States of Matter
• Solid, liquid, gas
– Predominate on Earth
• Plasma
– Predominates in the universe
• This chapter introduces basic properties of
solids and liquids
– Includes some properties of gases
Introduction
Solids
• Have definite volume
• Have definite shape
• Molecules are held in specific
locations
– By electrical forces
• Vibrate about equilibrium
positions
• Can be modeled as springs
connecting molecules
Section 9.1
More About Solids
• External forces can be applied to the solid and
compress the material
– In the model, the springs would be compressed
• When the force is removed, the solid returns
to its original shape and size
– This property is called elasticity
Section 9.1
Crystalline Solid
• Atoms have an ordered
structure
• This example is salt
– Gray spheres represent
Na+ ions
– Green spheres represent
Cl- ions
Section 9.1
Gas
• Has no definite volume
• Has no definite shape
• Molecules are in constant random motion
• The molecules exert only weak forces on each
other
• Average distance between molecules is large
compared to the size of the molecules
Section 9.1
Plasma
• Gas heated to a very high temperature
• Many of the electrons are freed from the
nucleus
• Result is a collection of free, electrically
charged ions
• Plasmas exist inside stars
Section 9.1
Types of Matter
• Normal matter
– About 5% of total matter
• Dark matter
– Affects the motion of stars in galaxies
– May be as much as 25% of total matter
• Dark energy
– Accounts for acceleration of the expansion of the universe
– May be as much as 70% of all matter
Section 9.1
FLUID ??
Fluids
A fluid is a substance that flows.
Fluids are liquids and gases
If we want to deal with the motion of fluids, our equations
of motion and Newton's Laws of Motion must still apply.
However, it isn't always easy to measure mass or force
when we are dealing with fluids.
It's usually easier to use density and pressure.
Important equations/ concepts for
this section
𝑚
Density =
𝑉
𝐹
Pressure =
𝐴
Apply vector laws
Density
• The density of a substance of uniform
composition is defined as its mass per unit
volume:
• SI unit: kg/m3 (SI)
Section 9.2
Relative density
The SI unit of density is kg.m-3. The density of water is 1000 kg.m-3, the
density of air is about 1.26 kg.m3.
Densities are often given as relative density which is the density
compared to water at 4˚C
density of a subs tan ce
relative density = o
density of water at 4 C
subs tan ce
R.D =
Symbolically
water
activity
1. A piece of anthracite has a volume of 15cm3 and a mass of 27g.
What is its densityin g/cm3 and in kg/m3
2. Calculate the mass of air (𝜌 = 1.26 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚−3 ) in a room of floor
dimensions 10m x 12m and height 4m.
3. Find the density of a substance if relative density is 0.700
4. Density of a substance is 1 988 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚−3 . Determine its relative
density
5. A piece of wood has a mass of 600g. the density of wood is 0.8g cm-3.
Calculate the volume of wood
Density applications
(engineering)
• building a structure e.g. bridge or any
structure masses of the various parts of the
structure must be found
• Structures of supports of adequate strength
may be designed to take these weights.
• If the type of material used to build the
structure and volume are known then the
mass needed can be calculated.
Pressure
Gases in our atmosphere and liquids are made up
of huge numbers of atoms and molecules moving
around very quickly.
These atoms are colliding with each other and
they hit the edges of any solid object (such as your
body).
These collisions exert a force upon the object and
are the source of air pressure or water pressure.
Atmospheric pressure
1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa
Other units of pressure
1 atm = 14.7 psi
1.01 x 105 Pa = 760 torr
760 torr = 760 mmHg
Note:
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
At atmospheric pressure, every square meter has
a force of approx. 100 000 N exerting on it,
coming from air molecules bouncing off it!
Pressure conversions
Activity
1. 70 cm Hg to kPa
2. 90 kPa to mmHg
3. 450 torr to Pa
Pressure exerted by fluids
Fluids exert a force perpendicular to
any surface in contact with it, such
as a container wall or a body
immersed in the fluid.
e.g. force you feel pressing on your
legs when you dangle them
in a swimming pool
• The average pressure P
is the force divided by
the area
Section 9.2
????????????
?????
Why do you close the container with a dough for
a dough to rise easily???????????????
What do you mean when you say I am under
pressure?????????????
Variation of Pressure with Depth
• Fluid is at rest in a container- recall
static equilibrium
𝐡𝟎
• Pressure increases with depth i.e h𝑛 hq
𝑃𝑎𝑡 ℎ3 > 𝑃𝑎𝑡 ℎ2 𝐡𝟏
• Two points at the same vertical position
experience the same pressure, no matter 𝐡𝟐
what the shape of the container
𝑃𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑛 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑞
𝐡𝟑
Pressure and Depth
• Examine the darker
region, assumed to be a
fluid
– It has a cross-sectional
area A
– Extends to a depth h
below the surface
• Three external forces
act on the region
Section 9.4
Recall Forces in fluids and increase
of pressure with depth
• Fluids exert a force perpendicular to any
surface in contact with it, such as a container
wall or a body immersed in the fluid .
Pressure increases with depth
therefore P2> P1
Pressure and Depth equation
•
Section 9.4
example
In a huge oil tanker, salt water has flooded an oil
tank to a depth of 5.00 m. on top of the water
is a layer of oil 8.00m deep as show in the
diagram. ρoil = 0.700 g/cm3 . Find the presuure
at the bottom of the tank. Ρsalt water = 1025
kg/m3 .
• P = Po + ρoilgh1 + ρsaltwatergh2
= 1.013 x 105 +700 x9.8x8 +1025x9.8x5
=2.06 x 105 Pa
Activity
Calculate the pressure on the top lid of a chest
buried under 4.00 m of mud with density 1.75
x103 at the bottom of 10.0 m deep lake
Answer 2.68 x105 Pa.
Activity
• A swimming pool has the dimensions shown
in the drawing. It is filled with water to a
uniform depth of 8.00 m. The density of water
= 1.00 x 103 kg/m3. What is the total pressure
exerted on the bottom of the swimming pool?
20 m
A. 0.79 x105 Pa
B. 2.49 x 105 Pa 15 m
C.1.80 x 105 Pa
D.1.48 x 105 Pa
activity
What is the total force exerted on the bottom of
the swimming pool?
A 5.40 x 107 N
B 2.40 x 107 N
C 5.90 x 107 N
D 8.40 x 107 N
1. A man of weight 800 N stands on an ice skate,
the blade of which is 200 mm long and 5 mm
broad. Calculate the pressure exerted on the ice
2. A pressure gauge of a submarine shows a
total pressure of [Link] atmospheric
pressure is 100kPa and the density of seawater
is 1.12 x 103 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝒎−𝟑 . Calculate the depth of
the submarine
Activity continued
An open tank contains water up to a depth
of 350 cm and above it an oil of specific
gravity 0.65 for a depth of 2.5 m. Find the
pressure intensity at the extreme bottom of
the tank.
Pressure measurement
Pressure Measurements:
Barometer to measure atmospheric pressure
• A long closed tube is
filled with mercury and
inverted in a dish of
mercury
• Measures atmospheric
pressure as ρgh
Section 9.5
Pressure Measurements:
Manometer to measure gas pressure
• One end of the U-
shaped tube is open to
the atmosphere
• The other end is
connected to the
pressure to be
measured
Section 9.5
Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure is
measured with a special
type of manometer
called a sphygmomano-
meter
• Pressure is measured in
mm of mercury
Section 9.5
Pressure measurement
• Hydrometer- measure liquid pressure
Pascal’s Principle
• A change in pressure applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted undiminished to every
point of the fluid and to the walls of the
container.
– First recognized by Blaise Pascal, a French scientist
(1623 – 1662)
Section 9.4
Pascal’s Principle, cont
• The hydraulic press is an
important application of
Pascal’s Principle
• Also used in hydraulic
brakes, forklifts, car
lifts, etc.
Section 9.4
Video
[Link]
In a car lift used in a service station, compressed air
exerts a force on a small piston of circular cross section
having a radius of r1 5.00 cm. This pressure
is transmitted by an incompressible liquid to a second
piston of radius r2 15.0 cm. What force must
the compressed air exert on the small piston in order to
lift a car weighing 13 300 N?
Archimedes
• 287 – 212 BC
• Greek mathematician,
physicist, and engineer
• Buoyant force
• Inventor
Section 9.6
recall
Forces acting on an object - vertically
Objects in free fall a
Hanging objects
T
T
Hanging object with another force pushing below
F
When an object is placed in water : the object will
either float or sink
recall Newtons laws – balanced/ unbalanced forces
acting on an object – net force and acceleration of an
object
=w
Buoyancy
• Buoyancy is a familiar phenomenon: A body
immersed in water seems to weigh less than
when it is in air. When the body is less dense
than the fluid, it floats. The human body
usually floats in water, and a helium-filled
balloon floats in air.
Objects in water
A body will displace fluid molecules to make way
for the body.
In simple terms - amount of space that is
occupied by the fluid will be occupied by the
object – through displacement of the fluid by
the object. Displaced fluid has weight
Archimedes' Principle
• Any object completely or partially submerged
in a fluid is buoyed up (pushed up) by a force
whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the [Link] force is called
buoyant force
Section 9.6
Totally Submerged Object
• The object is less dense
than the fluid
• The object experiences
a net upward force
Section 9.6
Totally Submerged Object, 2
• The object is more
dense than the fluid
• The net force is
downward
• The object accelerates
downward
Section 9.6
continued
• So the total upward force exerted on the body
by the fluid is also the same, again equal in
magnitude to the weight mg of the fluid
displaced to make way for the body. We call
this upward force the buoyant force on the
solid body.
Buoyant Force, cont.
• The magnitude of the buoyant force always
equals the weight of the displaced fluid
Section 9.6
Archimedes’ Principle:
Totally Submerged Object
• The upward buoyant force is
FB=ρfluidVfluid diplaced g
The downward gravitational force is
w=mg=ρobjVobjg
• The net force is
FB -w=(ρfluid-ρobj)Vobjg
For object stationary in fluid net force = 0
Section 9.6
Activity/ example
• A balloon inflated with helium gas (density =
0.2 kg/m3) has a volume of 6 x10−3 m3. If the
density of air is 1.3 kg/m3, what is the buoyant
force exerted on the balloon?
• (a) 0.01 N (c) 0.8 N (e) 7.8 N
(b) 0.08 N (d) 1.3 N
1. A 500 N body floats in fresh water
with all its body below the surface.
Determine the body’s volume.
[0.051 m3]
2. A metal casting has a mass of 40
kg and has a volume of 5 000 cm3. oil
By means of a cord it is held
suspended in oil of relative of
density 0.76. Calculate the buoyant
force and the tension in the string.
[37.2 N] and 355 N]
• An object with a weight of 500 N, weighs 450
N when suspended in water. Determine the
relative density of this object:
• Answer: ≈ 10
activity
1. An object weighs 15 N in air and 13 N when
immersed in water. Determine the density of
the object.
(a) 330 kg/m3 (c)1.2 x103 kg/m3
(b) 500 kg/m3 (d) 6.0 x 103 kg/m3
(e)7.5 x 103 kg/m3
activity
A piece of alloy has a measured mass of 86g
in air and 73 g when immersed in water. Find
its volume and density ,
ANS: V= 1.3 X10-5 m3
density is 6600kg/m3
activity
1. A metal weighs 26 g in air and 21.48 g in water.
Calculate the volume of the metal if it is completely
submerged in water, FIND its density.
V=4.5 x10-6 m3 ,density = 5 800 kg/m-3
2. A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 775 g. The
aluminum is submerged in a container of oil (oil's density = 0.650
g/cm3). How much oil does the metal displace?
a. 287 cm3
b.309 cm3
c.232 cm3
d.1 125 cm3
Which one of the following statements concerning the buoyant
force on an object submerged in a liquid is true?
(a)The buoyant force depends on the mass of the object.
(b)The buoyant force depends on the weight of the object.
(c) The buoyant force is independent of the density of the liquid.
(d)The buoyant force depends on the volume of the liquid
displaced.
Buoyant Force, final
• The buoyant force is exerted by the fluid
• Whether an object sinks or floats depends on
the relationship between the buoyant force
and the weight
Section 9.6
Archimedes’ Principle:
Partially submerged objects.
• The object is in static equilibrium
• The upward buoyant force is
balanced by the downward force of
gravity
• Volume of the fluid displaced
corresponds to the volume of the
object beneath the fluid level
Section 9.6
Archimedes’ Principle:
Floating Object, cont
• The forces balance
– Neglects the buoyant
force of the air
Section 9.6
Floating object/ partially
submerged
If the object’s density
is less than that of
water, there will be an
upward net force on
it, and it will rise until
it is partially
out of the water.
© 2016 Pearson Education,
Ltd.
densities
Applications of Archemedes’ principle-
partially submerged / floating
Example 1
• A raft is constructed of
wood having density of
6.00 x103 kg/m3 . Its s
area is 5.70 m2 and its
volume is 0.60 m3. when
the raft is placed in water,
to what depth h is the
bottom of the raft
submerged?
solution
Solution continued
activity
• A block of wood has density 0.50 g/cm3 and mass 1 500 g. It
floats in a container of oil (the oil's density is 0.75 g/cm3).
What volume of oil does the wood displace?
• a. 3 000 cm3
• b. 2 000 cm3
• c. 1 500 cm3
• d. 1 000 cm3
• A log of mass 40 kg is dropped into a river . If
the relative density of the log is 0.8, what will
be the volume of the log above the surface?
[V = 0.01m3 ]
activity
• After a moving van drives onto a river ferry
(boat transporting people), the ferry sinks
0.0367 m. The length and width of the ferry
are 15.24 m and 6.10 m, respectfully.
Determine the weight of the moving van.
(a) 6.09 103 N (c) 3.34 104 N
6.68 104 N
(b) 1.00 104 N (d) 5.11 104 N
NB: Floating object
`
• A object of mass 0.05 t floats in a sea-water.
a) What volume of sea-water it displaces?
If the same object is immersed in fresh water,
what weight of the object will displace the same
volume of fresh water as was displaced in the
sea-water?
(Density of fresh water 1000 kg/m3, relative
density of sea-water = 1.03, 1t = 1 000 kg.)
• A rectangular box, open at the top and of mass 2
700 kg, has base dimension 3 m x 2.5 m and a
depth of 1.5 m. Calculate (a) how deep it will sink
in water. (b) the weight (Wb)that causes it to sink
1m.
a)0.36 m
b) 47 088 N ≈ 50 𝑘𝑁
Activity
A cube of wood having an edge
dimension of 20.0 cm and a
density of 650 kg/m3 floats on
water
20.0 cm
What is the distance from the
horizontal top surface of the
cube to the water level?
Ans. 0.07 m