Module review questions

1. What are the four parameters/ variables of a bus in a power system?

The four variables of a bus are:

1. Voltage magnitude
This shows the level of voltage at the bus.
2. Voltage phase angle
This indicates the phase position of the bus voltage relative to a reference bus.
3. Real (active) power
This is the actual power generated or absorbed at the bus.
4. Reactive power
This is the power used to control and support the voltage level.

2. Classify power system buses and give the known parameters for each type

Unknown
3. Type of Bus Description Known Parameters
Parameters
Load bus (also called power Bus where power is Real power, Reactive Voltage magnitude,
demand bus) consumed by loads power Voltage phase angle
Bus where a generator
Generator bus (also called Real power, Voltage Reactive power,
supplies power and controls
voltage controlled bus) magnitude Voltage phase angle
voltage
Bus used as reference for
Slack bus (also called Voltage magnitude, Real power, Reactive
angle and to balance system
reference bus) Voltage phase angle power
losses
3. Give two reasons why the per-unit system is used for power system analysis.
4. A simple three-bus power system with generation at buses 1 and 3. The voltage at
bus 1 is V₁=1.025∠0°. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.03 pu with real
power generation of 300 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 200 Mvar is taken
from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Line
resistances and line charging susceptances are neglected. Using Newton-
Raphson method and initial estimates of V₂(0)=1.0+j0 and V₃(0)=1.03+j0 and
keeping |V₃|=1.03 pu, determine the phasor values of V₂ and V₃. Stop after two (2)
iterations.
5. The figure below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The
scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are
marked in per unit on a 100MVA base and the line changing susceptances are neglected

6. A balanced star-connected load takes 90 A from a balanced 3-phase, 4-wire supply. If the
fuses in the Y and B phases are removed, find the symmetrical components of the line
currents
(i) before the fuses are removed
(ii) after the fuses are removed.

7. Explain the power system quality issues and their corresponding mitigation measures.
 Power System
Explanation Mitigation Measures
Quality Issue
Short-time decrease in voltage level due to Use voltage regulators, uninterruptible
Voltage sag faults, starting of large motors, or sudden power supply systems, dynamic voltage
increase in load restorers, and proper grounding
Short-time increase in voltage above the Install surge protection devices, automatic
Voltage swell normal value, usually caused by sudden voltage regulators, and adjust transformer
removal of load tap settings
Complete loss of supply for a short or long Use uninterruptible power supply systems,
Voltage
duration caused by faults or equipment standby generators, and improve protection
interruption
failure coordination
Distortion of voltage or current waveform Install harmonic filters, use multi-pulse
Harmonics caused by non-linear loads such as power converters, and apply proper power factor
electronics equipment correction methods
Rapid voltage fluctuations that cause visible Install static reactive power compensators,
Voltage flicker flickering of lights, common with arc static synchronous compensators, and
furnaces and welding machines separate fluctuating loads
Condition where current and voltage are not Install capacitor banks, synchronous
Poor power
in phase, leading to high losses and low condensers, and automatic power factor
factor
efficiency correction systems
Sudden short-duration high-voltage
Install surge arresters, use proper earthing,
Transients disturbances caused by lightning or
and apply shielding techniques
switching operations
High-frequency disturbances that interfere
Use line filters, proper grounding, and
Electrical noise with sensitive electronic and
isolate sensitive equipment
communication equipment

8. A 60 Hz, 4-pole turbo-generator rated 100MVA, 13.8 KV has an inertia constant of 10

MJ/MVA.
(a) Find stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed.
(b)If the input to the generator is suddenly raised to 60 MW for an electrical load of 50
MW, find the rotor acceleration.
(c) If the rotor acceleration calculated in part (b) is maintained for 12 cycles, find the
change in torque angle and rotor speed in rpm at the end of this period.
(d)Another generator 150 MVA, having an inertia constant 4 MJ/MVA, is put in parallel
with the above generator. Find the inertia constant for the equivalent generator on a base
of 50 MVA.
9. A 50Hz, 4poles turbo alternator rated 150MVA, 11kV has an inertia constant of 9MJ/MVA.
Find the
(a) stored energy at synchronous speed
 (b) The rotor acceleration if the input mechanical power is raised to 100MW when the
electrical load is 75MW, (c ) the speed at the end of 10cycles if acceleration is assumed
constant at the initial value.
10.
A. Discuss different methods of harmonic suppression.

1. Passive filtering

This method uses inductors, capacitors, and resistors connected in the power system to block or absorb
harmonic frequencies.

Features:

 Simple construction
 Low cost
 Effective for fixed harmonic frequencies

Limitation:

 Performance depends on system conditions

 Risk of resonance

2. Active filtering

Active filters use power electronic converters to generate harmonic currents equal in magnitude and
opposite in phase to the harmonics.

Features:

 Effective for varying loads

 Can suppress multiple harmonic orders
 Improves power factor

Limitation:

 High initial cost

 Complex control system

3. Hybrid filtering

This method combines passive filters and active filters to achieve better performance at lower cost.

Features:

 Reduced size of active filter

 Improved efficiency
  Suitable for large power systems

4. Multi-pulse converter technique

Using twelve-pulse, eighteen-pulse, or higher-pulse converters helps cancel harmonics naturally.

Features:

 Reduces characteristic harmonics

 Common in high-power applications

5. Phase shifting transformers

Transformers with different phase shifts are used so that harmonics cancel each other when combined.

Features:

 Effective in industrial systems

 No additional control required

6. Proper system design and load management

Good design practices reduce harmonic generation at the source.

B. Calculate the Fourier series coefficient and the Total Harmonic Distortion for the harmonic
waves up to the seventh terms for a half wave given below with a period T(Vm= √2 220
V, f=50 Hz).