e¨emv‡q mvgwóK A_©bxwZ BDwbU

Macroeconomics in Business 10
f‚wgKv
A_©bxwZi welqe¯‘‡K `yBfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| (1) e¨wóK A_©bxwZ I (2) mvgwóK A_©bxwZ| Avgiv G Aa¨v‡q
mvgwóK A_©bxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| A_©bxwZi †h kvLv A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v I A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj‡K e¨w³MZ ev
LwÐZ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv bv K‡i mvgwóK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Av‡jvPbv K‡i, Zv‡KB mvgwóK A_©bxwZ ejv nq|
Avgiv mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡K GKRb e¨w³i kix‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi| gvby‡li kix‡ii cÖwZwU A½-cÖZ¨½ G‡K
A‡b¨i Ici †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e wbf©ikxj| ZvB †Kv‡bv GKwU A‡½ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j cy‡iv kix‡iB mgm¨v n‡Z
cv‡i| †m †ÿ‡Î cy‡iv kix‡ii cixÿv KivUvB †kÖq| †hgb Wv³vi †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q ev wbY©q
Ki‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ iKg cixÿv K‡i _v‡Kb| wVK †Zgwb mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡b A_©bxwZi
†Kv‡bv GKK LvZ w`‡q Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i e¨w³i kix‡ii g‡Zv me mswkøó LvZ‡K GK‡hv‡M wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i
wm×všÍ †bq| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Pvj, Wvj, †Zj BZ¨vw` †h‡Kv‡bv c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z n‡j IB c‡Y¨i †gvU Pvwn`v
Abymv‡i Drcv`b cÖwµqvmn ¸`vgRvZ Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡ePbvq wb‡Z nq| A_©vr ïay Drcv`b jÿ¨ n‡j Pj‡e
bv, mv‡_ †gvU Pvwn`v, †gvU †hvMv‡bi mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z n‡e Ges 3-4 gv‡mi wec`Kvjxb gRy` ivL‡Z nq|
†hgbÑDrcv`b, Kg©ms¯’vb, wewb‡qvM, g~jab, mÂq, †fvM, RvZxq cÖf„wZ mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK PjKmg~n GKB
mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK m~‡Î Muv_v| GKwU‡K ev` w`‡q AciwUi Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq bv|
AZGe mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ Dcv`vb cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Avi †mB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Øviv mvgwMÖK †hvMvb I
Pvwn`v wbav©wiZ nq| †mLv‡b bxwZwfwËK PjK I Avw_©K bxwZi m¤úK© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e A_© (gy`ªv) we‡ewPZ nq|
ivR¯^bxwZi PjK wn‡m‡e e¨q I Ki ¸iæZ¡ cvq| Gm‡ei mv‡_ g~ja‡bi gRy` Ges kÖg I f‚wgKv iv‡L| †K›`ª¯’‡j
mvgwMÖK †hvMvb I Pvwn`v Ggbfv‡e mgZvq †cuŠQvq hv‡Z Drcv`b, wb‡qvM, `vg ¯Íi I wbU ißvwbi Ici cÖfve
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 5 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 10.1 : RvZxq Av‡qi wnmve
cvV 10.2 : RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc c×wZ
cvV 10.3 : RvZxq Av‡qi cwigv‡ci mgm¨v I mgvavb
GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 10.1 RvZxq Av‡qi wnmve

Measurement of National Income

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xivÑ
 RvZxq Av‡qi msÁv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Av‡qi wewfbœ aviYvi g‡a¨ AvšÍt m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-
RvZxq Av‡qi wewfbœ msÁv (Different definition of National Income)
GKwU †`‡k GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i) †h cwigvY P‚ovšÍ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev Drcvw`Z nq, Zvi PjwZ
evRvi g~j¨‡K Z_v Avw_©K g~j¨‡K RvZxq Drcv`b ev RvZxq Avq e‡j| mnR A_©‰bwZK g‡W‡j †gvU Drcbœ g~j¨
Ges DcKi‡Yi AwR©Z Avq g~j¨ ci¯úi mgvb nq e‡j cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b ev Gross National
Product (GNP) Ges RvZxq Avq ev National Income (NI)-Gi msÁvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Uvbv nq bv| GB g‡W‡j
Ggb GKwU A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, hv Abygvb K‡i †bqv nq| †hLv‡b cwievi ev RbmvaviY Zv‡`i Av‡qi meUvB †fvM
K‡i| †mLv‡b Ki †bB, miKvwi e¨q †bB, †bB mÂq, †bB wewb‡qvM Ges †bB Avg`vwb I ißvwb|
GNP †K me©ÎB RvZxq Avq ejv wVK n‡e bv| GNP-Gi m‡½ mgv‡Ri †gvU Avq-e¨‡qi mgZv bvI Avm‡Z cv‡i|
wbw`©ó eQ‡i Drcv`‡bi mvg_©¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ g~jabmvgMÖxi ÿqÿwZ c~iY Ki‡Z nq| †mRb¨ †gvU
Drcbœ g~j¨ †_‡K wKQz Ask c„_K K‡i ivLv nq, Zv‡K AePq e¨q (Depreciation Cost) ev g~jab e¨enviRwbZ
A¨vjvDÝ (Capital Consumption Allowance (CCA) e‡j| GgZve¯’vq GNP †K AwR©Z Av‡qi mgvb ejv hv‡e
bv|
`ª‡e¨i evRvig~‡j¨i g‡a¨ miKv‡ii Av‡ivwcZ c‡ivÿ Ki wbwnZ _v‡K| ZLb †gvU evRvig~j¨ Ges Drcv`‡bi †gvU
Avq (RvZxq Avq) mgvb n‡Z cv‡I bv| c‡ivÿ Ki (‡hgb weµq Ki) Øviv `ª‡e¨i `vg ev‡o, wKš‘ evowZ `v‡g `ªe¨
wewµ n‡jI Drcv`‡bi Avq Zv‡Z ev‡o bv| KviY Drcv`K Zvi weµqjä A_© †_‡K Ki eve` A_© miKvi‡K Zz‡j
w`‡Z eva¨ nq| A_P GRvZxq Avq ZLbB mgvb n‡e, hLb †gvU Drcv`b †_‡K AePq e¨q I c‡ivÿ Ki ev` †`qv
n‡e| Ab¨_vq GNP I RvZxq Avq‡K GKB ejv hv‡e bv| Z‡e †h‡nZz g~jab †fvM A¨vjvD‡Ýi (CCA) wnmv‡e
wbY©q KwVb I c‡ivÿ K‡ii Øviv I wnmv‡ei RwUjZv ev‡o; Av‡jvPbv‡K mijxKi‡Yi Rb¨ A_©bxwZ we`¨gvb GNP
†K RvZxq Av‡qi mg_©K wn‡m‡e cÖvqB e¨envi K‡ib|
RvZxq Av‡qi aviYvwU Avgiv MvwYwZKfv‡eI cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi| g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv †`‡k Drcvw`ZmsL¨K `ª‡e¨i
cwigvY h_vµ‡g q1, q2, q3.......qn Ges `ªe¨¸‡jvi `vg h_vµ‡g p1, p2, p3.......pn nq|
Zvn‡j RvZxq Avq n‡e = p1 q1 + p2 q 2+ p3 q3+…..+ pn qn.
RvZxq Av‡qi msÁv wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` wewfbœ mg‡q Zuv‡`i wbR wbR `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ ïaygvÎ
`ywU msÁv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| †mLvb †_‡K RvZxq Av‡qi g~j ˆewk󨸇jv Rvbv hv‡e|
Aa¨vcK m¨vgy‡qjm‡bi g‡Z, ÔA_© g~‡j¨ cwigvcK…Z GKwU †`‡ki `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevK‡g©i evwl©K me©‡gvU cÖevnB
RvZxq Avq|Õ

BDwbU `k c„ôv-134
 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

Aa¨vcK wc¸i g‡Z, ÔRvZxq Avq n‡jv we‡`k †_‡K DcvwR©Z Avqmn mgv‡Ri e¯‘MZ Av‡qi †m Ask, hv A‡_©i
mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc Kiv hvq|Õ
A_©vr RvZxq Av‡qi wb‡¤œv³ ˆewk󨸇jv _vK‡e :
1| RvZxq Avq ej‡Z †Kv‡bv GKwU †`‡ki me©‡gvU P‚ovšÍ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevKg©‡K †evSvq|
2| RvZxq Avq GK eQi mg‡q MYbv Kiv nq|
3| Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mev Aek¨B A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði dj n‡Z n‡e, A_©vr A‡_©i Øviv cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|

RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn (Circulur Flow of National Income)

c~‡e©B DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q RvZxq Avq GKwU cÖevn aviYv| A_©vr A_©bxwZi GKwU †ÿÎ †_‡K Ab¨ †ÿ‡Î RvZxq Avq
cÖengvb _v‡K| A_©bxwZi cÖavb `ywU LÐ n‡”Q cwievi I dvg©| RbMY ev cwievi n‡Z Drcv`b‡ÿ‡Î Drcv`b
DcKiY h_vÑf~wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMVb cÖevwnZ nq| G‡K ejv nq DcKiY cÖevn (Input Flow)| Gi wecix‡Z
Drcv`b‡ÿÎ †_‡K DcKiYmg~‡ni Avq †hgbÑLvRbv, gRywi, my` I gybvdv cwievimg~‡n cÖevwnZ nq| G‡K ejv
nq Avq cÖevn (Income Flow)| Ab¨w`‡K dv‡g© Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx cwievimg~‡ni wbKU cÖevwnZ nq| GwU‡K ejv
nq Drcbœ cÖevn (Output Flow).cwievimg~n dv‡g©i wbKU †_‡K †h A_© cvq Zv Øviv dv‡g© Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I
†mevmvgMÖx µq K‡i| d‡j cwievimg~‡ni Avq-e¨q AvKv‡i dv‡g© cÖevwnZ nq| GwU‡K ejv nq e¨q cÖevn
(Expenditure Flow).
Gfv‡e Afve c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ mgv‡R `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b cÖwµqvq weiwZnxbfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ PµvKv‡i
cÖevwnZ nq, G‡K ejv nq RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn| GKK_vq ejv hvq, Drcv`b cÖwZôvb ev dv‡g©i mv‡_
cwievi ev RbM‡Yi wewbgq cÖevn‡K RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn ejv nq|
Ic‡ivwjøwLZ msÁvi wfwˇZ RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
1| cÖK…Z cÖevn : cÖK…Z cÖevn‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
K) `ªe¨ I †mev cÖevn (Output Flow)
L) DcKiY cÖevn (Input Flow)
2| Avw_©K cÖevn : Avw_©K cÖevn‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
K) Avw_©K Avq cÖevn (Input Flow)
L) e¨q cÖevn (Expenditure Flow)
GRvZxq PµvKvi cÖevn‡K Avevi wZbwU av‡c e¨vLv Kiv hvq| h_v :
1| RvZxq Av‡qi wØgyLx PµvKvi cÖevn|
2| wZb LÐwewkó wgkÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z (miKvwi LvZmn) RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn|
3| Pvi LÐwewkó gy³ A_©bxwZ‡Z (Avg`vwb-ißvwbmn) RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn|
RvZxq Av‡qi wØgyLx PµvKvi cÖevn (Two sector Circular Flow of National Income)
RvZxq Av‡qi wØgyLx PµvKvi cÖevn wKQy AbywgZ k‡Z©i wfwˇZ we‡kølY Kiv nq| Zv n‡jv :
1| e× A_©bxwZ we‡eP¨, A_©vr ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ †bB|
2| cy‡iv A_©bxwZ‡Z cwievi I dvg© `ywU LvZ we‡eP¨ |
3| miKvwi e¨q I Ki †bB| A_©vr miKv‡ii f~wgKv we‡eP¨ bq|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-135
GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

4| cwievi ej‡Z ïaygvÎ †fv³v‡`i †evSv‡bv nq|

5| Av‡qi m¤ú~Y© Ask †fv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨wqZ nq|
Dc‡iv³ AbywgZ kZ©mg~‡ni wfwˇZ wb‡¤œ RvZxq Av‡qi cwievieM© (RbMY) I dvg© cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni wØgyLx PµvKvi
cÖevn wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :

g‡Wj-10.1.1 : `yB †m±i A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn g‡Wj

cÖv_wgKfv‡e cwievimg~n ev RbMY Drcv`bmg~n f~wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMVb Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î †hvMvb †`q Ges
DcKiYmg~‡ni cvwikÖwgK wn‡m‡e LvRbv, gRywi, my` I gybvdv eve` Avq cvq| AwR©Z Av‡qi Øviv cwievimg~‡ni
µqÿgZv m„wó nq Ges DcKiYmg~n Øviv Kg©mg~‡ni Drcv`b ÿgZv m„wó nq| Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni Øviv
dvg©¸‡jv `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b K‡i Drcbœ evRv‡ii gva¨‡g cwievi¸‡jvi wbKU cixÿv| Avi cwievimg~n Zv‡`i
AwR©Z Avq Øviv Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mev µq K‡i| Gfv‡e Afve c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K
cwievi I K‡g©img~‡ni g‡a¨ Dcv`vb Ges cY¨ I †mev wewbgq Pj‡Z _v‡K hv‡K, wP‡Îi wb‡Pi As‡k cÖK…Z cÖevn
wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e dvg© I cwievimg~‡ni g‡a¨ Avq-e¨q cÖevn Pj‡Z _v‡K, hv‡K wP‡Îi Dc‡ii
As‡k ÔAvw_©K cÖevnÕ wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

miKvwi LvZmn wZb LvZwewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn (Circular Flow of National
Income in a Three Sector Economy with Government)
wÎLvZwewkó : RbMY (cwievieM©), Drcv`b cÖwZôvb (dvg©) I miKvi g‡W‡j RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc :

BDwbU `k c„ôv-136
 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

g‡Wj-10.1.2 : wZb †m±i A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn g‡Wj

c~‡e©i `yB LvZwewkó mij A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvi‡K AšÍf³ z© Kiv nqwb| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e miKv‡ii Avq I e¨q A_©bxwZ‡Z
bvbvgyLx cÖfve †d‡j| RbMY ev cwiev‡ei KvQ †_‡K miKvi Ki (T) wn‡m‡e wKQz A_© Av`vq K‡I, hv miKv‡ii
Avq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| Z‡e miKvi‡K Ki cÖ`vb Ki‡j RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K K‡ii cwigvY A_© †ewi‡q hvq| ZvB
Ki (T) wbM©gb (Leakages) wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| Ab¨w`‡K miKvi Ki wn‡m‡e Av`vqK…Z A_© RbM‡Yi Rb¨
bvbvgyLx cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g e¨q K‡i| miKv‡ii e¨‡qi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Avq cÖev‡n bZzb Avq cÖ‡ek K‡i| ZvB
miKvwi e¨q (G) AvMgb (Injections) wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| hw` miKv‡ii AwR©Z Ki (T) Ges miKv‡ii e¨q (G)
ci¯úi mgvb nq Z‡e wZb LvZwewkó wgkÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevnRwbZ fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K|
D`vnviY¯^iƒc, g‡b Kwi wbw`©ó mg‡q (1 eQi) Drcbœ `ªe¨ ev Av‡qi cwigvY 440 †KvwU UvKv|
bvMwiKMY miKvi‡K Ki eve` A_© w`j 40 †KvwU UvKv| miKvi RbMY‡K n¯ÍvšÍicÖvwß wnmv‡e 20 †KvwU UvKv
cÖ`vb Kij| RbMY †fvM eve` e¨q Kij 100 †KvwU UvKv Ges mÂq Kij 120 †KvwU UvKv| A_P e¨w³MZ
wewb‡qvM n‡jv 100 †KvwU UvKv| GLv‡b miKvwi µq 40 †KvwU UvKv I n¯ÍvšÍi e¨q 20 †KvwU UvKv| me©‡gvU 60
†KvwU UvKv miKvi LiP K‡i| wKš‘ miKvi ivR¯^ ev Ki wn‡m‡e cvq 40 †KvwU UvKv| †mB 20 †KvwU UvKvi NvUwZ
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU miKvwi eÛ weµq K‡i A_© msM„nxZ K‡i| Gfv‡e RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖev‡n
fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K| mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î g~ja‡bi evRvi I Zvi mv‡_ Avw_©KbxwZ Kvh©Ki| Avevi
miKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Ki, n¯ÍvšÍi e¨q I miKvwi µ‡qi mgš^q mva‡b ivR¯^bxwZ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| myZivs wZb
LvZwewkó mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK g‡W‡j Avw_©K I ivR¯^ Dfq bxwZiB ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q|

evwYwR¨K LvZmn Pvi LvZwewkó RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn (Circular Flow of National Income in a four
Sector Economy Including International Trade) :

BDwbU `k c„ôv-137
GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

g‡Wj-10.1.3 : Pvi †m±i A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn g‡Wj

‡Kv‡bv †`k Zvi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡I bv ev Drcv`b LiP we‡ePbv
DwPZ bq| ZvB A‡bK cY¨ we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| Avg`vwb e¨‡qi gva¨‡g Avq cÖevn †_‡K Av‡qi
GKwU Ask †ei n‡q hvq| GUvB n‡jv Leakage| Avevi DØ„Ë cY¨ ißvwb Avq AvKv‡i Avq cÖev‡n wKQz Avq cÖ‡ek
K‡i| GUvB n‡jv Injection. Gfv‡e Avg`vwb e¨q (M) Ges ißvwbi gva¨‡g Aeva evwY‡R¨ AskMÖnY K‡I, Zv‡K
ejv nq Pvi LvZwewkó gy³ A_©bxwZ (Open Economy)| Avi hw` Aeva evwYR¨ bv _v‡K Zv‡K wZb LvZwewkó
e× A_©bxwZ (Closed Economy) e‡j|

mvims‡¶c
 Afve c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ mgv‡R `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b cÖwµqvq weiwZnxbfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ PµvKv‡i
cÖevwnZ nq, G‡K ejv nq RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn;
 A_©bxwZi cÖavb `ywU LÐ n‡”Q cwievi I dvg©|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-138
 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

cvV 10.2 RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ

Measurement of National Income

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xivÑ

 RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Av‡qi e¨eavb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wRGbwc wW‡d¬Ui m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc c×wZ (Methods of MeasuringNational Income)

RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖev‡n Drcbœ cÖevn (Goods Flow) Ges Avq cÖevn (Income Flow) ¸iæZ¡ cvq| †mB
`ywU cÖev‡ni m‡½ RwoZ i‡q‡Q `ywU cwigvc c×wZ :
1| Drcv`b c×wZ (Production Method) :
K) g~j¨ c×wZ : GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †h cwigvY `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev Drcvw`Z nq Zvi Avw_©K g~‡j¨i
mgwói Øviv RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv nq| c~‡e©B DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q †h hw`I RvZxq Avq I †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b
mgv_©K bq cwigv‡ci mnRxKi‡Yi Rb¨ mgv_©K a‡i †be| Z‡e cieZ©x‡Z cv_©K¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡e|
Drcbœ c×wZi Øviv e× (Closed) A_©bxwZ‡Z hLb RvZxq Drcv`b wnmve Kiv nq, ZLb cÖK…Z Ae¯’vq Af¨šÍixY
†ÿ‡Î Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨ aiv nq| wKš‘ ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨mn gy³ (Open) A_©bxwZ we‡ePbvi
mgq ißvwb `ªe¨ I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨ ev` w`‡q (X-M) wbU Avw_©K g~j¨ RvZxq Av‡qi wnmv‡e mshy³ n‡q _v‡K|
L) e¨q c×wZ (Expenditure Method) :
Drcbœ c×wZi mg‡q e¨q c×wZ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| we‡µZvi cÖvß Drcbœ g~j¨ I mgv‡Ri †gvU e¨q ci¯úi
mgvb| e¨q c×wZi Øviv RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î †gvU †fvM e¨q I †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q Gi mgwó we‡ewPZ
nq| Dcv`vb wbhyw³i Øviv RbMY A_© cvq| cÖv_wgKfv‡e †fv‡Mi Rb¨ Zvi Ask e¨q K‡i| evwK A_© mÂq Ki‡j
mwÂZ A_© cieZ©x‡Z wewb‡qvwMZ nq| myZivs †gvU †fvM e¨q I †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨‡qi mgwó Øviv †gvU e¨q Rvbv
hvq, †gvU e¨q Rvbv nq| †gvU e¨q †h‡nZz RvZxq Drcbœ g~‡j¨i mgvb, ZvB †gvU e¨q Rvbv hvq| †gvU e¨q †h‡nZz
RvZxq Drcbœ g~‡j¨i mgvb, ZvB †gvU e¨q Rvb‡jI RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc m¤¢e| miKvwi †ÿÎ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡j
miKvwi Ki, µq ev e¨q I GB wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ hy³ n‡e|
2| Avq c×wZ (Income Method) : Drcv`b Kv‡R wbhy&³ Dc`vb¸‡jv GK eQ‡i †h A_© DcvR©b K‡i, Zvi
mvgwóK cwigvc †_‡K RvZxq Avq cvIqv hvq| GK eQ‡i cÖvß †gvU LvRbv, †gvU gRywi, †gvU my` I †gvU gybvdvi
†hvMdj Øviv RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv nq| RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei mgq n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv ev` w`‡Z nq| KviY n¯ÍvšÍi
cvIbv Drcv`b KvR †_‡K DrmvwiZ bq| †hgb miKvi hLb eb¨vZ©‡`i A_© mvnvh¨ K‡i, ZLb †mB A_© wKš‘
Drcv`b Kv‡R Av‡mwb| †KejgvÎ GK nvZ †_‡K Aci nv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q|
Drcbœ c×wZ I e¨q c×wZ‡K mgv_©K ai‡j RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î cÖK…Z Ae¯’vq `ywU c×wZ _v‡K| h_v :

BDwbU `k c„ôv-139
GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

e¨q c×wZ I Avq c×wZ|

e¨q c×wZi ewnf‚©Z welqmg~n :
we‡eP¨ mg‡qi c~‡e© Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Rb¨ e¨wqZ A_© GNP-‡Z Avm‡e bv| PjwZ mg‡q GNP-‡Z
Drcbœ g~j¨B †KejgvÎ aiv nq|
miKv‡ii n¯ÍvšÍi e¨q †hgbчeKvi fvZv, mvgvwRK wbivcËv, RvZxq m¤§vwbZ wbivcËv, RvZxq m¤§vwbZ e¨w³‡`i
fvZv (‡hgb gyw³‡hv×v‡`i fvZv) BZ¨vw` GNP-‡Z Av‡m bv| KviY GB n¯ÍvšÍi e¨‡qi Øviv `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi
Drcv`b wb‡`©wkZ nq bv|
Avq c×wZi ewnf‚©Z welqmg~n :
we‡eP¨ mg‡qi c~‡e© Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †hgbчKv‡bv emZevwo, †gvUiMvwo I PjwZ eQ‡i weµq K‡i hw` †Kv‡bv e¨w³
A_© cvq| Zv GNP-‡Z Avm‡e bv|
÷K ev †kqvicÎ weµq K‡i hw` †KD A_© cvq, Zv GNP-‡Z Avm‡e bv| KviY †mB A_© Drcv`b †mevi wb‡qvM
eve` DcvwR©Z bq Ges Drcbœ `ªe¨ I †mevi mv‡_ RwoZ bq|
miKvwi n¯ÍvšÍi e¨q †_‡K cÖvß A_© GNP-‡Z Avm‡e bv| KviY Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ Dcv`vb †mevi wewbg‡q
Zv cÖvß bq|

GNP I RvZxq Av‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :

AvIZvwfwËK cv_©K¨ : RvZxq Avq‡K DcKiY e¨‡qi wfwˇZ wePvi Kiv nq| ZLb GNP †_‡K AePqRwbZ e¨q,
c‡ivÿ Ki Ges miKv‡ii AwR©Z DØ„Ë Avq ev` w`‡Z nq Ges †Kej fZz©wK †hvM Ki‡Z nq| GB Ae¯’vq ejv hvq
†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b GKwU we¯Í…Z aviYv, †mLv‡b RvZxq Avq Zvi AšÍf©z³|
Av‡cwÿK wnmveMZ myweavi wfwˇZ cv_©K¨ : wnmv‡ei w`K †_‡K GNP RvZxq Av‡qi Drm wnmv‡ei †P‡q mnR |
RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ LyuwUbvwU welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq, hv wnmve Kiv mnR bq| †hgbÑRvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci
†ÿ‡Î g~jab e¨enviRwbZ A¨vjvDÝ ev AePq e¨q, n¯ÍvšÍi e¨q, fZz©wKÑGme we‡ePbv Kiv nq| hvi wnmveiÿY
KwVb|
cÖv‡qvwMK cv_©K¨ : cÖ‡qv‡Mi w`K †_‡K I RvZxq Av‡qi †P‡q †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b AwaK dj`vqK| †gvU RvZxq
Drcv`b †`‡ki wb‡qvM I `vg ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ wbKU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
GNP, NNP , NI-Gi m¤úK© :
y = GNP – [D + T i+ Tr + Sg – Sb]
NNP = GNP – D
‡hLv‡b GNP = †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b, NNP = wbU RvZxq Drcv`b, T i = c‡ivÿ Ki,
Tr = n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv, Sg = miKv‡ii AwR©Z DØ„Ë Avq, Sb = fZz©wK|
Dc‡iv³ dgyj© v †_‡K †`Lv hvq, GNP GKwU we¯Í…Z aviYv, Zvi g‡a¨ NNP AšÍf³ z© | Avevi NNP †_‡K Ti, Tr,
Sb ev` w`‡j Sf †hvM Ki‡j cvIqv hvq RvZxq Avq ev Dcv`vb `v‡g NNP, ZvB RvZxq Avq Avevi NNP Gi
AšÍfz©³|
e¨w³MZ Avq (Personal Income) : wbw`©ó mg‡q mKj e¨w³ ev cwiev‡ii PjwZ Avq‡K e¨w³MZ Avq †evSvq|
RvZxq Avq †_‡K wKQ zwKQ zDcv`vb †hvM I we‡qvM K‡i e¨w³MZ Avq cvIqv hvq|
e¨w³MZ Avq = RvZxq Avq- [‡hŠ_ cÖwZôv‡bi jf¨vs‡ki Aewkó Ask + mvgvwRK wegvi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë A_©- n¯ÍvšÍwiZ
Avq- wbU miKvwi my`]

BDwbU `k c„ôv-140
 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

GLv‡b e¨w³MZ Av‡qi wnmve wbY©‡q RvZxq Avq †_‡K wewb‡qvMK…Z Dcv`vbmg~n n‡jv :
K) K‡c©v‡iU AvqKi, K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Askx`viiv †h Ki cÖ`vb K‡i Ges K‡c©v‡i‡Ui gybvdv Ki, hv miKvi‡K w`‡Z
nq, e¨w³MZ Avq we‡ePbvq mgq ev RvZxq Avq †_‡K ev` w`‡Z nq|
L) Ki cÖ`v‡bi ci Ges †kqvi gvwjK‡`i jf¨vs‡ki cÖ`v‡bi ci K‡c©v‡iU gybvdvi wKQz Ask AewÈZ _v‡K| †mB
AewÈZ gzbvdv cieZ©x‡Z wewb‡qvM wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³MZ Avq we‡ePbvq mgq K‡c©v‡iU gybvdvi GB
AewÈZ Ask ev` w`‡Z nq|
M) mvgvwRK wegvi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë A_© : PvKwiRxexiv mvgvwRK wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wegv eve` A_© cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
e¨w³MZ Av‡qi wnmve Kivi mgq RvZxq Avq †_‡K Giƒc RgvK…Z A_© ev` †`qv nq|
e¨w³MZ Av‡qi wnmve wbY©q GRvZxq Av‡qi mshy³ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv :
1) n¯ÍvšÍwiZ Avq miKvi A‡bK mgq RbMY‡K A_© mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hgbÑ`y¯’‡`i fvZv, †eKvi fvZv Ges Aemi
fvZv cÖ`vb|
2) miKvi e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K hLb FY MÖnY K‡i, Zvi Rb¨ Zv‡K my` †`q| Avevi FYMÖnxZvi wbKU †_‡K my` eve`
A_© Av`vq K‡i| GB `y‡qi cv_©‡K¨ †h wbU my` cvIqv hvq Zv e¨w³MZ Avq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
e¨q‡hvM¨ ev e¨envi‡hvM¨ Avq (Disposible Income) :
gvbyl Zvi AwRZ© Av‡qi cy‡ivUvB e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avq †_‡K miKvi‡K AvqKi I m¤ú` Ki cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
nq| Ki cÖ`vb ci Av‡qi Aewkó †h Ask _v‡K, Zv‡K †fv³v I m‡qi †¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e|
A_©vr e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq (yd) = e¨w³MZ Avq - e¨w³MZ Ki|
Avw_©K GNP I cÖK„Z GNP (Money GNP and Real GNP)
RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †¶‡Î Drcbœ mvgMÖx I †mevKg©‡K cÖPwjZ evRvig~‡j¨i (A‡_©i wfwˇZ) cÖKvk Kiv nq|
GKwU †`‡k wbw`©ó mg‡q †h cwigvY `Öe¨mvgMÖx I †mev Drcvw`Z nq, Zv‡K †mB wbw`©ó mg‡qi evRvig~‡j¨i Øviv
cwigvc Ki‡j †h †gvU A_© g~j¨ cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K PjwZ `v‡g GNP ev mvaviY RvZxq Drcv`b (Nominal GNP)
ev Avw_©K RvZxq Drcv`b (Money GNP) ejv nq|
cÖK…Z GNP : wfwË eQ‡ii (Base year) evRvig~‡j¨i Zzjbvq PjwZ ev we‡eP¨ eQ‡i (Current year) evRvig~‡j¨I
n«vm e„w× cwigvc K‡i ms‡kvwaZ g~j¨ cvIqv hvq| Zvi gva¨‡g hLb we‡eP¨ eQ‡ii Drcbœ mvgMÖx I †mev‡K
cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq ev (Real GNP) e‡j| Zv‡K w¯’ig~j¨ RvZxq Drcv`b ev Avq I
(Constant priced national products) ejv nq|
m~PK msL¨v : g~j¨¯Í‡ii n«vm-e„w× cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h we‡kl c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡K m~PK msL¨v c×wZ ejv
nq|
wfwË eQi wbe©vPb : m~PK msL¨v cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g wfwË eQi wbe©vPb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GB wfwË eQ‡ii g~j¨
¯Í‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ eQ‡ii g~j¨ ¯Í‡ii Zzjbv Kiv nq| wfwË eQi wbe©vPb G mvaviYZ GKwU wbw`©ó eQi‡K we‡ePbv
Kiv nq| †h eQ‡ii A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ †bB, A_©vr g~j¨¯Íi †h eQi ¯^vfvweK Av‡Q|
GNP wW‡d¬Ui : cÖK…Z GNP cwigvc †_‡K gy`ÖvùxwZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwigvc Rvbv hvq| Zv n‡jv GNP wW‡d¬Ui|
GNP wW‡d¬Ui ej‡Z Avw_©K GNP I cÖK…Z GNP-Gi AbycvZ‡K †evSv‡bv nq|
GNP wW‡d¬Ui = Avw_©K GNP ÷ cÖK…Z GNP × 100
cÖK…Z GNP = Avw_©K GNP ÷ GNP wW‡d¬Ui|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-141
GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

GNP e¨eavb (The GNP Gap) : GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i c~Y© wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î Drcv`‡b †h
m¤¢vebv _v‡K Zvi Zzjbvq ev¯Í‡e Drcv`b Kg n‡j m¤¢ve¨ Drcv`b I ev¯Íe Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ †h e¨eav‡bi m„wó nq,
Zv‡K GNP e¨eavb e‡j|
cÖZ¨vwkZ Drcv`b ev c~Y© m¤¢vebvgq Drcv`b (Expected Output or Potential Output) : GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q
GKwU †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i c~Y© wb‡qv‡Mi Øviv †h cwigvY †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvq, Zv‡KB e‡j cÖZ¨vwkZ
Drcv`b ev myß ev m¤¢vebvgq Drcv`b (potential output)| GB Drcv`b‡K c~Y© wb‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Drcv`b (
full employment) ejv nq|

mvims‡¶c
 GKwU †`‡k wbw`©ó mg‡q †h cwigvY `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev Drcvw`Z nq, Zv‡K †mB wbw`©ó mg‡qi evRvig~‡j¨i
Øviv cwigvc Ki‡j †h †gvU A_© g~j¨ cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K PjwZ `v‡g GNP ev mvaviY RvZxq Drcv`b
(Nominal GNP) e‡j|
 wbw`©ó mg‡q mKj e¨w³ ev cwiev‡ii PjwZ Avq‡K e¨w³MZ Avq †evSvq|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-142
 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

cvV 10.3 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgm¨v

Problems of Counting National Income

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xivÑ
 RvZxq Av‡qi cwigv‡ci mgm¨vmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Av‡qi cwigv‡ci mgm¨vmg~n mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgm¨v I mgvavb

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci wewfbœ c×wZi Ici Av‡jvKcvZ n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †KvbwUi Ici AwaK ¸iæZ¡ †`qv
DwPZ, G m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv mwVK wm×všÍ †bqv hvq bv| †`‡ki myweav Abymv‡i GK ev GKvwaK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv
nq| GKvwaK c×wZ †Kv‡bv †`‡k e¨eüZ n‡jI †Kv‡bv we‡kl c×wZi Ici Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †Rvi †`qv nq|
†hgbÑ hy³iv‡óª Drcv`b c×wZ Ges hz³iv‡R¨ Avq c×wZ ¸iæZ¡ cvq| †Kvb c×wZwU AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨, Zv wbf©i
Ki‡e wbf©i‡hvM¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi Ici| Z_¨cÖvwßi †ÿ‡Î me mgqB wKQz bv wKQz `ye©jZv _v‡K| ZvB me c×wZ
e¨envi Kiv DwPZ, hv‡Z G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i RvZxq Av‡qi †gvUvgywU mwVK wPÎ cvIqv hvq|
RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgm¨v (Problems of Measuring National Income)
Drcv`b c×wZmsµvšÍ mgm¨v :
ˆØZ MYbvi mgvm¨v cy‡ivcywi Gwo‡q hvevi Dcvq †bB| †fvM I Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î ga¨eZ©x `ª‡e¨i eÈb mwVK
Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv| hw`I P‚ovšÍ `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ cwigvc c×wZ‡Z ev g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZ‡Z ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v
mv_©Kfv‡e ev` †`qvi †Póv P‡j, Z_vwc ga¨eZ©x `ª‡e¨i e¨env‡i A¯úóZvi Kvi‡Y mgm¨vwU †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i|
AweµxZ Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i g~j¨vqb Kiv KwVb| ZvB RvZxq Avq cwigv‡c Zv mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i|
c~e©eZ©x eQ‡ii Drcbœ `ªe¨, hv eZ©gvb eQ‡i weµqK…Z Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨ RvZxq Av‡qi wnmv‡e RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i|
wbR¯^ Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i Ask we‡kl wbR †ÿ‡Î †fv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbчKv‡bv K…lK cwiev‡ii Øviv
†Kv‡bv Drcvw`Z K…wlc‡Y¨i Ask wbR cwiev‡ii †fv‡Mi Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i| †mB K…wlcY¨‡K A‡_©i Øviv wePvi
Kiv KwVb|
hviv wbR evwo‡Z emevm K‡i, Zv‡`i evwo fvov w`‡Z nq bv| A_P evwo fvov hviv †`q †mB cÖ‡`q A_© RvZxq
Av‡qi AšÍf³ z© nq| Kv‡RB fvov evmvq †ewki fvM e¨w³ _vK‡j RvZxq Avq †ewk nq, Avevi AwaKvsk e¨w³ wbR
evwo‡Z _vK‡j RvZxq Avq Kg nq| Kv‡RB RvZxq Avq mwVK cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î AmyweavRbK cwiw¯’wZ †`Lv †`q|

Avq c×wZmsµvšÍ mgm¨v :

Avq c×wZi Øviv RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv (ev e¨q) msµvšÍ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| e¨w³MZ I
miKvwi Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB hw` n¯ÍvšÍi e¨q eve` A_© wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ aiv nq, Z‡e cªK…Z Ae¯’vi †P‡q RvZxq Avq AwaK

BDwbU `k c„ôv-143
GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

n‡q co‡e| Avevi †KvbwU n¯ÍvšÍi Avq Avevi †KvbwU Drcv`b‡ÿ‡Î †_‡K DcvwR©Z Avq, ZvI mwVK wba©viY Kiv
hvq bv|
RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgq RbMY mwVK Av‡qi wnmve `vwLj K‡I bv| †hgbÑGKRb wPwKrmK e¨w³MZfv‡e
†ivMx †`‡L KZ UvKv DcvR©b K‡ib, mwVKfv‡e Zv wZwb Rvbv‡Z bvivR| d‡j Av‡qi wfwˇZ RvZxq ch©v‡q cÖvß
wnmve ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡Z cv‡i bv|
g~jab AePqRwbZ e¨q hv RvZxq Avq cwigv‡c ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i, Zv wVKfv‡e wba©viY Kiv KwVb| e„n`vKvi
cwi‡e‡k AeP‡qi LuywUbvwU RvbvI mnR bq|
ˆe‡`wkK Drm †_‡K †`‡k A_© Av‡m| Zv b¨vh¨ c‡_ †hgb Avm‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb Avm‡Z cv‡i †Pviv c‡_| †mB
A‡_©i mwVK wnmve wbY©q wKQy‡ZB m¤¢e bq| ZvB RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v †_‡KB hvq|
Avq †KejgvÎ A_©wfwËK bv n‡q `ªe¨ ev †mevi wfwËKI n‡Z cv‡i| `ªe¨ ev †mevi wfwËK †mev ev Av‡qi wnmve
wbY©q KwVb| RvZxq Av‡qi wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i AšÍf©yw³ wb‡q mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|
†Kv‡bv kªwgK Avw_©K gRywii cwie‡Z© hw` _vKv-LvIqv wewbg‡q KvR K‡i, Z‡e Zvi Kv‡Ri Avw_©K g~j¨
AmyweavRbK| Avevi M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cwiev‡ii m`m¨M‡Yi Kv‡Ri Avw_©K g~j¨vqb nq bv| ZvB RvZxq
Av‡qi wnmveI mwVK nq bv|

Avbylw½K mgm¨v :
A_© g~‡j¨i cwieZ©bRwbZ Amyweav : A‡_©i wbR¯^ g~j¨ cwieZ©bkxj| GgZve¯’vq Drcbœ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Avw_©K
g~j¨vqb Øviv RvZxq Drcv`‡bi mwVK cwigvc m¤¢e bq| Avevi gy`ªvùxwZi d‡j AwR©Z Avw_©K Av‡qi (Money
income) cwigvY e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Gi Øviv Avgiv wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvie bv RvZxq Avq e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB
A_© g~‡j¨ cÖKvwkZ RvZxq Av‡qi mwVK cwigvc Kiv KwVb|
cwimsL¨vbRwbZ mgm¨v RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci Rb¨ Dchy³ cwigv‡ci Z‡_¨i cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ GB mg¯Í Z_¨ cÖvq
mgqB Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K Ges Abygv‡bi Ici cÖwZwôZ| Kv‡RB RvZxq Av‡qi mwVK cwigvc m¤¢e bq|
`ªe¨ wewbgqRwbZ Amyweav : A_© g~‡j¨i Øviv cwigvcK…Z `ªe¨ ev †mev †KejgvÎ RvZxq Drcv`‡b AšÍf©y³ nq| wKš‘
A‡bK †`‡k, we‡kl K‡i MÖvgv‡j `ªe¨ wewbgq cÖ_v cÖPwjZ| Kv‡RB Giƒc †ÿ‡Î GNP wbiƒcY Kiv KwVb|
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i Øviv RwUjZv : RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kivi mgq AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i K_v G‡m c‡o Ges
RwUjZvI m„wó nq| Avg`vwb g~j¨ I ißvwb g~j¨ wnmv‡ei mgq bvbv mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| wewbgq evwYR¨ (Barter
Trade) cÖPwjZ _vK‡j mgm¨v _v‡K| wewbgq nv‡ii cwieZ©bkxjZvI mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i|
we‡klxKi‡Yi AfveRwbZ mgm¨v : K…wl I wkí‡ÿ‡Îi Drcv`b AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î we‡klxKi‡Yi Afv‡e AmsMwVZ I
wek„•Lj| Kv‡RB K…wl I wkí‡ÿÎ †_‡K cÖvß `ªe¨mvgMÖx ev DcKiY DcvwR©Z Av‡qi mwVK wnmve ivLv KwVb|

ˆØZ MYbvi KvR Kxfv‡e KvwU‡q IVv hvq?

ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨ `ywU c×wZi K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq :
P‚ovšÍ Drcv`b c×wZ (Final Product Method)
g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZ (Value Added Method)

BDwbU `k c„ôv-144
 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

P‚ovšÍ Drcv`b c×wZ

GB c×wZi Øviv RvZxq Drcv`b cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g ga¨eZ©x Ges P‚ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Uvb‡Z
n‡e| Drcv`‡bi ga¨eZ©x ch©v‡q mshy³ g~‡j¨i †hvMdj, P‚ovšÍ Drcbœ `ªe¨ ev †mevi weµqg~‡j¨i mgvb nq|
ga¨eZ©x `ªe¨mvgMÖxi I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨‡K mZ©KZvi m‡½ ev` w`‡q †Kej P‚ovšÍ `ªe¨mvgMªxi I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨
wnmve Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgbÑe‡¯¿i Avw_©K g~j¨ hLb we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e, ZLb e¯¿ Drcv`‡bi †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q myZvi
c„_K Avw_©K g~j¨ wnmve Kiv Pj‡e bv| KviY myZvi g~j¨ P‚ovšÍ †ÿ‡Î e‡¯¿i g~‡j¨i gv‡S c~‡e©B AšÍf©z³ _v‡K|
Kv‡RB P‚ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev‡K c„_Kfv‡e A_© g~j¨ wnmve Ki‡j RvZxq Drcv`‡bi cwigvc Rvbv hvq| Gfv‡e RvZxq
Drcv`b wbY©q Ki‡j ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v _v‡K bv|
g~j¨ mshyw³ c×wZ :
Drcv`b Kv‡R Dcv`vb wb‡qvwRZ nq| GKwU †ÿ‡Î Aci †ÿÎ †_‡K Dcv`vb µq I wb‡qvM K‡i| Dcv`vb µ‡qi
Rb¨ †h A_© LiP nq, Zv Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i g~‡j¨i mv‡_ cieZ©x‡Z g~j¨ ms‡hvwRZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq Dcv`v‡bi
g~j¨, Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i g~‡j¨i mv‡_ ms‡hvwRZ nq| g~j¨ mshyw³i msÁv n‡jv dv‡g©i Drcbœ `ªe¨ g~j¨ †_‡K d‡g©i
evB‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv †hvMvb`v‡ii KvQ †_‡K cÖvß ga¨eZ©x `ª‡e¨i LiP ev` w`‡j hv _v‡K ZvB n‡jv g~j¨ mshyw³| †h
c×wZi Øviv dv‡g©i Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i P‚ovšÍ g~j¨ †_‡K ga¨eZ©x `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ ev` †`qv nq, Zv‡K g~j¨ mshyw³ c×wZ
e‡j| g~j¨ mshyw³ c×wZi Øviv cÖvß Drcbœ g~j¨‡K LvRbv, gRywi, my` I gybvdv wn‡m‡e DcKiY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eÈb
Kiv nq|

mvims‡¶c
 hw`I P‚ovšÍ `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ cwigvc c×wZ‡Z ev g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZ‡Z ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v mv_©Kfv‡e ev`
†`qvi †Póv P‡j, Z_vwc ga¨eZ©x `ª‡e¨i e¨env‡i A¯úóZvi Kvi‡Y mgm¨vwU †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-145
GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU g~j¨vqb-10

mswÿß cÖkœ
1. RvZxq Avq Kv‡K e‡j?
2. RvZxq Av‡qi PµKvi cÖevn Kx?
3. GNP Gap Kx?
4. e¨w³MZ Avq ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. GKwU wØ-LvZwewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn g‡Wj e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. GKwU wÎ-LvZwewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn g‡Wj e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. Avw_©K RvZxq Avq I cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZmg~n we‡kølY Kiæb|
5. RvZxq Av‡qi cwigv‡ci mgm¨v I Zvi mgvavb eY©bv Kiæb|
6. ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v Kxfv‡e KvwU‡q IVv hvq?

BDwbU `k c„ôv-146