PARUL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
4th SEMESTER B. TECH PROGRAMME
PROBABILITY, STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS (303191251)
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025

Question Bank
Unit-2 Probability and Probability Distribution

Probability Space
1 Define outcome, trial, event and independent event. 4
2 Four letters of the word ‘THURSDAY’ are arranged in all possible ways. Find the probability 4
that the word formed is ‘HURT’.
1
(Ans: ¿
1680
3 A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of cards. What is the probability that it is (i) either 4
a spade or an ace (ii) a King and a Heart?
4 1
(Ans: , )
13 52
4 Three unbiased coins are tossed. Find the probability of getting (i) exactly two heads, (ii) at 5
least one tail, (iii) at most two heads, (iv) a head on the second coin, and (v) exactly two
heads in succession.
3 7 7 1 3
(Ans: , , , , )
8 8 8 2 8
5 A bag contains 2 black, 3 red, and 5 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random. Find the 5
probability that the three balls drawn (i) are blue (ii) consist of 2 blue and 1 red ball, and (iii)
consist of exactly one black ball.
1 1 7
(Ans: , , ¿
12 4 15
6 A bag contains 5 red, 4 blue, and m green balls. If the probability of getting two green balls 5
1
when two balls are selected at random is , find m .
7
(Ans: m=6)
7 A class consists of 6 girls and 10 boys. If a committee of three is chosen at random from the 5
class. Find the probability that (i) three boys are selected, and (ii) exactly two girls are
selected.
3 15
(Ans: , )
14 56
8 A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of (i) getting a 5
king card, (ii) getting a face card, (iii) getting a red card (iv) getting a card between 2 and 7,
both inclusive, and (v) getting a card between 2 and 8, both exclusive.
1 3 1 6 5
(Ans: , , , , ¿
13 13 2 13 13
9 A fair die is thrown. Find the probability of getting (i) an even number, (ii) a perfect square, 5
(iii) an integer greater than or equal to 3, (iv) number less than 6 and (v) Number odd number
3 2 4 5 3
(Ans: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v )
6 6 6 6 6
10 A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a king or a heart or a red card. 6
 7
(Ans: ¿
3
11 From a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, a committee of 3 is to be formed. Find the probability 6
that the committee will include (i) all three boys or all three girls, (ii) at most two girls, and
(iii) at least one girl.
1 29 5
(Ans: , , )
5 30 6
12 In a group of 1000 persons, there are 650 who can speak Hindi, 400 can speak English, and 6
150 can speak both Hindi and English. If a person is selected at random, what is the
probability that he speaks (i) Hindi only, (ii) English only, (iii) only one of two languages,
and (iv) at least one of the two languages?
1 1 3 9
(Ans: , , , )
2 4 4 10

Conditional Probability
1 A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are boys given that 4
at least one of them is a boy?
1
(Ans: ¿
3
2 A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number appearing is a multiple of 3’ and F be the event 4
‘the number appearing is even’ then find whether E and F are independent.
(Ans:
3 Find the probability of drawing a queen and a king from a pack of cards in 2 consecutive 4
draws, the cards drawn not being replaced.
4
(Ans: ¿
663
4 A bag contains 3 red and 4 white balls. Two draws are made without replacement. What is 4
the probability that both the balls are red?
1
(Ans: ¿
7
5 1 5
The probability that the machine A will perform a usual function in 5 years’ time is , while
4
1
the probability that the machine B will perform the function in 5 years’ time is . Find the
3
probability that both machines will perform the usual function.
1
(Ans: )
12
6 A bag contains 8 red and 5 white balls. Two successive draws of 3 balls each are made such 5
that (i) the balls are replaced before the Second trial, and (ii) the balls are not replaced before
the second trial. Find the probability that the first draw will give 3 white and the second 3 red
balls.
140 7
(Ans: , ¿
20449 429

7 3 5 3 5
If A and B are two events such that P(A)= , P(B)= and P(A⋃ B ¿= , find P(A/B) and
8 8 4
P(B/A). Show that A and B are independent.
8 An urn contains 10 red, 5 white and 4 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. Find the 5
 probability that they are not of the same colour.
25
(Ans: )
38
9 A person A is known to hit a target in 3 out of 4 shots, whereas another person B is known to 5
hit a target in 2 out of 3 shots. Find the probability of the target being hit at all when they
both try.
11
(Ans: ¿
If A and B are two events with P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.4, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2. Find (i) P( A ⋃ B ), (ii) 5
12
1
0 P( A /B) and (iii) P( A /B).
(Ans: 0.5, 0.5)
1 From a bag containing 4 white and 6 black balls, 2 balls are drawn at random. If the balls are 5
1 drawn one after the other without replacements, find the probability that the first ball is white
and the second ball is black
4
(Ans: ¿
15
1 Data on readership of a certain magazine show that the proportion of male readers under 35 is 0.40 5
2 and that over 35 is 0.20. If the proportion of readers under 35 is 0.70, find the probability of
subscribers that are females over 35 years. Also, Calculate the probability that a randomly selected
male subscriber is under 35 years of age.

If A and B are 2 events such that p(A)=2/3, 𝑃( A ⋂ B ) =1/6 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =1/3, find P(B),
(Ans:0.1,2/3)

P(A∪ 𝐵), 𝑃(𝐴̅∪ 𝐵), P(A/B), P(B/A) and 𝑃( B ¿. Also, examine whether the events A and
1 6
3

If A and B are two events with P(A)=1/3, P(B)=1/4, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1/12. Find (i) P(A/B), (ii)
B are (i) equally likely, (ii) exhaustive, (iii) mutually exclusive, and (iv) independent

P(B/A), (iii) P (B/𝐴̅), and (iv) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅). [Ans: - (i) 1/3, (ii) ¼, (iii) ¼, (iv) ¼]
1 6
4
1 A husband and wife appeared in an interview for two vacancies in an office. The probability 6
5 1 1
of the husband’s selection is and that of the wife’s selection is . Find the probability that
7 5
(i) both of them are selected, (ii) only one of them is selected, (iii) none of them is selected,
and (iv) at least one of them is selected.
1 11 24 2
(Ans: , , , )
35 35 35 7
1 In a certain college, 25% of students failed in mathematics, 15% of students failed in 6
6 statistics and 30% of students failed in at least one of the subjects selected at random. Find
the probability that
(a)he failed in both mathematics and statistics Ans = 0.1
(b)he failed in mathematics if he also failed in statistics Ans =0.4
(c)he failed in statistics if he also failed in mathematics Ans=0.67
(d)he failed in mathematics given that he passed in statistics. Ans= 0.1764

Bayes Theorem

1. A card is lost from a pack of 52 cards. From the remaining cards two are drawn 4 Marks
randomly and found to be both clubs. Find the probability that the lost card is
also a clubs.
Answer: 11/50

2. It is observed that 50% of mails are spam. There is a software that filters spam 4 Marks
mail before reaching the inbox. It accuracy for detecting a spam mail is 99% and
 chances of tagging a non-spam mail as spam mail is 5%. If a certain mail is
tagged as spam find the probability that it is not a spam mail.
Answer: 4.8%

3. In a neighborhood, 90% children were falling sick due flu and 10% due to 4 Marks
measles and no other disease. The probability of observing rashes for measles is
0.95 and for flu is 0.08. If a child develops rashes, find the child’s probability of
having flu.
Answer: 0.43

4. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement and 5 Marks
are found to be blue. What is the probability that all balls in the bag are blue?
Answer: 3/5

5. Three machines M1,, M2 and M3 produce identical items. Of their respective 5 Marks
output 5%, 4% and 3% of items are faulty. On a certain day M1 has produce 25%
of the total output, M2 has produced 30% and M3 the remainder. An Item
selected at random is found to be faulty. What are the chances that it was
produced by the machine with the highest output?
Answer: 0.355

6. In shop A, 30 tin pure ghee and 40 tin adulterated ghee are kept for sale while in 5 Marks
shop B, 50 tin pure ghee and 60 tin adulterated ghee are there. One tin of ghee is
purchased from one of the shops randomly and it is found to be adulterated.
Find the probability that it is purchased from shop B.
Answer: 21/43

7. At a certain university, 4% of men are over 6 feet tall and 1% of women are over 5
6 feet tall. The total student population is divided in the ratio 3:2 in favour of
women. If a student is selected at random from among all those over six feet
tall, what is the probability that the student is a woman?
Answer: 3/11

8. The contents of urns I, II and III are as follows: 5 Marks

Urn I. I white, 2 black and 3 red balls,
Urn II: 2 white, 1 black and 1 red balls, and
Urn III: 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls.
One urn is chosen at random and two balls drawn. They happen Jo be white and
red. What is the probability that they come from urns I, II or III?
Answer: 55/118, 30/118, 33/118

9. Three urns contains 6 red, 4 black; 4 red, 6 black; 5red, 5 black balls respectively. 5 Marks
One of the urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn
is red find the probability that it is drawn from the first urn.
 Answer: 2/5

10. An Insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 6 Marks
truck drivers. The probability of accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively.
One of the insured person meets with an accident. What is the probability that
he is a scooter driver.
Answer 1/52

11. There are three bags: first containing 1 white, 2 red, 3 green balls; second 2 6 Marks
white, 3 red , 1 green balls and third 3 white, 1 red , 2 green balls. Two balls are
drawn from a bag chosen at random. These are found to be one white and one
red ball. Find the probability that the balls so dwawn came from the second bag
Answer: 6/11

12 In answering a question on a multiple choice test a student either knows the 6 Marks
answer or he guesses. Let p be the probability that he knows the answer an4 I-p
the probability that he guesses. Assume that a student who guesses at the
answer All be correct with probability 1/5, where 5 is the number of multiple-
choice alternatives. What is the conditional probability that a student knew the
answer to a question given that he answered it correctly?
Answer: 5p/(4p + 1)

Expectation and Variance of Discrete and Continuous Random

Variables

1 In a lottery, m tickets are drawn at a time out of n tickets numbered from 1 to n. 4 Marks
Find the expected value of the sum of the numbers on the tickets drawn
Answer: ½ m(n + 1)

2 A variate X has the probability distribution 4 Marks

x -3 6 9
P(X+x) 1/6 1/2 1/3
FindE(X) and E(X ). Hence evaluate E(2X + 1)2
2

Answer: E(X) = 11/2, E(X2) = 93/2, E(2X + 1)2 = 209

3 A Machine produce an average of 500 items during the first week of the month 4 Marks
and an average of 400 items during the last week of the months, the probability
of this being 0.68 and 0.32 respectively. Determine the expected value of the
production.
Answer: 468

4 A Factory on an average produce 15 cars in first fortnight on the month and 20 4 Marks
cars in second fortnight of the same month, the probability of this being 0.72
and 0.46 respectively. Determine the expected value of the production.
 Answer: 20

5 A die id tossed thrice. A success is “getting 1 or 6” on a toss. Find the mean and 5 Marks
variance of the number of success
Answer: P = 0.333, Mean = 1, Variance = 2/3

6 X is a continuous random variable with probability density function given by 5 Marks

{ }
kx ,0 x 2
f (x)= 2 k ,2 x 4
−kx+ 6 k , 4 x 6

Find k and mean value of X.

Answer: k = 1/8, Mean = 3

7 The probability density function of the variable X is 5 Marks

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

P(X) K 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k

(i) Find P(X < 4), P(X < 5), P(X < 6)
(ii) What will be the minimum value of k so that P(X  2) > 3
Answer: (i) 16/49,24/49,33/49, (ii) k = 1/30

8 A random variable X has the following probability function of the variable X is 5 Marks

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k K2 2 K2 7K2 + k

(i) Find the value of the k

(ii) Evaluate P(X < 6), P(X  6)
(iii) P (0 < X < 5)
Answer: (i) k = 1/10, (ii) 81/100, 19/100, (iii) 4/5

9 A random variable x has the following probability function 5 Marks

Values of x -2 -1 0 1 2 3

P(X) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k

Find the value of k and calculate mean and variance.

Answer: k = 1, mean = 8, variance: 2.232

10 Find the variance if the Probability distribution of X is 5 Marks

X 1 2 3 4 5 6

P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

 Answer: 35/12

11 A random variable X assumes values 1, 2, 3, . . . , n with equal probabilities, if 5 Marks

Var(X) = E(X), then find the value of n.
Answer: 7
The probability distribution of a random variable 𝑋 is given as follows:
𝑋
12 5

𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) 0.2
-2 -1 0 1 2

Find (i)𝐸(𝑋) (ii)𝑉(𝑋) (iii) 𝐸(2𝑋 − 3) (iv)𝑉(2𝑋 − 3) (v) V(E(X))

0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1

(Ans:
13 X is a continuous random variable with probability density function given by 6 Marks

{ }
3
x 0 x1
f (x)=
(2−x )3 1 x 2

Calculate the standard deviation and also the mean deviation and also the mean
deviation about the mean.
Answer: 1/15, 1/5

14 Let X be a random variable with PDF given by 6 Marks

{ c x |x|1
}
2
f (x)=
0 otherwise

a. Find the constant c.

b. Find E(X) and Var(X).
c. Find P(X ≥ 1/2).
Answer: a. 3/2, b. 0, 3/5, c. 7/16

15 A random variable X has the following Probability distribution 6 Marks

X 0 1 2

P(X) 25/36 k 1/36

Find the variance if the mean of the random variable X is 1/3.

Answer: 5/18

16 The Z denote the number of hours you study on a Monday. Also, it is known that 6 Marks

{ }
0.4 If z=0
P(Z=z)= kz If z=1∨2 , where k is constant.
0 otherwise

What is the probability that you study at least two hours?

Answer: 0.4
 Binomial Distribution

1 The mean and variance of binomial variate are 8 and 6. Find P( X ≥ 2) 4

(Ans: 0.9988)
2 The mean and variance of binomial variate are 4 and 4/3 respectively. Find P( X ≥ 1) ? 4
(Ans: 0.9986)
3 For the binomial distribution with n = 20, p = 0.35. Find mean and variance of binomial 4
distribution.
Ans. Mean = 7, variance = 4.55
4 In a binomial distribution consisting of 5 independent trials, the probability of 1 and 2 5
successes are 0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the parameter p of the distribution?
Ans. P=1/5
5 Suppose P( X=0)=1−P(X =1). If E (X )=3 Var ( X). Find P( X=0)? 5
Ans. 1/3
6 A discrete random variable X has a mean 6 and variance 2. If it is assumed that the 5
distribution is binomial, find the probability that 5 ≤ X ≤7 .
Ans. 0.7121
7 If the probability of defective bolt is 1/8, find the (1) mean and (2) Variance for the 5
distribution of 640 defective bolts?
Ans. (1) Mean = 80, (2) Var = 70
8 The probability of man hitting a target is 1/3. (1) If he fires 5 times, what is the probability of 5
his hitting the target at least twice? (2) How many times must he fire so that the probability
of his hitting the target at least once is more than 90%?
Ans. (1) 0.5391 (2) 0.9122
9 In eight throws of a die, 5 or 6 is considered as a success. Find the mean number of success 5
and the standard deviation.
Ans. Mean = 8/3, S.D. = 4/3.
10 4 coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting (1) 2 heads (2) at least 2 6
heads (3) at most 2 heads?
Ans. (1) 3/8, (2) 11/16, (3) 11/16
11 Two dice are thrown five times. Find the probability of getting the sum as 7. 6
(1) at least once
(2) two times
(3) P(1<X<15)
Ans. (1) 4651/7776, (2) 625/3888, (3) 1525/7776
12 In a binomial distribution, the sum and the product of the mean and variance are 25/3 and 6
50/3 respectively. Determine the distribution?
Ans. write the Binomial distribution with n=15, p=1/3 and q=2/3, x=0, 1, 2, 3, …., 15.

Poisson Distribution

1 The variate X has a Poisson distribution and is given that P (X = 2) = 0.25 and P (X = 3) = 4
0.125, Find P (X = 0), P (X = 1) and P (X < 3)?
Ans. P (X = 0) = 0.223, P (X = 1) = 0.335, P (X < 3) = 0.808
2 2 A manufacturing unit produces electronic chips, and on average, 2 defective chips appear in 4
 every 100 chips produced. If a batch of 100 chips is inspected, what is the probability that
exactly 3 defective chips are found? ( e−2=0.1353 )
Ans. 0.1804 (or 18.04%)
3 4
A highway toll booth receives an average of 6 cars per minute. What is the probability that
exactly 4 cars arrive at the booth in a randomly chosen minute? ( e−6=0.0025)
Ans. 0.168 (or 16.8%)
4 Six coins are tossed 6400 times. Using the Poisson distribution, what is the approximate 4
probability of getting six heads 10 times?
Ans. 1.025 ×10−30
5 100 electric bulbs are found to be defective in a lot of 5000 bulbs. Find the probability that at 5
the most 3 bulbs are defective in a box of 100 bulbs? ( e−2=0.1353 )
Ans. 0.8566
6 The following mistake per page observed in a book. Fit a Poisson distribution. 5

No. of mistake per page 0 1 2 3 4

No. of pages 211 90 19 5 0
Ans. Accurate Fit of Poisson distribution is given below:

No. of mistake per page 0 1 2 3 4

No. of pages 209 92 20 3 1

7 A factory has a high-speed lathe machine that breaks down on average 3 times per month. 5
What is the probability that it will break down exactly once in a randomly chosen month?
Ans. 0.1494 (or 14.94%)
8 An electrical power grid experiences an average of 2 power surges per week. What is the 5
probability that there are no power surges in a randomly chosen week?
Ans. 0.1353 (or 13.53%)
9 If 2% of lightbulbs are defective, find the probability that (1) at least one is defective, and (2) 5
exactly 7 are defective. Also, find P (1 < X < 8) in a sample of 100?
Ans. (1) 0.8647 (2) 0.0034 (3) 0.5929
10 If two cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards which are diamonds, using Poisson 5
distribution, find the probability of getting two diamonds at least 3 times in 51 consecutive
trials of two cards drawing each time?
Ans. 0.5768
11 In a certain manufacturing process,5% of the tools produced turn out to be defective. Find 5
the probability that in a sample of 40 tools, at most 2 will be defective.
(Ans:0.675)
12 Find the probability that at most 5 defective fuses will be found in a box of 200 fuses, if 5
experience shows that 2% of such fuses are defective. (Ans:0.7851)
13 A manufacturer, who produces medicine bottles, finds that 0.1% of the bottles are defective. 6
The bottles are packed in boxes containing 500 bottles. A drug manufactures buys 100 boxes
 from the producer of bottles. Using Poisson distribution, find how many boxes will contain (1)
no defective bottles and (2) at least 2 defective bottles?
Ans. (1) approx. 61 (2) approx. 9
14 In a certain factory turning out blades, there is a small chance of 1/500 for any blade to be 6
defective. The blades are supplied in packets of 10. Use the Poisson distribution to calculate
the approximate number of packets containing no defective, one defective, and two defective
blades in a consignment of 10000 packets?
Ans. (1) approx. 9802 (2) approx. 196 (3) approx. 2
15 The number of accidents in a year attributed to taxi drivers in a city follows Poisson 6
distribution with a mean of 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers, find approximately the number of
drivers with (1) no accidents in a year, and (2) more than 3 accidents in a year?
Ans. (1) approx. 50 (2) approx. 353
16 Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data: 6
No. of deaths (x) 0 1 2 3 4
frequency 122 60 15 2 1

Ans.
No. of mistake per page 0 1 2 3 4
No. of pages 121 61 15 3 0

Normal Distribution
4-marks
1. What is the probability that a standard normal variate Z will be (i) greater than 1.09? (ii) less than - 4
1.65? [ P ( 0< Z< 1.09 )=0.3621∧P ( 0< Z <1.65 )=0.45 ]
Ans. (i) Z > 1.09
P (Z > 1.09) = 0.5 – P (0≤ Z ≤1.09 ¿
= 0.5 – 0.3621
= 0.1379
(ii) Z≤−1.65
P (Z≤−1.65 ¿=1−P(Z >−1.65)
= 1 – P [0.5 + P (-1.65 < Z <0)]
= 1 – P [0.5 + P (0 < Z <1.65)] (By symmetry)
= 0.5 - P (0 < Z <1.65) = 0.5 – 0.45 = 0.0495
2. What is the probability that a standard normal variate Z will be (i) lying between -1 and 1.96? (ii) 4
lying between 1.25 And 2.75?
[ P ( 0< Z< 1 )=0.3413 , P ( 0<Z <1.96 )=0.4750 , P ( 0< Z< 2.75 )=0.4970∧P ( 0< Z< 1.25 )=0.3944 ]
Ans. (i) P (-1 < Z <1.96) = P (-1 < Z <0) + P (0 < Z <1.96)
= P (0 < Z <1) + P (0 < Z <1.96)
= 0.3413 + 0.4750
= 0.8163
(ii) P (1.25< Z < 2.75) = P (0< Z <2.75)- P (0< Z <1.25)
= 0.4970-0.3944
= 0.1026

3. A manufacture knows from his experience that the resistance of resistor he produces is normal with 4
μ=100 and SD=σ =2 ohms. What percentage of resistor will have resistance between 98 ohms and
102 ohms. [ P ( 0< Z< 1 )=0.3413 ]
Ans. Here
 x−μ 98−100
For 98 ohms: Z = = = -1
σ 2
x−μ 102−100
For 102 ohms: Z = = =1
σ 2
Probability between 98 ohms and 102 ohms
= P (98 < X < 102)
= P (-1< Z < 1)
= P (-1< Z < 0) + P (0 < Z < 1)
= P (0 < Z < 1) + P (0 < Z < 1)
= 2 P (0 < Z < 1)
= 2 (0.3413)
= 0.6826
Approximately 68.26% of the resistors will have a resistance between 98 ohms and 102 ohms.
4 The daily profit of a business man is Rs. 120 and the standard deviation of the profit is Rs. 15. Find 4
the number of days out of 365 days on which his profit will be (i) less than Rs. 100 (ii) more than
Rs. 135 [ P ( 0< Z< 1.33 )=0.4082∧P ( 0 <Z <1 ) =3413 ]
Ans. Here
x−μ 100−120
(i) For x=100 : Z = = = -1.33
σ 15
P (X< 100) = P (Z < -1.33)
= P (-1.33 < z < 0)
= P (0 < z < 1.33)
= 0.4082
The number of days out of 365 days on which his profit will be less than Rs. 100
= 0.4082 × 365 = 148.993 = 149 days
x−μ 135−120
(ii) For x=135 : Z = = =1
σ 15
P (X > 135) = P (Z > 1)
= 0.5 - P (0 < z < 1)
= 0.5 - 0.3413
= 0.1587
The number of days out of 365 days on which his profit will be less than Rs. 100
= 0.1587 × 365 = 57.92 = 58 days

5 - Marks Questions

1. The distribution of 500 workers in a factory is approximately normal with man and standard 5
deviation Rs. 75 & Rs. 15 respectively. Find the number of workers who receives weekly wages (i)
more than Rs. 90 (ii) less than Rs. 45 [ P ( 0< Z< 2 )=0.4772∧P ( 0< Z <1 )=0.3413 ]
Ans. Here μ =Rs. 75, σ = Rs. 15
x−μ x−75
Z= =
σ 15
(i) When x = 90, z = 1
P(X> 90) = P (Z > 1)
= P (0 < z < ∞) – P (0 < z < 1)
= 0.5 – 0.3413
= 0.1587
Therefore, the number of workers who receives weekly wages more than Rs. 90
= 0.1587 × 500
= 79.35
≈ 79

(ii) When x = 45, z = 2

P (X< 45) = P (Z < 2)
= P (0 < z < 2)
 = 0.4772
Therefore, the number of workers who receives weekly wages less than Rs. 45
= 0.4772 × 500
= 238.6
≈ 239

2. The mean yield for a one-acre plot is 662kg with a standard deviation of 32kg. Assuming normal 5
distribution, how many one-acre plots in a batch of 1000 plots would you expect to have yields (i)
over 700kg? (ii) below 650kg? [ P ( 0< Z< 1.19 )=0.3830∧P ( 0< Z< 0.38 )=0.1480 ]
Ans. Here μ = 662 kg, σ = 32 kg
x−μ x−662
Z= =
σ 32
(i) When x = 700, z = 1.19
P(X> 700) = P (Z > 1.19)
= P (0 < z < ∞) – P (0 < z < 1.19)
= 0.5 – 0.3830
= 0.1170
Therefore, expected number of plots with yields over 700 kg
= 0.1170 × 1000
= 117

(ii) When x = 650, z = - 0.38

P (X< 650) = P (Z < - 0.38)
= P (Z > 0.38)
= 0.5 - P (0 < z < 0.38)
= 0.5 – 0.1480
= 0.352
Therefore, expected number of plots with yields below 650 kg
= 0.352 × 1000
= 352
3. If the height of 300 students is normally distributed with mean 64.5 inch and standard deviation 3.3 5
inches. How many students have height (i) less than 5 feet (ii) between 5 feet and 9 inches.
[ P ( 0< Z< 1.36 )=0.4131 ]
Ans. Here μ = 64.5 inches, σ = 3.3 inches
x−μ x−64.5
Z= =
σ 3.3
(i) When x = 60 inches, z = - 1.36
P (X< 60) = P (Z < - 1.36)
= P (Z > 1.36)
= 0.5 - P (0 < z < 1.36)
= 0.5 – 0.4131
= 0.0869
Therefore, expected number of students have height less than 5 feet
= 0.0869 × 300
= 26.07
≈ 26
x−μ 60−64.5
(ii) For 60 inches: Z = = = -1.36
σ 3.3
x−μ 69−64.5
For 69 inches: Z = = = 1.36
σ 3.3
Probability between 60 and 69 inches
= P (60 < X < 69)
= P (-1.36 < Z < 1.36)
= P (-1.36 < Z < 0) + P (0 < Z < 1.36)
= P (0 < Z < 1.36) + P (0 < Z < 1.36)
 = 2 P (0 < Z < 1.36)
= 2 (0.4131)
= 0.8262
Therefore, expected number of students have height between 60 and 69 inches
= 0.8262 × 300
= 247.86
≈ 248

4 In AEC Company, the amount of light bills follows normal distribution with standard deviation 60. 5
11.31% of customers pay light bill less than Rs 260. Find average amount of light bill.
[ P (−1.21 )=0.1131 ]
Ans. Here σ = Rs. 60
P (X < 260) = 0.1131
P (Z < z) = 0.1131
z ≈ -1.21
x−μ
∴Z=
σ
260−μ
∴ -1.21 =
60
∴ μ=332.6

6 - Marks Questions

1. Students at Nirma Institute of Technology spend average of 24.3 hours per week on homework, with a 6
standard deviation of 1.4 hours. (a) What percentage of students spend more than 28 hours per week
on homework? (b) What is the probability that a student spends more than 28 hours per week on
homework[ P ( 0< Z< 2.64 ) =0.4959 ]
Ans. :(a) The value of z corresponding to 28 hours is
x−μ 28−24.3 3.7
Z= = = = 2.64
σ 1.4 1.4
From the table A = 0.4959 when z = 2.64
All the area under the curve to the right of the mean is one half of the total area.
The area to the right of z = 2.64 is 0.5 – 0.4959 = 0.0041.
Therefore 0.41% of the students study more than 28 hours.
(b) The probability that a student studies more than 28 hours is the fraction of the area that is
to the right of 28, that is, 0.0041

2. A sample of 100 dry battery cells tested and found that average life of 12 hours and a standard 6
deviation 3 hours. Assuming the data to be normally distributed, what percentage of battery cells are
expected to have life (i)more than 15 hours (ii) less than 6 hours (iii) between10 to 14 hours?
[ P ( 0< Z< 2 )=0.4772 , P ( 0 <Z <0.67 )=0.2487∧P ( 0< Z< 1 )=0.3413 ]
Ans. Here μ = 12 hours, σ = 3 hours
x−μ x−12
Z= =
σ 3
(i) When x = 15, z = 1
P(X> 15) = P (Z > 1)
= P (0 < z < ∞) – P (0 < z < 1)
= 0.5 – 0.3413
= 0.1587
= 15.87%
(ii) When x = 6, z = -2
P (X< 6) = P (Z < -2)
= P (z > 2) = P (0 < z < ∞) – P (0 < z < 2)
= 0.5 – 0.4772.
= 0.0228
 = 2.28%
(iii) When x =10, z = -2/3. = - 0.67, When x = 14, z = 2/3 = 0.67
P (10 < X < 14) = P ( -0.67 < z < 0.67)
= 2P (0 < z < 0.67)
= 2(0.2487)
= 0.4974
= 49.74%

3. Daily income of workers follows normal distribution with mean Rs. 1000 and standard deviation Rs. 6
100. Find Probability of income (i) less than Rs. 1100 (ii) more than Rs. 1100
(iii) less than Rs. 790. [ P ( 0< Z< 2.1 )=0.4821∧P ( 0< Z <1 )=0.3413 ]
Ans. Here
x−μ 1100−1000
(i) For x=1100 : Z = = =1
σ 100
P (X< 1100) = P (z < 1)
= P (0 < z < 1)
= 0.3413
x−μ 1100−1000
(ii) For x=1100 : Z = = =1
σ 100
P (X > 1100) = P (Z > 1)
= 0.5 - P (0 < z < 1)
= 0.5 - 0.3413
= 0.1587
x−μ 790−1000
(iii) For x=790 : Z = = = -2.1
σ 100
P (X< 790) = P (z < -2.1)
= 0.5 - P (-2.1 < z < 0)
= 0.5 - P (0 < z < 2.1)
= 0.5 – 0.4821
= 0.0179

4 2000 students appeared for the exam. Distribution of marks is assumed to be normal with mean 30 6
and standard deviation 6.25. How many students will get marks (i) between 20 and 40 (ii) more than
25 (iii) between 35 and 40. [ P ( 0< Z< 1.6 )=0.4452∧P ( 0< Z< 0.8 )=0.2881 ]
Ans. Here
x−μ 20−30
(i) For 20 ohms: Z = = = -1.6
σ 6.25
x−μ 40−30
For 40 ohms: Z = = = 1.6
σ 6.25
Probability between 20 marks and 40 marks
= P (20 < X < 40)
= P (-1.6 < Z < 1.6)
= P (-1.6 < Z < 0) + P (0 < Z < 1.6)
= P (0 < Z < 1.6) + P (0 < Z < 1.6)
= 2 P (0 < Z < 1.6)
= 2 (0.4452)
= 0.8904
Therefore, the number of students will get marks between 20 and 40
= 0.8904 × 2000
= 1780.8
≈ 1781

x−μ 25−30
(ii) For x=25 : Z = = = -0.8
σ 6.25
P (X > 25) = P (Z > - 0.8)
 = 0.5 - P (0 < Z < 0.8)
= 0.5 - 0.2881
= 0.2119
Therefore, the number of students will get marks between 20 and 40
= 0.2119 × 2000
= 423.8
≈ 424

x−μ 35−30
(iii) For 35 ohms: Z = = = 0.8
σ 6.25
x−μ 40−30
For 40 ohms: Z = = = 1.6
σ 6.25
Probability between 35 marks and 40 marks
= P (35 < X < 40)
= P (0.8 < Z < 1.6)
= P (0 < Z < 1.6) - P (0 < Z < 0.8)
= 0.4452 – 0.2881
= 0.1571
Therefore, the number of students will get marks between 20 and 40
= 0.1571 × 2000
= 314.2
≈ 314