Electromagnetic Waves
Poynting’s Theorem
E.J is the power delivered per unit vol. Express this
Quantity in terms of E, B fields to eliminate J
Applying divergence theorem (rhs 2nd term), the work done rate
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Poynting’s Theorem
The work energy theorem of electrodynamics
The energy per unit time per unit area, transported by
the fields is called the Poynting Vector
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Poynting’s Theorem
For monochromatic plane wave
2
Energy density: u = uE + uB = ε o E
Now if E = Eocos(kz-ωt+φ) and ω is very large,
we will see only a time average of energy density
t +T
1 1 1
cos (ωt + ϕ ) = t cos (ωt + ϕ )dt = 2
2 2 2
u = ε o Eo T
2
For light/EM wave, we want the average value since the macroscopic
measurement will encompass many cycles due to short wavelength…..
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Energy carried by EM waves
Poynting vector: Intensity of an EM wave
S = cε o E 2
S = c ε o E (cB )
S = c 2 ε o E (µ o H )
The corresponding intensity or irradiance is then,
I = I (t ) = S = E×H
For light/EM wave, we want the average value since the macroscopic
measurement will encompass many cycles due to short wavelength…..
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Intensity or Irradiance of an EM wave
In free space, EM wave propagates with speed “c”
c Δt
A
k
In time Δt, all energy in this volume passes through A.
Thus, the total energy passing through A is,
E = u c∆tA Joules
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Intensity or Irradiance of an EM wave
E
Power passing through A is: P = = u cA
∆t
c Δt
A
k
Intensity or Irradiance: I =< S >= u c
(average power per unit area transported by EM field)
1 2
1 2 I = cε o Eo
u = ε o Eo 2
2
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Momentum of an EM wave
Momentum density stored in the EM fields:
S u
c Δt pem = 2 = (^k)
c c
A
k
Momentum transfer or radiation pressure:
1 dp I
Pr = = = u
A dt c
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
In Matter
Inside matter but in regions where there is NO free charge
or free current, Maxwell’s equs become:
For linear &
Homogeneous
medium
The speed of EM waves
For most of the materials permeability
almost same
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
In Matter
Hence, the energy density of EM waves:
Poynting vector:
Intensity:
The general boundary conditions for EM waves in linear -
homogenous medium when no free charge at the interface
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
In Matter
Reflection & Transmission of EM waves at Boundaries
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Boundary Conditions: Reflection & Transmission
The Incident, Reflected & Transmitted waves are
REPEAT PROCESS…..
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Boundary Conditions: Reflection & Transmission
The outgoing amplitudes are
The real amplitudes & phases are (v2>v1)
For v2> v1 all three waves have same phase angle
REPEAT PROCESS…..
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Reflection & Transmission at Normal Incidence
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
Reflection & Transmission at Normal Incidence
NS1004 (AKK)
Phase changes on reflection & transmission
from a dielectric interface
v 2 − v1 n 2 − n1 2v2 2 n1
R12 = = − T12 = = >0
v 2 + v1 n 2 + n1 v1 + v 2 n1 + n 2
c
v1 =
n1
n2 > n1 n2<n1
Less dense to more dense More dense to less dense
e.g. air to glass e.g. glass to air
ρ 12 = ρ 12 e iπ ρ 12 = ρ 12 e i 0 = ρ 12
π phase change on reflection No phase change on reflection
Thus there is no phase change on transmission
NS1004 (AKK)
Amplitude: Reflection & Transmission
For normal incidence
Reflection amplitude Transmission amplitude
v 2 − v1 n 2 − n1 2v2 2 n1
R12 = = − T12 = = >0
v 2 + v1 n 2 + n1 v1 + v 2 n1 + n 2
Suppose these are plane waves
o i ( k1 z −ωt ) o i ( k 2 z −ωt ) o i ( k1 z −ωt ) iπ
EI = EI e ET = ET e ER = ER e e
NS1004 (AKK)
Intensity of Reflection
Reflection & Transmission at Normal Incidence
Amplitude of reflection co-efficient,
i π n 2 − n1
o
E R iω
R12 = o
e = e
E n 2 + n1
Intensity of reflection
(Reflection Coefficient, R)
1
( )
v1ε 1 ERo
2
IR n2 − n1
2
R= 2 = = R12 =
2
1 Io n2 + n1
2
( )
v1ε 1 E o
2
NS1004 (AKK)
Intensity of Transmission
Reflection & Transmission at Normal Incidence
Transmission coefficient, T
1
v2ε 2 (ET )
o 2 2
IT 2 n2 ET
o
T12 = = =
Io 1 n E o
v1ε1 (E )
2
o 1
2
In general, R+T=1
(conservation of energy)
(e.g. when light travels air glass; R= 0.04 & T = 0.96)
NS1004 (AKK)
Electromagnetic Waves
In Matter
Reflection & Transmission of EM waves at Boundaries
NS1004 (AKK)
Reflection & Transmission
at Oblique Incidence
For a monochromatic plane wave
NS1004 (AKK)
Reflection & Transmission
at Oblique Incidence
1st Law:
2nd Law: Law of reflection
3rd Law:
Law of refraction:
Snell’s law
NS1004 (AKK)
Reflection & Transmission
at Oblique Incidence
Apply the boundary conditions:
NS1004 (AKK)
Reflection & Transmission
at Oblique Incidence
Solve the equations for R & T amplitudes, obtain
Fresnel’s equations:
NS1004 (AKK)
Reflection & Transmission
at Oblique Incidence
At θI = 90o, α diverges the wave is totally reflected.
There is an intermediate angle θB (Brewster’s angle),
at which reflected wave is completely extinguished
Polaroid glasses: with transmission axis vertical,
help to reduce glare off a horizontal surface
NS1004 (AKK)
Absorption & Dispersion
of EM waves in CONDUCTORS
For a conductor the Maxwell’s equations for E & B
For free charge…..
NS1004 (AKK)
Absorption & Dispersion
of EM waves in CONDUCTORS
For a conductor the modified wave equation for E & B
For this case the wave number is complex
NS1004 (AKK)
Absorption & Dispersion
of EM waves in CONDUCTORS
The distance it takes to reduce the amplitude by a
factor of 1/e is called the SKIN depth:
It’s a measure of how far the wave penetrates into
the CONDUCTORS
NS1004 (AKK)