnR n‡q wM‡q‡Q hvi Kvi‡b GLb †iwgUvÝ
cvVv‡Z †Kvb mgm¨v nq bv|

c„ô
v-
48
7.6 MgYKvix‡`i wPwKrmv mgm¨v
hviv we‡`‡k _v‡K Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mevB fvj wPwKrmv myweav
cvB bv|Z‡e A‡b‡K gvwj‡Ki cÿ †_‡K kZKiv 70 UvKv K‡i
webvgy‡j¨i wPwKrmv myweav †c‡q _v‡K|Z‡e AwaKvsk
gvbyl GB myweav †_‡K ewÂZ |evsjv‡`‡ki †ewkifvM gvbyl
_v‡K Avie †`kmgy‡n|GB me †`k ¸‡jv‡Z wPwKrmv myweav
Kg _v‡K|Z‡e hviv BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi gZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z _v‡K
Zviv Av‡iv fvj wPwKrmv myweav †c‡q _v‡K|GB Kvi‡b
cÖPzi evsjv‡`kx cÖwZeQi Avie †`k¸‡jv †_‡K Amy¯’Zvi Rb¨
evsjv‡`‡k †diZ Av‡m|

7.7 Aemi I we‡bv`b

we‡`‡k hviv _v‡K Zv‡`i Aemi I we‡bv`‡bi my‡hvM Lye Kg
_v‡K |†h‡nZz †ewki fvM evsjv‡`kxiv Avie †`k ¸‡jv‡Z _v‡K
†mLv‡b Zv‡`i Aemi I we‡bv`‡bi my‡hvM Lye Kg|mßv‡ni
cÖvq cÖwZw`b Zv‡`i †K KvR Ki‡Z nq|iv‡Z Zviv †h mgq
cvq ZLb Zviv Kv‡Qi gv‡K©‡U hvq Ges †mLv‡b cwiwPZ‡`i
mv‡_ AvÇv †`q|Z‡e hviv DbœZ †`‡k _v‡K Zviv GB
myweav¸‡jv †c‡q _v‡K|

7.8 wbivcIv I wbivcIvnxbZv

we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix‡`i wbivcIvi mgm¨v i‡q‡Q|‡h‡nZz
†ewkifvM evsjv‡`kx Avie †`k¸‡jv‡Z _v‡K Ges †mLv‡b
kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i ZvB Zv‡`i wbivcIvi mgm¨v i‡q‡Q|
GQvov G‡`i gvwjK cÿ A‡bK mgq webv Kvi‡b G‡`i‡K KvR
†_‡K †ei K‡i †`q|hvi Kvi‡b Kvh©‡ÿ‡G G‡`i wbivcIv †bB|

c„ô
v-
49
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii DwPr we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix‡`i Kvh©‡ÿ‡Gi
wbivcIv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MªnY Kiv|

c„ô
v-
50
 Aóg Aa¨vq
8.1 †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I
RbwgwZK ‰ekó¨
evsjv‡`k †_‡K hviv c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k RxweKvi ZvwM‡`
hvq| Zviv †ewki fvMB †Kvb KvR wk‡L hvq bv| hvi Kvi‡b
Zv‡`i‡K Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki kÖwg‡Ki Zzjbvq Kg gRyix †`qv nq|
we‡`k MgYKvixiv g~jZ Zv‡`i | Av_©-mvgvwRK DbœwZi
Rb¨ we‡`k MgY K‡i _v‡K| KviY evsjv‡`‡ki hviv MÖv‡g evm
K‡i Zv‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’v Lye Lvivc| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv
hvq †h, we‡`k MgYKvixiv nj gyjZ cyiæl | KviY Avgv‡`i
mgv‡R gyjZ cyiælivB cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY Pvjv‡bvi
`vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| hvi Kvi‡b †iwgUvÝ
DcvR©bKvixiv nj gyjZ cyiæl | evsjv‡`k †_‡K hviv we‡`k
hvq Zv‡`i eqm Kg _v‡K | Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 16.67%
gvbyl hviv Aí eq‡m we‡`k MgY K‡i _v‡K | Kvib A‡b‡K
covïbv †Q‡o †`q hvq Kvi‡b cwievi Zv‡`i we‡`k cvwV‡q
†`q| ZvQvov A‡b‡KB cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b |Aí eq‡m we‡`k
MgY K‡i| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq me‡P‡q †ewk 58.33%
we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i ga¨eqmx cyiæliv| Kvib Zv‡`i Dci
cwievi Pvjv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ _v‡K| Zv‡`i‡K mšÍvb‡`i covïbv
Kiv‡bv, cwievi Pvjv‡bv, wcZvgvZv‡K †`Lv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡b
we‡`k _vKv jv‡M | Avi GB eqmwU nj gviæ‡li aib I m`m¨
msL¨v gvby‡li RbwgwZK ˆewkó¨ Zz‡j a‡i| MÖv‡g cÖavbZ
†hŠ_ cwievi †`Lv hvq kZKiv 54.17wU cwievi nj †hŠ_| Z‡e
GKK cwiev‡ii msL¨v GLb w`b w`b evo‡Q| Avgvi M‡elYvq
kZKiv 45.83wU cwievi nj GKK| hviv we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i

c„ô
v-
51
Zviv AwaKvskB weevwnZ| Kvib Zviv we‡`k wM‡q A_©
DcvR©b Ki‡j wb‡R‡`i‡K we‡qi Dchy³ g‡b K‡i|hvi Kvi‡b
cwievi I Zv‡`i‡K we‡q Kivi AbygwZ †`q| Avgvi M‡elYvq
kZKiv 86.67Rb nj weevwnZ| Avi A‡b‡K GLb I cwiev‡ii
wewfbœ mgm¨vi Kvi‡b we‡q K‡iwb|evsjv‡`k ‡h‡nZz
GKwU gymwjg msL¨vMwió †`k ZvB Avgvi M‡elYv‡ZI †mB
welqwU ¯úó D‡V G‡m‡Q| Avgvi M‡elYvq kZKiv 87.5 Rb nj
gymwjg| ¯^í cwigv‡b wn›`y †eŠ× I i‡q‡Q| GB mg¯Í welq
†_‡K †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bevix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK
ˆewkó¨ dz‡U D‡V| Z‡e wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv ch©‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g Zv Av‡iv fvj K‡i eySv hvq| Kvib wkwÿZ e¨w³iv fvj
PvKzix K‡i hvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i Avw_©K I mvgvwRK Ae¯’vI fvj
Lv‡K| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg A‡j †`Lv hvq c~‡e©
AwaKvsk gvbyl AwkwÿZ wQj| hvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i Av_©-
mvgvwRK Ae¯’vI Lvivc wQj| Avgvi M‡elYv‡Z †`Lv hvq
kZKiv 34,17Rb nj wbiÿi| kZKiv 27,5 Rb nj hviv (1g-5g)
‡kªYx ch©šÍ covïbv K‡iwQj| GB weivU As‡ki covïbv bv
_vKvi Kvi‡b Zviv we‡`‡k wM‡qI fvj KvR cvqbv | Zviv L~e
†ewk †eZ‡bi PvKzix cvq bv| Zv‡`i‡K kÖwgK wn‡m‡e
LvUv‡bv nq| hvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’vi Lye `ªæZ
DbœwZ nq bv| GB mg¯Í welq †`Lvi ci ejv hvq †h Av_©-
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Lvivc I wkÿv bv _vKvi Kvi‡b Zviv we‡`k
†h‡Z eva¨ nq| we‡`k hvIqvi d‡j Zv‡`i Ae¯’vi DbœwZ jvf
K‡i‡Q| Zviv wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’v I ‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi
DbœwZ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|

c„ô
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8.2 MÖvgxb gvby‡li RxebhvGv I Av_©-
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b †iwgUv‡Ýi f~wgKv

‡iwgUvÝ MÖvgxb gvby‡li RxebhvÎv Av_©-mvgvwRK

Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©
‰bwZ‡Z †iwgUv‡Ýi c„fve Acwimxg| †iwgUvÝ evsjv‡`‡ki
wewfbœ MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ‡Z Ae`vb
ivL‡Q| evsjv‡`k †_‡K 1990 mv‡ji ci †_‡K we‡`k MgYevixi
msL¨v e„w× cvq| gvbyl Zvi Ae¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ we‡`k
Mgb‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv
18.33 Rb (1990-95)mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡`k MgY K‡i| ax‡I ax‡i
we‡`k Mg‡bi GB nvi evo‡Z _v‡K | (1995-2000) mv‡ji g‡a¨
GwU 40 kZvsk DbœxZ nq|GLbI we‡`k Mg‡bi GB nvi A‡bK
†ewk| Kvib †`‡k Kg©ms¯’vb bv LvKvq gvbyl Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b
we‡`k MgY K‡i| Z‡e GB nvi GLb wKQzUv n«vm †c‡q‡Q|
Kvib Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gvbyl gyjZ ga¨cÖv‡Pi A‡bK †`‡k GLb
evsjv‡`kx‡`I Rb¨ wfmv eÜ i‡q‡Q| we‡`‡k evsjv‡`kxiv A‡bK
w`b ch©šÍ i‡q‡Q| hvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i Avw_©K I mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq (20-25)
eQi a‡i we‡`k i‡q‡Q kZKiv 18.33 Rb| Avi (15-20) eQi a‡I
i‡q‡Q40 kZvsk gvbyl| (10-15) eQi a‡i i‡q‡Q 25 kZvsk
gvbyl| GB `xN© mgq a‡i Zviv we‡`k _vKvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i
Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡q‡Q|evsjv‡`k †_‡K hviv we‡`k hvq Zviv
we‡`k †h‡Z †h A_© jv‡M Zv wewfbœ Drm †_‡K msMÖn
K‡i _v‡K| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, me‡P‡q †ewk
35%gvbyl wewfbœ e¨vsK I Bbmy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwb ‡_‡K Fb
wb‡q we‡`k Mgb K‡i|GQvov 31-66% gvbyl we‡`k hvIqvi

c„ô
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Rb¨ k¦ïi evox †_‡K †hŠZzK wb‡q _v‡K| Avi Ab¨iv wbR¯^
Znwej A_ev wbKU AvZœxq‡`i †_‡K UvKv wb‡q we‡`k Mgb
K‡i| we‡`k wM‡q cÖ_‡g Zviv GB F‡bi UvKv cwi‡kvaK‡i
_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡gi gvbyl gyjZ †ewk Av‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨
we‡`k Mgb K‡i| we‡`k hvevi Av‡M Zviv †h KvR KiZ Zv
†_‡K Zv‡`i Avq Kg nZ| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq we‡`k
hvevi Av‡M me‡P‡q †ewk 34.17% wQj ‡eKvi| 25% wQj
K…wlRxwe | Ab¨iv w`bgRyi I euvk ‡e‡Zi mvgMÖx ˆZwi
K‡I RxweKv wbe©vn KiZ| wKš‘ we‡`k wM‡q Zviv wewfbœ
†ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K Av‡Mi †_‡K †ewk Avq KiZ| Avgi
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq ,hviv we‡`k hvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q
†ewk 30% kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GQvov A‡b‡K †`vKv‡b
PvKzix , Mvwo Pvjv‡bv, M„nwbg©vY kªwgK I M„nKg©x
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Avq K‡i _v‡K| we‡`‡k wM‡q wewfbœ KvR
K‡i Zviv A_© Avq K‡i _v‡K| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq we‡`k
hvIqvi Av‡M MÖv‡gi gwby‡li g‡a¨ kZKiv 54.17 R‡bi †Kvb
Avq wQj bv| Zviv †eKvi wQj| cvwievwiK Kv‡R mvnvh¨ KiZ|
kZKiv 24.17 Rb Gi Avq (5-10)nvRvi UvKvi g‡a¨ mxgve×
wQj| 17.5% (10-15) nvRvi K‡i Avq KiZ| GB †_‡K eySv hvq
Av‡M MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Avq KZ Kg wQj| wKš‘ KZ©gv‡b
we‡`k hvIqvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i Av‡qi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| kZKiv
27.5 Rb (20-25)nvRvi UvKv K‡i Avq K‡i hv Avgi M‡elYvq
cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| 30% Avq K‡i gvwmK (25-30) nvRvi UvKv
K‡i| GQvov 18.33% Avq K‡i (30-35) nvRvi UvKv K‡i| G
†_‡K eySv hvq we‡`k Mgb Kivi d‡j MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Avq
Av‡Mi †_‡K e„w× †c‡q‡Q| hv Zv‡`i Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| †iwgUvÝ gvby‡li m‡qi cÖebZv e„w×

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K‡i‡Q| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 48.33% gvbyl (3-5) nvRvi
UvKv gvwmK mÂq K‡i _v‡K | 22.5% gvbyl(5-8) nvRvi K‡i
mÂq K‡i _v‡K | GB ‡_‡K †`Lv hvq AvMZ †iwgUv‡Ýi A_©
ïay wewfbœ Kv‡R e¨q Kiv nq bv | GB A‡_©i wKQz Ask
mÂq Kiv nq|

cwievi¸‡jvi gvwmK Avq e„w× †c‡j Zv‡`i RxebhvGvi gvb I

DbœZ nq| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq Av‡M 50% ciwevi¸‡jvi
gvwmK Avq (10-15) nvRi wQj&|Avi 33.33% cwiev‡ii Avq
wQj (5-10) nvRv‡ii g‡a¨| G †_‡K eySv hvq c~‡e©
AwaKvsk cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq A‡bK wQj| hvi Kvi‡b Zv‡`i
Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vZvI Lvivc wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b
we‡`k hvIqvi Kvi‡b cwievi ¸‡jvi gvwmK Avq e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
hv Zv‡`i Ae¯’vi DbœwZ K‡i‡Q| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq
eZ©gv‡b 27,5% cwievi (20-30) nvRvi K‡i Avq K‡i K‡i
c„wZgv‡m| 30.84 % cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq (30-40)nvRvi
UvKv| 23.33% cwiev‡ii Avq (40-50) nvRvi UvKv | G †_‡K
eySv hvq cwievi¸‡jvi gvwmK Avq c~‡&©ei Zzjbvq A‡bK
†e‡o‡Q| hv Zv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK DbœwZ‡Z fzwgKv
ivL‡Q|cwievi ¸‡jvi gvwmK Avq e„w× †c‡j Zv‡`i RxebhvGvi
cwieZ©b nq| Zviv mšÍvb‡`i covïbv Kiv‡Z AvMÖnx nq|
mgvR Zv‡`i ghv`©v e„w× cvq| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq
‡h Av‡M cwievi¸‡jvi Avq Kg wQj ZvB Zviv mšÍvb‡`i †ewk
covïbv Kiv‡Z cviZ bv| Zv‡`i RxebhvGv DbœZ wQj bv|
Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 40.83% †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Av‡M (1g- 5g)
†kªYx ch©šÍ covïbv KiZ 25.83% †Q‡j‡g‡q (5g-8g)‡kÖYx
ch©šÍ KiZ| GB †_‡K eySv hvq †h‡nZy Zv‡`i Avq Kg wQj

c„ô
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ZvB Zviv mšÍvb‡`i covïbv Kiv‡Zv bv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Avq
e„w×i Kvi‡b †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i covïbv Kiv‡bv nq|Avgvi M‡elYvq
†`Lv hvq eZ©gv‡b 27.5% †Q‡j‡g‡q gva¨wgK ch©šÍ
covïbv K‡i| 21.67% D”P gva¨wgK ch©šÍ covïbv K‡i|
15.83% †Q‡j‡g‡q ¯œvZK ch©šÍ covïbv K‡i| A‡b‡K
¯œvZ‡KvIi ch©šÍ covïbv Ki‡Q| G †_‡K eySv hvq
cwievi¸‡jvi Avq evovi Kvi‡b Zviv mšÍvb‡`i Av‡Mi †_‡K
†ewk covïbv Kiv‡”Q| AvMZ ‡iwgUvÝ Gi gva¨‡g Avw_©K
Ae¯’vi DbœwZ nIqvi Kvi‡b MÖvgxY gvbyl Zv‡`i Nievwoi
cwieZ©b Ki‡Q| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq c~‡e© †hLv‡b
cuvKv N‡ii msL¨v wQj 7.5% †mLv‡b eZ©gv‡b cuvKv N‡ii
msL¨v 38.33%|Av‡M †hLv‡b 20.83% †euovi Ni wQj
†mLv‡b eZ©gv‡b †Kvb †euovi Ni †bB|GLb mevi wU‡bi
A_ev cuvKv Ni|GB †_‡K eySv hvq †iwgUvÝ MÖvgxY
gvby‡li RxebhvÎv I Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb Ki‡Q|we‡`k
‡_‡K AvMZ †iwgUvÝ MÖvgxY cwievi ¸‡jvi hveZxq cÖ‡qvRb
wgwU‡q _v‡K| Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq AvMZ †iwgUvÝ Gi
UvKv msmvi Li‡P me‡P‡q †ewk e¨envi nq|GQvov mšÍv‡bi
†jLvcovi Rb¨ 75% e¨q nq,KR© cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨
54.17%,Nievwo wbg©v‡b 60%,Rwg µ‡q 45.84% e¨q K‡i
_v‡K|wPwKrmv Li‡Pi Rb¨I †iwgUv‡Ýi A_© e¨q nq|GQvov
hviv we‡`k _v‡K Zv‡`i g‡a¨ kZKiv 85 R‡bi cwievi mÂq K‡i
Ges kZKiv 34.17 R‡bi cwievi ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b `vb K‡i
_v‡K|

GB welq¸‡jv †`‡L GwU mcó cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ‡iwgUvÝ

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY gvby‡li RxebhvGv I Av_©-mvgvwRK

c„ô
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Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z
‡iwgUvÝ GKwU we‡kl ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q|hv mgMÖ †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡b we‡kl f’wgKv iv‡L|

8.3 we‡`k MgYKvixiv †h me †ckvi mv‡_ hy³

Ges †h me †`k †_‡K †iwgUvÝ Av‡m
evsjv‡`k ‡_‡K cÖwZ eQi cÖPzi gvbyl we‡`k MgY K‡i _v‡K|
we‡`‡k wM‡q Gme gvbyl Zv‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ
Ki‡Z mÿg nq|Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv 34.17 Rb
we‡`k MgYKvix Igvb _v‡K|kZKiv 19.17Rb _v‡K mshy³ Avie
Avwgiv‡Z|GQvov †mŠw` Avi‡e _v‡K kZKiv 11.67 Rb,KvZvi
_v‡K kZKiv 8.33 Rb,Kz‡qZ _v‡K kZKiv 8.33 Rb I evnivBb
_v‡K kZKiv 8.33 Rb gvbyl| G †_‡K eySv hvq †h,evsjv‡`k
†_‡K hviv we‡`k MgY K‡i Zviv †ewkifvM ga¨cÖv‡P¨i
†`k¸‡jv‡Z MgY K‡i _v‡K|Kvib Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq GBme
†`‡k hvIqv A‡bK mnR|hviv evsjv‡`k †_‡K we‡`k MgY K‡i
Zviv †mLv‡b wM‡q wewfbœ †ckvi mv‡_ hy³ nq|Avgvi
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, we‡`‡k MgYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ kZKiv 30 Rb
kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|kZKiv 15 Rb M„nKg©x
wn‡m‡e,kZKiv 10 Rb M„nwbg©vb kÖwgK wn‡m‡e ,kZKiv
9.17 Rb I‡qjwWs Gi KvR K‡i Ges kZKiv 7.5 Rb K…wlKv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ|GQvov Ab¨vb¨ †ckvq I A‡b‡K wb‡qvwRZ
i‡q‡Q| G †_‡K eySv hvq we‡`k MgYKvixiv †mLv‡b
wewfbœ †ckvq KvR K‡i _v‡K Ges †h A_© Zviv Avq K‡i Zvi
gva¨‡g wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii RxebhvGv I Av_©-mvgvwRK
DbœwZ Ki‡Z mÿg nq|mKj †ÿ‡G we‡`k MgYKvix‡`i †gŠwjK
AwaKvi iÿv Kiv nqbv|A‡bK †ÿ‡G Zviv Zv‡`i bvh¨ gRyix I

c„ô
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cvq bv| ‡mLv‡b evsjv‡`wk‡`i †K bvbv fv‡e Ae‡njv Kiv nq|
we‡`‡k Zv‡`i‡K A‡bK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq|A‡bK mgq
Zv‡`i †K †eZb bv w`‡q †Rvi K‡i †`‡k †diZ cvVv‡bv nq|
Avgvi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 55% e‡j‡Q we‡`‡k Zv‡`i
evm¯’v‡bi mgm¨v i‡q‡Q|kZKiv 62.5 Rb e‡j‡Q Zv‡`i †eZb
Kg,kZKiv 77.5 Rb e‡j‡Q Zv‡`i PvKzixi wbivcIv †bB,kZKiv
82.5 Rb e‡j‡Q AwZwi³ ZvcgvGvq Zv‡`i Kó nq|G †_‡K eySv
hvq ‡h,we‡`‡k MgYKvixiv bvbv mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| we‡`‡k
Ae¯’vbKvixiv Aemi I we‡bv`‡bi my‡hvM cvq bv ej‡jB P‡j|
Zviv Amy¯’ n‡j cÖvq †ÿ‡G †Kvb wPwKrmv myweav cvq
bv|hvi d‡j A‡b‡K Amy¯’Zv wb‡q †`‡k †diZ Av‡m|Zviv
e‡j‡Q we‡`‡k Zv‡`i Kvh©‡ÿ‡G wbivcIvi mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| GZ
mgm¨v _vKv m‡I¦I Zviv we‡`‡k _v‡K hv‡Z K‡i cwiev‡ii
Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GUv mcó †h GB
†iwgUv‡Ýi A_©B MÖvgxY gvbyl¸‡jvi RxebhvÎv I Avw_©K
DbœwZ K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
†iwgUv‡Ýi f’wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| myZvivs MÖvgxY gvby‡li
Rxe‡b †iwgUv‡Ýi cªfve m~`yi cÖmvix|

c„ô
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 beg Aa¨vq
Dcmsnvi I mycvwikgvjv
9.1 Dcmsnvi
G M‡elYvi m‡e©vcwi we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq †h,cÖvß
Z_¨vejx †_‡K †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I
RbwgwZK ˆewkó¨ mcó n‡q D‡V‡Q|gyjZ Avw_©K mgm¨vi
Kvi‡b †iwgUvÝ DcvR©bKvixiv we‡`k MgY K‡i _v‡K|we‡`k
MgYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM nj cyiæl| Kvib MÖvgxY mgv‡R
cyiælivB gyjZ cwiev‡ii fib‡cvl‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K| M‡elYvq
†`Lv hvq kZKiv 58.33 Rb hviv we‡`‡k GLb Av‡Q Zviv nj
ga¨eqmx|Kvib Zviv we‡`k wM‡q‡Q 15-20 eQi Av‡M|
eZ©gv‡b cÖPzi hyeK PvKzixi Rb¨ we‡`k MgY Ki‡Q|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq MgYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ kZKiv 34.17 Rb nj
wbiÿi| Avi kZKiv 27.5 Rb cÖv_wgK wkÿv MÖnY K‡i‡Q|G
†_‡K eySv hvq hviv we‡`k MgY Ki‡Q Zv‡`i †ewkifvM nj
wbiÿi A_ev Lye Kg wkwÿZ|hvi Kvi‡b we‡`‡k Zv‡`i Avq Kg|
Zviv gyjZ †`‡k †Kvb KvR bv †c‡q we‡`k MgY K‡i _v‡K|Zviv
we‡`k wM‡q cÖavbZ kÖwgK wn‡m‡e wewfbœ KvR K‡i
_v‡K|M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv 30 Rb we‡`‡k kÖwgK
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|GQvovI M„nKg©x,Mvwo Pvjv‡bv,
K…wlKvR, ‡`vKv‡b PvKzix, I‡qjwWs BZ¨vw` wewfbœ KvR
K‡i _v‡K|Zviv cÖwkÿY cÖvß bv nIqvq Zv‡`i †eZb Kg|kZKiv
27.5 Rb (20-25) nvRvi UvKv Avq K‡i| kZKiv 30 Rb (25-30)
nvRvi UvKv Avq K‡i |hviv cÖwkÿY cÖvß ev †Kvb KvR Rv‡b
we‡`‡k Zv‡`i Avq †ewk Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|wkwÿZ‡`i
Pvwn`vI A‡bK| Z‡e hviv covïbv Rv‡b bv Zviv we‡`‡k hv
Avq K‡i †`‡k †Kvb w`b Zv Avq Ki‡Z cviZ bv| Zviv GLb hv

c„ô
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Avq K‡i Zv w`‡q Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| MÖv‡g Av‡M †ewki fvM †euovi Ni wQj wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b wUb I cuvKv N‡ii msL¨v ‡ewk †`Lv hv‡”Q|GLb
hviv we‡`k _v‡K Zv‡`i mšÍvbivI gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK
ch©šÍ covïbv Ki‡Q|cwievi¸‡jvi gvwmK Avq c~‡e©i Zzjbvq
A‡bK e„w× †c‡q‡Q|Zviv Zv‡`i Nievwo cwieZ©b
K‡i‡Q,Rwg µq K‡i‡Q,KR© cwi‡kva K‡i‡Q,mšÍvb‡`i covïbv
Kiv‡”Q,mÂq Ki‡Q I ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b `vb Ki‡Q| G †_‡K
eySv hvq †h, †iwgUvÝ MÖvgxY gvby‡li RxebhvGv I Av_©-
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve wemÍvi Ki‡Q|
MÖvgxY gvby‡li Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b n‡”Q| evsjv‡`k †_‡K hviv
we‡`k hvq Zv‡`i †ewki fvM ga¨cÖv‡P¨i †`kmgy‡n hvq|
Kvib Zv‡`i †Kvb wkÿv †bB| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki kÖwgK mnRjf¨
nIqvi Kvi‡b ga¨cÖvP¨mn c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k G‡`i
Pvwn`v e¨vcK|M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq kZKiv 34.17 Rb Igv‡b
_v‡K|kZKiv 19.17 Rb mshy³ Avie Avwgiv‡Z _v‡K| G †_‡K
eySv hvq Avie †`k ¸‡jv‡Z Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gvbyl †ewk MgY
K‡i|Zviv †mLv‡b gyjZ kÖwgK wn‡m‡e MgY K‡i |Z‡e
†mLv‡b Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi mv‡_ hy³ gvbyl i‡q‡Q| ‡mLv‡b Zv‡`i
wewfbœ mgm¨v _vKv m‡I¦I cwiev‡ii K_v wPšÍv K‡i Zviv
†mLv‡b KvR K‡i|Zviv hv Avq K‡i Zv w`‡q †`‡ki I Zv‡`i
cwiev‡ii A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡”Q| mewKQz
we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq †h,‡iwgUvÝ MÖvgxY gvby‡li
RxebhvGv I Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b we‡kl f’wgKv ivL‡Q|
‡iwgUvÝ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’viI cwieZ©b Ki‡Q| ZvB
ejv hvq †iwgUvÝ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Rb¨ Avk©xev` ¯^iæc|

c„ô
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9.2 mycvwikgvjv
evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k|G †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡b †iwgUvÝ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f’wgKv cvjb K‡i|Avgv‡`i
†`‡ki MÖvgxY gvby‡li RxebhvGv I Av_©-mvgvwRK
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †iwgUv‡Ýi mwVK e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
m›Øx‡ci I †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †iwgUv‡Ýi mwVK
e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡¤œ wKQz mycvwik Zz‡j aiv nj-
1. AvMZ †iwgUv‡Ýi AwaKvsk wkÿvLv‡Z e¨q Ki‡Z n‡e|
hv‡Z K‡i wkwÿZ gvbe m¤ú` M‡o †Zvjv hvq|
2. AvMZ †iwgUvÝ wewfbœ Drcv`bgyLx Lv‡Z e¨q Ki‡Z
n‡e|hv‡Z K‡i †gvU †`kR Drcv`b e„w× cvq|
3. ‡iwgUv‡Ýi GKwU wbw`©ó Ask e¨vs‡K I Bbmy¨‡i‡Ý
Rgv i‡q‡Q|GB Ajm UvKv Drcv`bgyLx †Kvb Lv‡Z
cwiKíbv Abyhvqx e¨q Ki‡Z n‡e|hv‡Z K‡i Zv GB AÂj I
†`‡ki Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
4. AvMZ †iwgUv‡Ýi UvKv msmvi Li‡P me e¨q bv K‡i
wKQz UvKv mÂq Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z Zv ciewZ©‡Z †Kvb
cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨q Kiv hvq|
5. ‡iwgUv‡Ýi A_©‡K wewfbœ Drcv`bgyLx Lv‡Z
wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|K…wl wfwIK wkí,KzwUi wkí,grm¨
wkí,Mevwa cïi Lvgvi,BUfvUv BZ¨vw`‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡g m›Øx‡ci Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. ‡iwgUv‡Ýi A_© w`‡q MÖvgxY hye mgv‡Ri Rb¨
wewfbœ KvwiMwi cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|hv‡Z

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K‡i Zviv GKRb `ÿ kÖwgK wn‡m‡e we‡`k MgY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

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 MÖš’cwÄ
 Azad.A.k(2005).Migrant workers Remittances: “A Source of
Finance for micro-credit Development in Bangladesh”The World
Bank ,2005,pp.119-132
 Admons,[Link] [Link].(2005).The Socio-economic Impact of
Remittances on Poverty Reduction Remittances,Development
Impact Future [Link] World bank, 2005,pp.83-99
 Bangladesh Bank ,Website:[Link]
 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,website:[Link]
 Buchenau.J.(2008)migration,Remittances and Poverty Alleviation in
Bangladesh,Report and Proposal United Nations Development
Program,UNDP,Dhaka,Bangladesh.
 Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank.
 [Link] (2006) “General overview of Inflow of Remittance in
Bangladesh Economy” School of Buiness, Independent University,
Bangladesh.
 Haydory Akbor Ahmed and Md. Gazi Salah Uddin (2008), “Export,
Imports, Remittance and growth in Banglades: An Empirical analy
Sis,” working paper International trade Research Series, August
2008.
 Hasan Mohammad Monirul (2008), “The macro economic
determinantsn of remittance in Bangladesh.”
 Islam M.N. (2009), Role of Remittance in Reduction of Poverty:
Learning from Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Journal of Public
Administration, [Link], Mo1, 2009.

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 M W R Khan (2008), “The micro Level Impact of foreign
Remittance on incomes in Bangladesh.” A messarment Approach
using the Propensity score. Center for policy dialogue.
 Siddiqui.T (2004), “Efficiency of migrant workers, Remittance: The
Bangladesh case,” Asian Development Bank, ADB, Manila.
 Siddiqui.T (2005), “International Labour Migration from
Bangladesh: A decent work perspective” ILO, working paper no 66.
 Siddiqui.T (2009), “Migrant workers Remittances to Bangladesh:
Implecations of Global Recession”. [Link]/[Link].
 Shankar Raw, C.N.(2006). Sociology primary principles .third
revised and enlarged edition .[Link] & Company Ltd. New
Delhi,P.348

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 cwiwkó - 01
cÖkœgvjv Abym~wP
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †iwgUv‡Ýi f~wgKv t m›Øx‡ci
gvby‡li Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb I RxebhvGvi Dci GKwU
gvV M‡elYv|

(K)-Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v
1/ we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix e¨w³:
i. Z_¨`vZv wb‡RB
ii. Z_¨`vZvi evev
iii. Z_¨`vZvi fvB
iv. Ab¨vb¨
2/ wj½ t
i. cyiæl
ii. bvix
iii. Ab¨vb¨

3/ ˆeevwnK Ae¯’vt

i. weevwnZ
ii. AweevwnZ
iii. Ab¨vb¨

4/ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨vt (Rb)

i. 3-5
ii. 5-8
iii. 8 - 10
iv. Ab¨vb¨

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5/ cwiev‡ii aiYt
i. GKK
ii. ‡hŠ_

6/ ag© t

i. gymwjg
ii. wn›`y
iii. ‡eŠ×
iv. wLªóvb
v. Ab¨vb¨

7/ eqmt (eQi)

i. 15 - 25
ii. 25 - 35
iii. 35 - 45
iv. 45 - 55
v. Ab¨vb¨

8/ wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv t

i. wbiÿi
ii. wkï - 5g
iii. 5g - 8g
iv. [Link]
v. [Link]
vi. Abvm©
vii. gvóvm©

9/ evB‡i †Kvb †`‡k _v‡Kb?

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 i. mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ
ii. Igvb
iii. evnivBb
iv. KvZvi
v. ‡mŠw` - Avie
vi. Av‡gwiKv
vii. jÛb
viii. Kz‡qZ
ix. gv‡jqwkqv
x. Ab¨vb¨

10/ †mLv‡b wK KvR K‡ib?

i. ‡`vKv‡b PvKzix
ii. e¨emv
iii. kÖwgK
iv. Mvwo Pvjv‡bv
v. I‡qjwWs
vi. M„n wbg©vb kÖwgK
vii. K…wl KvR
viii. Mevwa cï cvjb
ix. M„nKg©x
x. Ab¨vb¨

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 11/ gvwmK Avq KZ? (nvRvi)

i. 15 - 20
ii. 20 - 25
iii. 25 - 30
iv. 30 - 35
v. 35 - 40
vi. 40 - 45
vii. 45 - 50
viii. 50 - 55
ix. 55 - 60
x. Ab¨vb¨

12/ Avcbvi gvwmK †Kvb mÂq Av‡Q wK?

i. nu¨v
ii. bv

13/ †Kv_vq mÂq K‡ib?

i. e¨vs‡K
ii. mwgwZ‡Z
iii. GbwRI
iv. BÝy‡iÝ
v. Ab¨vb¨

14/ gvwmK m‡qi cwigvb?(nvRvi)

i. 3-5
ii. 5-8
iii. 8 - 10

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 iv. 10 - 15
v. 15 - 20
vi. 20 -25
vii. 25 - 30
viii. Ab¨vb¨

15/ we‡`k hvIqvi mgq Avcbvi A_©vqb Gi Drm wK wQj?

i. wbR¯^ A_©vqb
ii. wbKU AvZœxq
iii. Fb
iv. Ab¨vb

(L): RxebhvGv I Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b f’wZKv?

15/ cÖ_g KZ mv‡j we‡`k wM‡q‡Qb?

i. 1990 - 1995
ii. 1995 - 2000
iii. 2000 - 2005
iv. 2005 - 2010
v. Ab¨vb¨

16/ we‡`k hvevi Av‡M wK KvR Ki‡Zb?

i. K…wlKvR
ii. w`bgRyi
iii. euvk †e‡Zi mvgMÖx ‰Zix
iv. e¨emv
v. Mvwo Pvjv‡bv
vi. ‡eKvi

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 vii. Ab¨vb¨

17/ ZLb Avq KZ wQj?(gvwmK)

i. 5000 - 10000
ii. 10000 - 15000
iii. 15000 - 20000
iv. 20000 - 25000
v. Ab¨vb¨

18/ evwo‡Z ZLb wK‡mi Ni wQj?

i. ‡euovi
ii. wU‡bi
iii. Lu‡oi
iv. cuvKv
v. Ab¨vb¨

19/ mšÍvb‡`i cov‡jLv Kiv‡Z cvi‡Zb?

i. n¨v
ii. bv
iii. Ab¨vb¨

20/ KZUzKz coZ †Q‡j‡g‡qiv ?

i. wkï - 5g
ii. 5g - Aóg
iii. [Link]
iv. GBP,[Link]
v. Ab¨vb¨

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21/ mvgvwRK gh©v`v †Kgb wQj?

i. wb¤œ gh©v`v
ii. D”P gh©v`v
iii. mg-gh©v`v
iv. Ab¨vb¨

22/ cwiev‡ii Avq gvwmK KZ wQj?(hvIqvi Av‡M)

i. 5000 - 10000
ii. 10000 - 15000
iii. 15000 - 20000
iv. Ab¨vb¨

23/ eZ©gv‡b KZ eQi a‡i we‡`k Av‡Qb?

i. 5 - 10 eQi
ii. 10 - 15 eQi
iii. 15 - 20 eQi
iv. 20 - 25 eQi
v. Ab¨vb¨

24/ †mLv‡b wK KvR K‡ib?

i. ‡`vKv‡b PvKzix
ii. e¨emv
iii. kÖwgK
iv. Mvwo Pvjv‡bv
v. I‡qjwWs
vi. M„n wbg©vb kÖwgK
vii. K…wl KvR

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viii. Mevwa cï cvjb
ix. M„nKg©x
x. Ab¨vb¨

25/ eZ©gv‡b evwoNi wK‡mi ˆZix?

i. wU‡bi
ii. `vjv‡bi
iii. Ab¨vb¨
26/ eZ©gv‡b mšÍvbiv KZUzKz covïbv K‡i?
i. 1g - 5g
ii. 5g - 8g
iii. [Link]
iv. [Link]
v. Abv©m
vi. gv÷vm©
vii. Ab¨vb¨
27/ eZ©gv‡b cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq KZ?(nvRvi)
i. 20 - 30
ii. 30 - 40
iii. 40 - 50
iv. 50 - 60
v. Ab¨vb¨

28/ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wK wK mgm¨v nq?

i. ev¯’v‡bi mgm¨v
ii. ‡eZb Kg
iii. PvKzixi wbivcIvnxbZv
iv. AwZwi³ ZvcgvGv

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 v. Lvev‡ii mgm¨v
vi. Ab¨vb¨
29/ †iwgUvÝ cvVv‡bvi gva¨g?
i. e¨vsK
ii. ûwÛ
iii. Ab¨vb¨
30/ AvMZ †iwgUvÝ wK wK Kv‡R e¨envi K‡ib?
i. msmvi LiP
ii. mšÍvb‡`i †jLvcov
iii. Nievwo wbg©vb
iv. KR© cwi‡kva
v. Rwg µq
vi. wPwKrmv LiP
vii. wewb‡qvM
viii. mÂq
ix. ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b `vb
x. Ab¨vb¨

cwiwkó - 02
m›Øxc Dc‡Rjvi gvbwPÎ

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