Artificial Intelligence
Lab Tutorial 1 Correction
Bayesian Networks
Student Solution
2025–2026
1 Qualitative Representation
A Bayesian Network is represented by a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) where:
• Nodes represent random variables
• Arcs represent probabilistic dependencies
The variables used in this tutorial are:
• Age
• Sex
• Education
• Occupation
• Residence
• Travel
1.1 DAG1 : Manual construction
Example of arcs added manually:
Age → Education
Education → Occupation
Occupation → T ravel
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Residence → T ravel
Sex → Occupation
Graphical representation:
Age
Education
Sex Occupation Residence
Travel
1.2 DAG2 : Matrix representation
The same structure can be represented using an adjacency matrix.
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
M = 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
Where the order of variables is:
(Age, Education, Occupation, T ravel, Sex, Residence)
If both DAGs represent the same dependencies then:
[Link](DAG1, DAG2) = T RU E
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1.3 Cycle Test
A Bayesian Network must be acyclic.
If we try to add:
T ravel → Age
we obtain a cycle:
Age → Education → Occupation → T ravel → Age
Typical error message in R:
Error: the resulting graph contains cycles
2 Quantitative Representation
All variables are discrete.
2.1 Variable Domains
• Age = {young, adult, old}
• Sex = {male, female}
• Education = {HighSchool, University}
• Occupation = {Employee, SelfEmployed}
• Residence = {Small, Large}
• Travel = {Car, Train, Other}
3 Joint Probability Distribution
For a Bayesian Network the joint distribution is:
P (Age, Sex, Education, Occupation, Residence, T ravel)
Using the DAG factorization:
P (A, S, E, O, R, T ) = P (A) P (S) P (R) P (E|A) P (O|E, S) P (T |O, R)
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4 Example Probability Tables
4.1 Prior probability of Age
P (Age)
Age Probability
young 0.4
adult 0.4
old 0.2
4.2 Probability of Sex
Sex Probability
male 0.5
female 0.5
4.3 Education given Age
P (Education|Age)
Age HighSchool University
young 0.7 0.3
adult 0.4 0.6
old 0.6 0.4
4.4 Occupation given Education and Sex
P (Occupation|Education, Sex)
Education Sex Employee SelfEmployed
HS male 0.7 0.3
HS female 0.8 0.2
Uni male 0.6 0.4
Uni female 0.7 0.3
4.5 Residence
City size Probability
Small 0.55
Large 0.45
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4.6 Travel given Occupation and Residence
P (T ravel|Occupation, Residence)
Occupation Residence Car Train Other
Employee Small 0.6 0.2 0.2
Employee Large 0.3 0.5 0.2
SelfEmp Small 0.7 0.1 0.2
SelfEmp Large 0.4 0.4 0.2
5 Venn Diagram Interpretation
The joint probability can also be visualized using sets.
Age Education
Occupation
The intersection represents joint events such as:
P (Age = young ∩ Education = U niversity)
Using conditional probability:
P (A ∩ E) = P (A)P (E|A)
Example calculation:
P (young ∩ university)
= P (young) × P (university|young)
= 0.4 × 0.3
= 0.12
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6 Complete Bayesian Network
The final Bayesian Network is obtained by combining:
• The DAG structure
• All conditional probability tables
Thus the model fully defines the probability distribution of the system.
P (A, S, E, O, R, T ) = P (A)P (S)P (R)P (E|A)P (O|E, S)P (T |O, R)
7 Conclusion
This tutorial demonstrated:
• Construction of Bayesian Network DAGs
• Verification of identical structures
• Detection of cycles
• Construction of conditional probability tables
• Computation of joint probabilities