DATA SCIENCE

The term “data science” combines two key elements: “data” and “science.”
Data: It refers to the raw information that is collected, stored, and processed.
Science: It refers to the systematic study and investigation of phenomena using scientific methods and principles. Science
involves forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on evidence.
When we put these two elements together, “data+science” refers to the scientific study of data.
DATA SCIENCE involves applying scientific methods, statistical techniques, computational tools, and domain expertise
to explore, analyze, and extract insights from data. The term emphasizes the rigorous and systematic approach taken to
understand and derive value from vast and complex datasets.
Essentially, data science is about using scientific methods to unlock the potential of data, uncover patterns, make
predictions, and drive informed decision-making across various domains and industries.
KEY COMPONENTS OF A DATA SCIENCE MAY INCLUDE:
Foundational Concepts: Introduction to basic concepts in data science, including data types, data manipulation, data
cleaning, and exploratory data analysis.
Programming Languages: Instruction in programming languages commonly used in data science, such as Python or R.
Students learn how to write code to analyze and manipulate data, create visualizations, and build machine learning
models.
Statistical Methods: Coverage of statistical techniques and methods used in data analysis, hypothesis testing, regression
analysis, and probability theory.
Machine Learning: Introduction to machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning,
and deep learning. Students learn how to apply machine learning techniques to solve real-world problems and make
predictions from data.
Data Visualization: Instruction in data visualization techniques and tools for effectively communicating insights from
data. Students learn how to create plots, charts, and interactive visualizations to explore and present data.
Practical Projects: Hands-on experience working on data science projects and case studies, where students apply their
knowledge and skills to solve real-world problems and analyze real datasets.
Capstone Project: A culminating project where students demonstrate their mastery of data science concepts and
techniques by working on a comprehensive project from start to finish.

DATA ANALYTICS

Data analytics is the process of manipulating data to extract useful trends and hidden patterns that can help us derive
valuable insights to make business predictions.

Types of Data Analytics

There are four major types of data analytics:

Data Mining: This step involves gathering data and information from diverse sources and transforming them into a
standardized format for subsequent analysis. Data mining can be a time-intensive process compared to other steps but is
crucial for obtaining a comprehensive dataset.
Data Management: Once collected, data needs to be stored, managed, and made accessible. Creating a database is
essential for managing the vast amounts of information collected during the mining process. SQL (Structured Query
Language) remains a widely used tool for database management, facilitating efficient querying and analysis of relational
databases.
Statistical Analysis: In this step, the gathered data is subjected to statistical analysis to identify trends and patterns.
Statistical modeling is used to interpret the data and make predictions about future trends. Open-source programming
languages like Python, as well as specialized tools like R, are commonly used for statistical analysis and graphical
modeling.
Data Presentation: The insights derived from data analytics need to be effectively communicated to stakeholders. This
final step involves formatting the results in a manner that is accessible and understandable to various stakeholders,
including decision-makers, analysts, and shareholders. Clear and concise data presentation is essential for driving
informed decision-making and driving business growth.

STEPS IN DATA ANALYSIS

Define Data Requirements: This involves determining how the data will be grouped or categorized. Data can be
segmented based on various factors such as age, demographic, income, or gender, and can consist of numerical values or
categorical data.
Data Collection: Data is gathered from different sources, including computers, online platforms, cameras, environmental
sensors, or through human personnel. Data Collection Methods are as follows: Surveys, Interviews, Focus Groups,
Observation, Experiments, Case Studies or using existing data that was collected for another purpose (secondary data)

Data Organization: Once collected, the data needs to be organized in a structured format to facilitate analysis. This could
involve using spreadsheets or specialized software designed for managing and analyzing statistical data.
Data Cleaning: Before analysis, the data undergoes a cleaning process to ensure accuracy and reliability. This involves
identifying and removing any duplicate or erroneous entries, as well as addressing any missing or incomplete data.
Cleaning the data helps to mitigate potential biases and errors that could affect the analysis results.

USAGE OF DATA ANALYTICS

There are some key domains and strategic planning techniques in which Data Analytics has played a vital role:

Improved Decision
Better Customer Service
Efficient
Effective Marketing

WHAT IS DATA?

Data is a set of values collected with respect to some variables which describe a given phenomenon.
Data is a “set of values”, in the sense that, when we deal with data, we actually deal with multiple instances of values
associated to the same event or phenomenon. Examples:
Variables- We could see them as “containers” for the data, consider that these entities are similar to the mathematical
variables we are used to or to the variables we encounter in many programming languagesbut also, and more importantly,
as abstract entities defining which data they are expected to hold.

Phenomenon- then we analyze data, we are usually interested in investigating some phenomenon.

DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DATA FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Two Types
[Link] data:
The data which is Raw, original, and extracted directly from the official sources is known as primary data. This type of
data is collected directly by performing techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, and surveys. The data collected
must be according to the demand and requirements of the target audience on which analysis is performed otherwise it
would be a burden in the data processing. Few methods of collecting primary data:
1. Interview method:
The data collected during this process is through interviewing the target audience by a person called interviewer and the
person who answers the interview is known as the interviewee.
2. Survey method:
The survey method is the process of research where a list of relevant questions are asked and answers are noted down in
the form of text, audio, or video

3. Observation method:
The observation method is a method of data collection in which the researcher keenly observes the behavior and practices
of the target audience using some data collecting tool and stores the observed data in the form of text, audio, video, or any
raw formats
4. Experimental method:
The experimental method is the process of collecting data through performing experiments, research, and investigation.
The most frequently used experiment methods are CRD, RBD, LSD, FD.
CRD- Completely Randomized design is a simple experimental design used in data analytics which is based on
randomization and replication. It is mostly used for comparing the experiments.
RBD- Randomized Block Design is an experimental design in which the experiment is divided into small units called
blocks. Random experiments are performed on each of the blocks and results are drawn using a technique known as
analysis of variance (ANOVA). RBD was originated from the agriculture sector.
LSD – Latin Square Design is an experimental design that is similar to CRD and RBD blocks but contains rows and
columns. It is an arrangement of NxN squares with an equal amount of rows and columns which contain letters that occurs
only once in a row. Hence the differences can be easily found with fewer errors in the experiment. Sudoku puzzle is an
example of a Latin square design.
FD- Factorial design is an experimental design where each experiment has two factors each with possible values and on
performing trail other combinational factors are derived.
2. Secondary data:
Secondary data is the data which has already been collected and reused again for some valid purpose. This type of data is
previously recorded from primary data and it has two types of sources named internal source and external source.
Internal source:
These types of data can easily be found within the organization such as market record, a sales record, transactions,
customer data, accounting resources, etc. The cost and time consumption is less in obtaining internal sources.
External source:
The data which can’t be found at internal organizations and can be gained through external third party resources is
external source data.
Other sources:
Sensors data: With the advancement of IoT devices, the sensors of these devices collect data which can be used for sensor
data analytics to track the performance and usage of products.
Satellites data: Satellites collect a lot of images and data in terabytes on daily basis through surveillance cameras which
can be used to collect useful information.
Web traffic: Due to fast and cheap internet facilities many formats of data which is uploaded by users on different
platforms can be predicted and collected with their permission for data analysis. The search engines also provide their data
through keywords and queries searched mostly.

DATA ANALYTICS AND ITS TYPE

Predictive Analytics
Predictive analytics turn the data into valuable, actionable information. predictive analytics uses data to determine the
probable outcome of an event or a likelihood of a situation occurring. Techniques that are used for predictive analytics
are:
Linear Regression
Time Series Analysis and Forecasting
Data Mining
Basic Cornerstones of Predictive Analytics
Predictive modeling
Decision Analysis and optimization
Transaction profiling
Descriptive Analytics
Descriptive analytics looks at data and analyze past event for insight as to how to approach future events. It looks at past
performance and understands the performance by mining historical data to understand the cause of success or failure in
the past. Almost all management reporting such as sales, marketing, operations, and finance uses this type of analysis.
The descriptive model quantifies relationships in data in a way that is often used to classify customers or prospects into
groups. Unlike a predictive model that focuses on predicting the behavior of a single customer, Descriptive analytics
identifies many different relationships between customer and product.
Common examples of Descriptive analytics are company reports that provide historic reviews like:
Data Queries
Reports
Descriptive Statistics
Data dashboard

Prescriptive Analytics
Prescriptive Analytics automatically synthesize big data, mathematical science, business rule, and machine learning to
make a prediction and then suggests a decision option to take advantage of the prediction.

Diagnostic Analytics
In this analysis, we generally use historical data over other data to answer any question or for the solution of any problem.
We try to find any dependency and pattern in the historical data of the particular problem.
For example, companies go for this analysis because it gives a great insight into a problem, and they also keep detailed
information about their disposal otherwise data collection may turn out individual for every problem and it will be very
time-consuming. Common techniques used for Diagnostic Analytics are:
Data discovery
Data mining
Correlations