Mathematics Study Sheet: Ratios, Rates, Proportionality & Percents
Unit 3: Ratios, Rates, and Conversions
Lesson 5-1: Understand Ratios
Definition: Comparison of two quantities.
Forms:
aa
𝑎
to
bb
𝑏
a∶ba colon b
𝑎∶𝑏
a/ba / b
𝑎/𝑏
.
Types: Part-to-part, Part-to-whole.
Lesson 5-2: Generate Equivalent Ratios
Express the same relationship.
Find by: multiplying or dividing both terms by the same number.
Example:
1∶3=2∶6=4∶121 colon 3 equals 2 colon 6 equals 4 colon 12
1∶3=2∶6=4∶12
.
Lesson 5-3: Compare Ratios
Methods: Common denominators (as fractions), unit rates, or cross-
products.
Lesson 5-4: Represent and Graph Ratios
Ratio Tables: Organized list of equivalent ratios.
Graphs: Plot points
(x,y)open paren x comma y close paren
(𝑥,𝑦)
from the table. Must form a straight line through the origin (0,0).
Lesson 5-5: Understand Rates and Unit Rates
Rate: Ratio with different units (e.g., miles/hour).
Unit Rate: Rate where the denominator is 1 unit (e.g.,
5 miles/1 hour5 miles / 1 hour
5 miles/1 hour
).
Find Unit Rate: Divide numerator by denominator.
Lesson 5-6: Compare Unit Rates
Calculate unit rates to find the better buy or faster speed.
Lesson 5-7: Solve Unit Rate Problems
Use the unit rate as a multiplier.
Example:
5 miles/hour×2 hours=10 miles5 miles/hour cross 2 hours equals 10 miles
5 miles/hour×2 hours=10 miles
.
Lessons 5-8, 5-9, 5-10: Unit Conversions
Use conversion factors (ratios equal to 1).
Multiply to cancel out old units and introduce new ones.
Example: Convert feet to inches.
5 feet×12 inches1 foot=60 inches5 feet cross the fraction with numerator
12 inches and denominator 1 foot end-fraction equals 60 inches
5 feet×12 inches1 foot=60 inches
Unit 6: Percents
Lesson 6-1: Understand Percents
Definition: A ratio out of 100 ("per hundred").
Symbol: %
Example:
75%=75/10075 % equals 75 / 100
75%=75/100
.
Lesson 6-2: Relate Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
To To
To Fraction
Decimal Percent
÷100divi ×100cros simplify
Metho Over 100,
ded by s 100
d
×100
100
÷100 (R2)
(L2)
Lesson 6-5: Find the Percent of a Number
Method: Convert percent to a decimal, then multiply.
Example:
10%10 %
10%
of
90⟹0.10×90=990 ⟹ 0.10 cross 90 equals 9
90⟹0.10×90=9
.
Lesson 6-6: Find the Whole Given Part and Percent
Use the Percent Proportion:
PartWhole=Percent100the fraction with numerator Part and denominator
Whole end-fraction equals the fraction with numerator Percent and
denominator 100 end-fraction
PartWhole=Percent100
Cross-multiply to solve for the unknown (Whole).
7th GRADE TOPICS: Proportionality
Unit Rates with Fractions
Calculate unit rates even when quantities are fractions (complex
fractions).
Divide the top fraction by the bottom fraction (Keep, Change, Flip).
Proportions (Equivalent Ratios)
An equation stating two ratios are equal:
ab=cda over b end-fraction equals c over d end-fraction
𝑎𝑏=𝑐𝑑
.
Solve using cross-multiplication:
a×d=b×ca cross d equals b cross c
𝑎×𝑑=𝑏×𝑐
.
Linking Constant of Proportionality and Direct Variation
These are the same concept: a straight-line relationship through the
origin (0,0).
Equation:
y=kxy equals k x
𝑦=𝑘𝑥
.
Constant of Proportionality (
kk
𝑘
kk
𝑘
is the constant ratio between
yy
𝑦
and
xx
𝑥
.
Formula:
k=yxk equals y over x end-fraction
𝑘=𝑦𝑥
(This is the unit rate).
Constant of Proportionality on a Graph
Visual Check: Straight line through (0,0).
Find
kk
𝑘
: Choose any point
(x,y)open paren x comma y close paren
(𝑥,𝑦)
on the line and calculate
k=y/xk equals y / x
𝑘=𝑦/𝑥