PRACTICAL'll
v e v i s i on n
PO INT ERS
DRAWINGS labels Kiwi ? ?
✓
hair
o
tz of space provided 0 Skin
,
flesh , vascular bundles ,
seed ,
0 Line
in X ( at least 2)
pencils
a Label -
length of drawing
o magnification or write statement : magnification = -
length of specimen
D V
REPRESENTATION -2
-
DATA TABLES
.
o line graph ,
0 bcrvchhrt
→
o histogram o average always I dp more than reading
0 pie fuckin Mar t .
o seconds
-
whole number
' '
volume lap
USE DATA numbers o -
→ trend 0
temperature -
.
0°C I . 50L
for
EXPLAIN → reason menus
SUBSTANCES N
u potassium hydroxide : absorbs cuz rapidly
✓ Sodium hydrogen carbonate : provide cuz
0 Cobalt chlorine paper : turns from blue to pink when exposed to water vapour
o sodium carbonate I Nant :
alkaline
PLANNING
i. independent
1 .
Dependent
} .
control ( at least 2)
¢ . Repeat -
11W reliability
CONTROL : act as a control to show that - - - -
-
( eg .
enzyme is needed to digest fat ,
o enzyme experiment → substrate is always in excess .
o yeast exp why mean time taken for the indicator to turn yellow should not be calculated
( Ot
Q from all of the results for each temperature ?
µi¥µ
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for both much a inner than
o le 't tune 1 experiments is an
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-
-
I me vest of the results
mailmen o The time taken for test tube I includes the time taken for coz to accum -
mute and have , into indicator while me others already have CO2 .
SAFETY PRECAUTION
o wear goggles
o use test tube under
u don't place finger below knife lol
calculate CHANGE 1 PERCENTAGE
o starting temp for - might be different →
change in temp can give the rate to give an
accurate comparison
o maximum size of cell may be different → % can give us accurate comparison
change apparatus ,
way to conduct exp .
now res n Its affected
( experimental error l
← [Link] are inaccurate X
T A ! R ! p
repeat
SOURCES of ERROR IMPROVEMENTS ( 9 accuracy 11 Veria biting ,
:÷ ÷:¥ ÷ ÷ : ÷
o biological variability leg .
Chlorophyll Cohl .
) A : shorter time interval between readings
concentration at suspension does not equate to me A: mix water before taking temperature
when Nation of in w runny 11 A : use digital thermometer instead .
A : use stopwatch instead of wall
Ex : time taken for indicator to turn colourless win clock ,
Shuter ( effect Mann 11 'M 't results Repeat the experiment to find the average
ye
or anger
temperature of suspension due to heat >
Repeat experiment to obtain average
put water wall between tube and lamb
fwm liant
.
source
o ( respiration ) irregular breathing results in
the amount of CO2 being varied
results obtained every time experiment is
conducted will be different
min .
o talk of incubation time results in inaccurate → ensure incubation time for everyone is vent at con
results as
me hurting times are different
o lice bath ) temperature may not reach 00C → add salt
÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ :: ::
rate of photosynthesis & A : start counting bubbles after bubbles are
o water potential in potatoes differ from produced at a [Link] rate
→ use 1 potato for all 12 potato strips
potato to potato
→ differing results
o water in sucrose solution might have → cover Demi dish with lid during experiment .
evaporated → lower water potential
O height of foam not consistent →
⑤? → measure height point every nine .
E : heat lost human holes between u 'd and cub because . -
-
I: Scotus tu ne l bine talk to cover holes
FOOD TESTS !
IODINE TEST for STARCH
1 .
Add a few drops of iodine solution to sample .
I .
Observe cvlonv change
3 .
it iodine solution remains brown
,
starch is absent .
It iodine solution turns from brown to bine blanc
,
starch is present
BENEDICT 'S TEST for REDUCING SUGARS
I .
Ada eanai volume of benedict 's solution to sample
boiling
z . mix mixture thoroughly neat mixture in a water bath
7 n
3 .
remove from water when colour change is observed .
4 . If benedict , solution remains bine , reducing sugars are absent
Drill -
If benedict 's solution turns from blue to Ven precipitate , reducing sugars are present
n
-
|
ETHANOL EMULSION 1757 bine to :
for fats .
- green pot trace amounts of reducing sugars
, .
[Link] ma was of , am me . ye , ,wpp , unaware ammn , * reaming sugar,
brick Ved Mt amounts rt reducing sugars
large
-
thoroughly
-
z .
Shake mixture
'
3 .
Ada mixture to 2cm a- water
4 . it white emulsion is observed ,
tuts are present .
If white emulsion is not observed fats are absent
,
Blu REI TEST for PROTEINS
1 .
And ennui volume of sodium hydroxide solution to sample
z . shave mixture thoroughly
shake well after each drop N
3 .
And copper cu ) sulfate solution drop by drop . Observe colour
change .
a
4 .
If copper all sulfate solution turns violet , proteins are present
If cooper ( Il ) sulfite solution remains blue , proteins are absent
.
[Link]#uube
DECANTING : FATS OTHERS
Z .
Add ethanol Add water
[Link]#
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a . Decant into -
IV
\ distance → light intensity
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to
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