CLASS 10

MATHEMATICS
FORMULA HANDBOOK

Algebra | Quadratic Equations | Geometry | Trigonometry | Statistics | Mensuration

1. Number Systems & Real Numbers

2. Polynomials & Algebra
3. Quadratic Equations
4. Arithmetic Progressions
5. Geometry & Coordinate Geometry
6. Trigonometry
7. Mensuration
8. Statistics & Probability

Complete Reference for CBSE / ICSE Board Examinations

 Chapter 1 : Number Systems & Real Numbers

Types of Numbers

Natural Numbers (N) 1, 2, 3, 4, … Positive counting numbers

Whole Numbers (W) 0, 1, 2, 3, … Natural numbers + 0

Integers (Z) …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, … Positive + Negative + 0

Rational Numbers (Q) p/q where p,q ∈ Z, q ≠ 0 Terminating or recurring decimals

Irrational Numbers √2, √3, π, e, … Non-terminating, non-recurring decimals

Real Numbers (R) Q ∪ (Irrationals) All rational + irrational numbers

Euclid's Division & Fundamental Theorem

Euclid's Division a = dividend, b = divisor, q = quotient, r =

a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b
Lemma remainder

HCF × LCM HCF(a,b) × LCM(a,b) = a × b For any two positive integers a, b

p/q has terminating decimal if q =

Rational — Terminating m, n are non-negative integers
2m × 5n

Laws of Exponents (Surds)

Product Rule am × an = am+n

Quotient Rule am ÷ an = am−n

Power Rule (am)n = amn

Zero Exponent a0 = 1, a ≠ 0

Negative Exponent a−n = 1/an

Fractional Exp ap/q = (a1/q)p = (q-th root of a)p

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 Chapter 2 : Polynomials & Algebra

Degree & Standard Forms

Linear Polynomial p(x) = ax + b Degree 1

Quadratic Polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c Degree 2, a ≠ 0

Cubic Polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d Degree 3

Relationship Between Zeros & Coefficients

Sum of zeros (quad.) α + β = −b/a a≠0; ax²+bx+c

Product of zeros
α × β = c/a
(quad.)

Sum of zeros (cubic) α+β+γ = −b/a ax³+bx²+cx+d

Sum of products (cubic) αβ+βγ+γα = c/a

Product of zeros (cubic) αβγ = −d/a

Algebraic Identities

Square of sum (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

Square of difference (a−b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

Difference of squares a2 − b2 = (a+b)(a−b)

Cube of sum (a+b)3 = a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3

Cube of difference (a−b)3 = a3−3a2b+3ab2−b3

Sum of cubes a3+b3 = (a+b)(a2−ab+b2)

Difference of cubes a3−b3 = (a−b)(a2+ab+b2)

(a+b+c)2 =
Square of trinomial
a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca

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 Chapter 3 : Quadratic Equations

Standard Form & Quadratic Formula

Standard Form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 a, b, c are real constants

Quadratic Formula x = (−b ± √(b2−4ac)) / 2a Two roots x1 and x2

Discriminant (D) D = b2 − 4ac Determines nature of roots

Nature of Roots

D>0 Two distinct real roots x = (−b+√D)/2a and x = (−b−√D)/2a

D=0 Two equal real roots x = −b/2a (repeated root)

D<0 No real roots Roots are complex / imaginary

Forming Quadratic from Roots

Sum of roots α + β = −b/a

Product of roots αβ = c/a

Quadratic equation x2 − (α+β)x + αβ = 0 Given sum and product of roots

Methods of Solving

Split middle term so that p×q =

Factorisation
ac and p+q = b

Completing the square x2+bx = (x+b/2)2 − (b/2)2

Always applicable; use D =

Quadratic formula
b2−4ac

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 Chapter 4 : Linear Equations in Two Variables

Pair of Linear Equations

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y

Standard Form
+ c2 = 0

Consistency Conditions

Unique solution
a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2 Lines intersect; exactly one solution
(consistent)

Infinitely many
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2 Lines coincide; dependent system
(consistent)

No solution
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2 Lines are parallel
(inconsistent)

Solving Methods — Key Formulas

Express one variable in terms of

Substitution
other, substitute

Multiply equations to equalise

Elimination
coefficients, then add/subtract

x/(b1c2−b2c1) = y/(c1a2−c2a1) =
Cross-multiplication
1/(a1b2−a2b1)

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 Chapter 5 : Arithmetic Progressions (AP)

Core Formulas

General term (n-th

an = a + (n−1)d a = first term, d = common difference
term)

Common difference d = an − an−1 Constant for any AP

Sum of n terms Sn = n/2 × [2a + (n−1)d]

Sum (first & last term) Sn = n/2 × (a + l) l = last term = a+(n−1)d

Middle term (odd n) a(n+1)/2 When n is odd

Special Sums

Sum of first n naturals 1+2+…+n = n(n+1)/2 AP with a=1, d=1

Sum of first n odd

1+3+5+…+(2n−1) = n2 AP with a=1, d=2
numbers

Sum of first n even

2+4+6+…+2n = n(n+1) AP with a=2, d=2
numbers

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 Chapter 6 : Coordinate Geometry

Distance & Section Formulas

Distance formula d = √[(x2−x1)2 + (y2−y1)2] Distance between (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)

Distance from origin d = √(x2 + y2) Point P(x,y) from O(0,0)

P = ((mx2+nx1)/(m+n) ,
Section formula (internal) Divides AB in ratio m:n internally
(my2+ny1)/(m+n))

P = ((mx2−nx1)/(m−n) ,
Section formula (external) Divides AB in ratio m:n externally
(my2−ny1)/(m−n))

Mid-point formula M = ((x1+x2)/2 , (y1+y2)/2) m=n=1

Area & Collinearity

A = ½|x1(y2−y3)+x2(y3−y1)+x3(y1
Area of triangle Vertices (x1,y1),(x2,y2),(x3,y3)
−y2)|

Collinear points Area = 0 Three points are collinear

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 Chapter 7 : Geometry — Triangles & Circles

Triangle Theorems

Basic Proportionality
DE ■ BC ■ AD/DB = AE/EC D on AB, E on AC
(Thales)

Angle bisector theorem BD/DC = AB/AC D is foot of bisector from A

Pythagoras theorem a2 + b2 = c2 c = hypotenuse

Converse of
If a²+b²=c² ■ Right angle at C
Pythagoras

Area ratio (similar ∆s) ar(∆1)/ar(∆2) = (side1/side2)2 Ratio of squares of corresponding sides

Circle Theorems

Tangent ⊥ radius OT ⊥ TP at point of tangency O = centre, T = tangency point

Equal tangents PA = PB Tangents from external point P are equal

Angle in semicircle ∠ in semicircle = 90° Angle subtended by diameter

= inscribed angle on opposite

Tangent-chord angle Alternate segment theorem
arc

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 Chapter 8 : Trigonometry

Basic Ratios (right triangle, angle θ)

sin θ Opposite / Hypotenuse

cos θ Adjacent / Hypotenuse

Opposite / Adjacent = sin θ / cos

tan θ
θ

cosec θ 1 / sin θ Hypotenuse / Opposite

sec θ 1 / cos θ Hypotenuse / Adjacent

cot θ 1 / tan θ = cos θ / sin θ

Standard Trigonometric Values

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin θ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 Undef.

Pythagorean & Other Identities

Identity 1 sin2θ + cos2θ = 1

Identity 2 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ

Identity 3 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

sin(90°−θ) = cosθ, cos(90°−θ) =

Complementary
sinθ

tan(90°−θ) = cotθ, sec(90°−θ) =

Complementary
cosecθ

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 Chapter 9 : Mensuration

2-D Shapes

Triangle — Area A = ½ × base × height

A = √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)],
Heron's Formula a,b,c = sides
s=(a+b+c)/2

Equilateral Triangle A = (√3/4) a2, Perimeter = 3a a = side

Rectangle A = l×b, Perimeter = 2(l+b)

A = a2, Perimeter = 4a, Diagonal

Square
= a√2

Parallelogram A = base × height

Trapezium A = ½(a+b)×h a,b = parallel sides, h = height

Circle A = πr2, Circumference = 2πr r = radius

Semicircle A = πr2/2, Perimeter = πr+2r

Area = (θ/360)×πr2, Arc =

Sector of Circle θ in degrees
(θ/360)×2πr

3-D Shapes — Surface Area & Volume

Cube LSA=4a2, TSA=6a2, V=a3 a = edge

LSA=2h(l+b), TSA=2(lb+bh+hl),
Cuboid l,b,h = length, breadth, height
V=lbh

Cylinder CSA=2πrh, TSA=2πr(r+h), V=πr2h r = radius, h = height

Cone CSA=πrl, TSA=πr(r+l), V=■πr2h l=√(r²+h²) = slant height

Sphere SA=4πr2, V=■⁄■πr3 r = radius

Hemisphere CSA=2πr2, TSA=3πr2, V=■πr3

CSA=π(r1+r2)l,
Frustum (cone) l=√[h²+(r1−r2)²]
V=πh/3(r12+r22+r1r2)

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 Chapter 10 : Statistics & Probability

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean (direct) x■ = Σfi xi / Σfi fi = frequency, xi = class mark

Mean (assumed mean) x■ = A + (Σfi di / Σfi) A = assumed mean, di = xi − A

Mean (step deviation) x■ = A + h × (Σfi ui / Σfi) ui = (xi−A)/h, h = class width

l=lower boundary, cf=cumulative

Median (grouped) M = l + [(n/2 − cf)/f] × h freq before, f=freq of median
class

f1=modal freq, f0=freq before,

Mode (grouped) Mo = l + [(f1−f0)/(2f1−f0−f2)] × h
f2=freq after

Empirical relation Mode = 3×Median − 2×Mean Approximate relation

Probability

P(A) = (Favourable outcomes) /

Probability of event A 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
(Total outcomes)

Complementary event P(A') = 1 − P(A) P(A) + P(A') = 1

Impossible event P(∅) = 0

Certain event P(S) = 1 S = sample space

Quick Reference — Important Constants & Shortcuts

Key Constants

π (Pi) ≈ 3.14159 or 22/7 Use 22/7 unless specified

√2 ≈ 1.414

√3 ≈ 1.732

√5 ≈ 2.236

e ≈ 2.718 Euler's number

Factorisation Shortcuts

Perfect square trinomial a2+2ab+b2 = (a+b)2

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 Difference of squares a2−b2 = (a+b)(a−b)

x2+(a+b)x+ab = (x+a)(x+b) Split-middle-term pattern

If D is perfect square ■ rational

Discriminant check
roots

This handbook covers all major Class 10 Mathematics topics as per CBSE / ICSE syllabus. Formulas are presented
for quick revision and examination reference. Always verify units and conditions while applying formulas.

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