1|Page

Objectives
1. Identify the X and Y axes and the x and y coordinate

2. Identify the region of quadrants 1 - 4

3. Read and plot points from the Cartesian plane.

4. Write coordinates of points as ordered pairs

5. Connect points on the Cartesian plane to form plane

6. Recognize a linear equation connecting two variables: y = mx + c where

m and c are real numbers

7. Plot a straight-line graph of a given equation

8. Calculate the gradient of a straight line from its graph or given two points
on the line

9. Recognize the equation and know the gradient for horizontal and vertical
lines: 𝑥 = 𝑘 and 𝑦 = 𝑐, where 𝑘 and 𝑐 are real numbers

10. Find the y-intercept for any straight line from its graph

11. Recognize the equation of a straight line in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, and use
this to state the gradient and the y-intercept for any straight line

12. Calculate midpoint of a line

13. Use distance formula when given two points to calculate to find the
distance between them (same as finding the length of a line)

14. Find the equation of a straight line given:

 2 points on the line

 1 point and the gradient
 1 point and the y intercept

2|Page
 Lesson 1 – 25th May, 2021

The Cartesian Plane

The Cartesian plane is a two-dimensional region. To describe the position of a

point on this plane we use the Cartesian Coordinate system. Hence,

Coordinate Geometry is the study of the relationships between points on the

Cartesian plane.

 The plane consists of a horizontal number line called the x-axis and a

vertical number line called the y-axis.

 The point of intersection of these two axes is the origin, the reference point

from which all positions are measured.

 The cartesian plane is really infinite and so we use arrows at the end of the

axes when we represent it.

We can describe any point in the plane using an ordered pair of numbers with

reference to these axes.

3|Page
A point on the plane is located by stating its coordinates, a pair of numbers

enclosed in parenthesis: (𝒙, 𝒚).

 The first number, 𝒙, gives its horizontal distance of the point from the origin

 The second number, 𝒚, gives its vertical distance of the point from the

origin

 The coordinates of the origin are (𝟎, 𝟎).

 In the figure above, the point shown has coordinates (5, 4) .

The Cartesian plane is divided into four (4) quadrants as shown below.

2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant

4|Page
 A

C B

H E

G
D

F
A

𝑨 = (𝟑, 𝟒) 𝑭 = (𝟑, −𝟑)

𝑩 = (𝟏, 𝟑) 𝑮 = (𝟔, −𝟏)

𝑪 = (−𝟓, 𝟑) 𝑯 = (−𝟑, 𝟎)

𝑫 = (−𝟔, −𝟐) 𝑰 = (−𝟑, −𝟓)

𝑬 = (𝟒, 𝟎) 𝑱 = (𝟎, −𝟒)

5|Page
Length of a straight line (line segment)

 This refers to the distance between two points on the Cartesian plane.

 Distances are always positive, or zero if the points coincide.

 The distance from A to B is the same as the distance from B to A.

Finding the Length of a line

IF A and B represent two points, such that 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), then the

distance AB is

𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Example 1

Given 𝐴 = (2, 3) and 𝐵 = (5, 7) calculate the length of AB

Solution

Let A = (2, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 2 and 𝑦1 = 3

Let B = (5, 7) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = 5 and 𝑦2 = 7

The length of a line is √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Hence, the length of AB = √(5 − 2)2 + (7 − 3)2

= √(3)2 + (4)2

= √9 + 16

= √25

= 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

6|Page
Example 2

Given 𝑃 = (1, −1) and 𝐵 = (3, 5) calculate the length of PB

Solution

Let P = (1, -1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑦1 = −1

Let Q = (3, 5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = 3 and 𝑦2 = 5

The length of a line is √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Hence, the length of AB = √(3 − 1)2 + (5 − −1)2

= √(2)2 + (6)2

= √4 + 36

= √40 (exact)

= 6.32 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (correct to 2 dec places)

7|Page
Try these!

1. Calculate the length of 𝑿𝒀, where 𝑿 = (−𝟐, −𝟑) and 𝒀 = (𝟑, 𝟕)

Let 𝑋 = (−2, −3 ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = −2 and 𝑦1 = −3

Let 𝑌 = (3,7) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = 3 and 𝑦2 = 7

The length of a line is √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Hence, the length of AB = √(3 − −2)2 + (7 − −3)2

= √(5)2 + (10)2

= √25 + 100

= √125 (exact)

= 11.18 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

OR

Let 𝑌 = (3,7 ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 3 and 𝑦1 7

Let 𝑋 = (−2, −3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = −2 and 𝑦2 = −3

The length of a line is √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Hence, the length of AB = √(−2 − 3)2 + (−3 − 7)2

= √(−5)2 + (−10)2

= √25 + 100

= √125 (exact)

= 11.18 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

8|Page
 Home work – Due Midday Thursday 27th May, 2021

1. Calculate the length of 𝑀𝑁, where 𝑀 = (4, 1) and 𝑁 = (−1, 11)

Solution

Let M = (4, 1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 4 and 𝑦1 = 1

Let N = (-1, 11) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = −1 and 𝑦2 = 11

The length of a line is √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Hence, the length of AB = √(−1 − 4)2 + (11 − 1)2

= √(−5)2 + (10)2

= √25 + 100

= √125

= 11.2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

2. Calculate the length of 𝐴𝐵, where 𝐴 = (5, −3) and 𝐵 = (−2, 7)

3. Calculate the length of 𝐶𝐷, where 𝐶 = (−9, 1) and 𝐷 = (4, 12)

9|Page
 Lesson 2 – 28th May, 2021

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Calculate midpoint of a line

2. Use the midpoint of a line to find unknown coordinates

10 | P a g e
Can you find the coordinates that lie in the middle of the line segment AB

Midpoint of a straight line

 This refers to the mid coordinates of a line.

 The coordinates of the midpoint of a line interval can be found using

averages.

 It is found using the following formula:

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Midpoint of a line segment, M =( , )
2 2

11 | P a g e
Example 1

If 𝐴 = (3, 4) and 𝐵 = (−5, −2), calculate the coordinates of the midpoint of AB

Solution

Let A = (3, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 3 and 𝑦1 = 4

Let B = (-5, -2) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = −5 and 𝑦2 = −2

𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Applying the formula for the midpoint 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

3+ −5 4+ −2
Hence the midpoint of AB is 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

−2 2
𝑀=( , )
2 2

𝑀 = (−1, 1)

Example 2

If 𝐴 = (3, 4) and 𝐵 = (7, 6), calculate the coordinates of the midpoint of AB

Solution

Let A = (3, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 3 and 𝑦1 = 4

Let B = (7, 6) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = 7 and 𝑦2 = 6

𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Applying the formula for the midpoint 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

3+7 4+6
Hence the midpoint of AB is 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

10 10
𝑀 = (2 , 2)

𝑀 = (5, 5)

12 | P a g e
Try this!

If 𝑃 = (1, 4) and 𝑄 = (−1, 8), calculate the coordinates of the midpoint of PQ

Let P = (1, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑦1 = 4

Let Q = (-1, 8) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). That is 𝑥2 = −1 and 𝑦2 = 8

𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Applying the formula for the midpoint 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

1+ −1 4+8
Hence the midpoint of AB is 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

0 12
𝑀 = (2 , 2 )

𝑀 = (0,6)

13 | P a g e
Example 3

Given that 𝐴 = (2, 3) and 𝑀 = (4,5), where M is the midpoint of AB. Find the

coordinates of B.

Solution

Let A = (2, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). That is 𝑥1 = 2 and 𝑦1 = 3

Let 𝐵 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). We need to find 𝑥2 and 𝑦2

We know 𝑀(4,5)

𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Applying the formula for the midpoint 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

2+𝑥2 3+𝑦2
We have (4, 5) = ( , )
2 2

This means

2+𝑥2 3+𝑦2
4= 5=
2 2

4 × 2 = 2 + 𝑥2 5 × 2 = 3 + 𝑦2

8 = 2 + 𝑥2 10 = 3 + 𝑦2

8 − 2 = 𝑥2 10 − 3 = 𝑦2

6 = 𝑥2 7 = 𝑦2

Therefore, B is the point with coordinates, (6, 7)

14 | P a g e
Try This!

Given that 𝐴 = (−4, 1) and 𝑀 = (3, 5), where M is the midpoint of AB. Find the

coordinates of B.

A = (-4, 1) 𝑥1 = −4 𝑦1 = 1

M = (3,5)

We need B = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

−4+𝑥2 1+𝑦2
=( , )
2 2

= (3,5)
−4+𝑥2 1+𝑦2
=3 =5
2 2

15 | P a g e
 Homework

Due by Midday Monday 31st May, 2021

1
1. If 𝑃 = (1, −3) and 𝑄 = (2 , 4), calculate the coordinates of the midpoint of

PQ

2. The diagram below represents the graph of a straight line which passes

through the points P and Q

a) State the coordinates of P and Q

b) Determine

i. The length of the line segment PQ

ii. The midpoint of the line segment PQ

3. Given that 𝑌 = (−9, 5) and 𝑀 = (−2, 4), where M is the midpoint of XY. Find

the coordinates of X.

16 | P a g e
 Lesson 3 – 25th April 2022

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Calculate the gradient of a straight line from its graph or given two points
on the line

2. Recognize the equation and know the gradient for horizontal and vertical
lines: 𝑥 = 𝑘 and 𝑦 = 𝑐, where k and c are real numbers

17 | P a g e
 Slope / Gradient of a line

 The gradient is a measure of the steepness of line.

 There are several ways to measure steepness.

 In coordinate geometry the standard way to define the gradient of an

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
interval AB is .
𝑟𝑢𝑛

Where:

Rise is the change in the 𝑦-values as you move from A to B

Run is the change in the 𝑥-values as you move from A to B.

 Slope is the ratio of the rise to run. It therefore has no units.

 The following formula is used to calculate the gradient:

𝑦2 −𝑦1
Gradient, 𝑚 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦1 −𝑦2
Note that since = it does not matter which point we take as the
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥1 −𝑥2

first and which point, we take as the second.

18 | P a g e
Example 1

Calculate the gradient of a line joining the two points (1, 4) and (6, 7)

Solution

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) represent (1, 4). That is 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑦1 = 4

Let (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) represent (6, 7). That is 𝑥2 = 6 and 𝑦2 = 7

We now substitute the coordinates in the formula

𝑦2 −𝑦1 7−4 3
𝑚 = = = = 0.6
𝑥2 −𝑥1 6−1 5

Example 2

Calculate the gradient of a line joining the two points (-2, 7) and (1, -14)

Solution

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) represent (-2, 7). That is 𝑥1 = −2 and 𝑦1 = 7

Let (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) represent (1, -14). That is 𝑥2 = 1 and 𝑦2 = −14

We now substitute the coordinates in the formula

𝑦2 −𝑦1 −14−7 −21

𝑚 = = = = −7
𝑥2 −𝑥1 1− −2 3

19 | P a g e
Try this!

Calculate the gradient of a line joining the two points (1, -1) and (7, -3)

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) represent (1, -1). That is 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑦1 = −1

Let (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) represent (7, -3). That is 𝑥2 = 7 and 𝑦2 = −3

We now substitute the coordinates in the formula

𝑦2 −𝑦1 −3−−1 −2
𝑚 = = = = −0.3
𝑥2 −𝑥1 7−1 6

20 | P a g e
 Positive and Negative Gradients

B (3, 5)

C (-7, 0)
A (1, 1)

D (-3, -3)

Finding the gradient of AB Finding the gradient of CD

𝐴 = (1, 1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐶 = (−7, 0) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝐵 = (3, 5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐷 = (−3, −3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑚 = 𝑚 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥2 −𝑥1

5−1 −3−0
𝑚 = 𝑚 =
3−1 −3− −7

4 −3
𝑚 = 𝑚 =
2 −3+7

𝑚=2 −3
𝑚 = = −0.75
4

Downward sloping – Negative Gradient

Upward sloping – Positive Gradient

21 | P a g e
Gradient of horizontal and Vertical lines

C (-6, 3)

D (-6, -3)
A (3, -5)

B (8, -5)

Finding the gradient of AB Finding the gradient of CD

𝐴 = (3, −5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐶 = (−6, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝐵 = (8, −5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐷 = (−6, −3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑚 = 𝑚 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥2 −𝑥1

−5− −5 −3−3
𝑚 = 𝑚 =
8−3 −6− −6

0 −6
𝑚 = 𝑚 =
5 0

𝑚=0 𝑚 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

Vertical Line – Gradient is undefined

Horizontal Line – Gradient = 0

22 | P a g e
Generally

23 | P a g e
 Home work

Due by Midday Thursday 3rd June, 2021

Find the length, midpoint and gradient of the following lines

a. AB where 𝐴 = (−1, 2) and 𝐵 = (−5, −6)

b. CD where 𝐶 = (−2, 7) and 𝐷 = (1, 16)

24 | P a g e
Solution

a. 𝐴 = (−1, 2) and 𝐵 = (−5, −6)

The length of AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−5 − −1)2 + (−6 − 2)2

= √(−4)2 + (−8)2

= √16 + 64

= √80 (exact)

= 8.9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (correct to 1 dec places)

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
The midpoint of AB, 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

−1+ −5 2+ −6
𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

−6 −4
𝑀=(2 , )
2

𝑀 = (−3, −2)

𝑦 −𝑦 −6−2 −8
Gradient of AB, 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = −5− −1 = −4 = 2
2 1

25 | P a g e
b. 𝐶 = (−2, 7) and 𝐷 = (1, 16)

The length of CD= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(1 − −2)2 + (16 − 7)2

= √(3)2 + (9)2

= √9 + 81

= √90 (exact)

= 9.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (correct to 1 dec places)

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
The midpoint of AB, 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

−2+ 1 7+ 16
𝑀 = ( , )
2 2

−1 23
𝑀 =(2 , 2)

1 1
𝑀 = (− 2 , 11 2)

𝑦 −𝑦 16−7 9
Gradient of AB, 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = 1− −2 = 3 = 3
2 1

26 | P a g e
 Lesson 4 – 4th June, 2021

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Recognize a linear equation connecting two variables: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

where m and c are real numbers

2. Recognize the equation of a straight line in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, and use

this to state the gradient and the y-intercept for any straight line

3. Find the equation of a straight line given the y intercept and the gradient

27 | P a g e
 Equation of a straight line

The equation of a straight line is an expression of the relationship between the 𝑥

and 𝑦 values in a linear equation.

The equation of a straight line is in the form:

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

where,

𝑚 is the gradient of the line

𝑐 is the intercept on the y axis (y – intercept)

(𝑥, 𝑦) coordinates of a point on the line

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
C Let’s check:

(1, 5) (-1, -1)

C 𝑥1 = 1 𝑦1 = 5
𝑥2 = −1 𝑦2 = −1

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −1 − 5 −6
𝑚= = = =3
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −1 − 1 −2

𝑐=2

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2

28 | P a g e
QqqqClass Activity

State the gradient and the y intercept of the following lines

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

Equation of the line Gradient (m) y-intercept (c)

𝑦 = 1𝑥 + 3 𝑚=1 𝑐=3

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 𝑚 = −3 𝑐=4

𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 𝑚 = −5 𝑐 = −2

𝑦 = −5𝑥 + −2

𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 3 𝑚=4 𝑐 = −3

1 1 𝑐 =1
𝑦 =1+ 𝑥 𝑚=
2 2

29 | P a g e
 Home-work

Due by Midday Monday 7th June 2021

Copy and complete the table by filling in the blank spaces

Equation of the line Gradient, m y-intercept, c

1 𝒚 = 𝟏𝒙 + −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏

2 𝟏 −𝟗 𝟏
𝒚 = −𝟗𝒙 +
𝟐 𝟐

3 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝒚 𝟓 𝟐

4 𝒚 = −𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 −𝟑 −𝟏𝟐

5 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐

7 𝒚 = −𝟏𝒙 + −𝟕 −𝟏 −𝟕

8 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟓
𝒚= 𝒙 + −𝟓
𝟑 𝟑

9 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝒚=− 𝒙+ −
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓

**10 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓

𝒚 = 𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙

**11 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 −𝟒 −𝟏

𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏

** Note that some equations require rearranging so that it is in the form

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

30 | P a g e
 Lesson 5 – 8th June, 2021

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Find the equation of a straight line given:

 The gradient and the y intercept

 1 point and the gradient

31 | P a g e
Finding the equation of a line

To determine the equation of a straight line we must have specific information

about the line. Our general equation gives us the relationship between x and y,

so x and y are variables. To find a specific equation, we need to know the

values of the unknowns, m and c.

We can find the equation of a line if we are given:

 The gradient (m) and the y- intercept (c)

 The gradient and a point on the line

 The y-intercept and a point on the line

 Two points on the line

32 | P a g e
Given the gradient (m) and the y intercept (c)

This is the simplest case as illustrated with the examples below

Example 1

State the equation of a line whose gradient is 3 and whose y intercept is 2.

Solution

So, 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑐 = 2

Substituting these values in 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, we have

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2

Example 2

A line cuts the y axis at (0, −5), and has a gradient of 4. State its equation.

Solution

Since the line cuts the y axis at (0, −5), its y intercept is -5.

So, 𝑚 = 4 and 𝑐 = −5

Substituting these values gives,

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 4𝑥 + −5

𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 5

Try this!

State the equation of the line with gradient −5 and y intercept −3

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = −5𝑥 + −3

33 | P a g e
Given the gradient and a point on the line

If we are given the gradient and one point, we use the following method to

obtain the equation.

222

Example 3

Determine the equation of a line passing through the point (3, 5) with a gradient

of 2.

Solution

We know 𝑚 = 2 so we need to find 𝑐

We calculate 𝑐 by substituting the value of 𝑚 and the coordinates in the

equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐

5 = 2(3) + 𝑐

5=6+𝑐

5−6 = 𝑐

−1 = 𝑐

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + −1

34 | P a g e
Example 4

Determine the equation of the line passing through the point (2,4) and whose

gradient is 3

Solution

We know 𝑚 = 3 so we need to find 𝑐

We calculate 𝑐 by substituting the value of m and the coordinates in the

equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐

4 = 3(2) + 𝑐

4=6+𝑐

4−6 = 𝑐

−2 = 𝑐

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + −2

35 | P a g e
Try this

Determine the equation of the line passing through the point (4, −1) and whose

gradient is 3

Solution

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐

−1 = 3(4) + 𝑐

−1 = 12 + 𝑐

−1 − 12 = 𝑐

−13 = 𝑐

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + −13

36 | P a g e
 Homework

Due by Midday on Thursday 10th, June 2021

1. A line cuts the y axis at (0, −7), and has a gradient of −2. State its

equation.

2. Determine the equation of the line passing through the point (−5, −4) and

whose gradient is 3

1
3. A line passes through the point T (-4, 1) and has a gradient of 2. Determine

the equation of the line.

37 | P a g e
 Lesson 6 – Friday 11th June

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Find the equation of a straight line given:

 2 points on the line

 1 point and the y intercept

38 | P a g e
Recall:

To find the equation of a straight line, we need to know the values of the

unknowns, m and c.

Given the y-intercept and a point on the line

If we are given the y intercept and one point, we use the following method to

obtain the equation

Example 1

Determine the equation of the line passing through the point (3, 4) and whose y

intercept is -2

Solution

We know 𝑐 = −2 so we need to find 𝑚

We calculate 𝑚 by substituting the value of c and the coordinates in the

equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + −2

4 = 𝑚 (3) − 2

4 = 3𝑚 − 2

4 + 2 = 3𝑚

6 = 3𝑚

39 | P a g e
 6
=𝑚
3

2=𝑚

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2

40 | P a g e
Example 2

Determine the equation of the line passing through the point (−2, 5) and whose

y intercept is 13.

Solution

We know 𝑐 = 13 so we need to find 𝑚

We calculate 𝑚 by substituting the value of c and the coordinates in the

equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

5 = 𝑚(−2) + 13

5 = −2𝑚 + 13

5 − 13 = −2𝑚

−8 = −2𝑚

−8
=𝑚
−2

4=𝑚

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 13

41 | P a g e
Try This!

Determine the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 1) and whose y

intercept is 7.

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

1 = 𝑚 (2) + 7

1 = 2𝑚 + 7

1 − 7 = 2𝑚

−6 = 2𝑚

−6
=𝑚
2

−3 = 𝑚

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 7

42 | P a g e
Given two points on the line

If we are given two points, then we can use the coordinates of the points to

calculate the gradient of the line and proceed as we did above. To calculate
𝑦 −𝑦
the gradient, we use the formula: 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1

Example 3

Determine the equation of the line that passes through the points (2, 1) and

(4, 7).

Solution

The gradient of the line is

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
7−1
𝑚=
4−2
6
𝑚=
2
𝑚=3
Choosing either of the points, say (4,7), we calculate 𝑐 by substituting the value

of 𝑚 and the coordinates in the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

If we had instead used
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
the point (4, 7) and the
7 = 3(4) + 𝑐
same gradient, 3, we
7 = 12 + 𝑐
would have obtained the
7 − 12 = 𝑐
same equation.
−5 = 𝑐

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5

43 | P a g e
Example 4

Determine the equation of the line that passes through the points (−1, 2) and

(−5, −6).

Solution

The gradient of the line is

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

−6 − 2
𝑚=
−5 − −1

−8
𝑚=
−4

𝑚=2

Choosing either of the points, say (-1,2), we calculate 𝑐 by substituting the value

of 𝑚 and the coordinates in the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

If we had instead used
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
the point (-5, -6) and the
2 = 2(−1) + 𝑐
same gradient, 2, we
2 = −2 + 𝑐
would have obtained the
2+2 = 𝑐
same equation.
4=𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4
−6 = 2(−5) + 𝑐
−6 = −10 + 𝑐
−6 + 10 = 𝑐
4=𝑐

44 | P a g e
Try this!

Determine the equation of the line that passes through the points (2, 3) and

(5, 9).

The gradient of the line is

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

9−3
𝑚=
5−2

6
𝑚=
3

𝑚=2

Choosing either of the points, say (2,3), we calculate 𝑐 by substituting the value

of 𝑚 and the coordinates in the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐

3 = 2(2) + 𝑐

3=4+𝑐

3−4 = 𝑐

−1 = 𝑐

The equation of the line is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + −1

45 | P a g e
 Homework

Due: Midday Monday 14th June, 2021

1. Determine the equation of the line passing through the point (2, −3) and

whose y intercept is −5.

2. Determine the equation of the line that passes through the points (2, 3)

and (5, 9).

THERE WILL BE A CLASS

WORK/EXERCISE ON

TUESDAY JUNE 15th, 2021

46 | P a g e
 Lesson 6 – 15th June, 2021

Classwork

Instructions:

 There are two questions, answer ALL.

 You can take a screen shot (just in case you get kicked off)

 At completion, take photos of your work, paste in a word document and

upload on Edmodo. It will be recorded as an assignment called

Coordinate Geometry Classwork – 15/01/21.

 If you are unable to upload on Edmodo before 12 noon at the end of

class, you will be allowed to send pictures of your work directly to the

WhatsApp number (Not the group chat) at the end of class. You will then

have until 4pm to upload your work.

47 | P a g e
 1. A (-1, 4) and B (3, 2) are the end points of the line segment AB. Determine

i. The gradient AB (2 marks)

ii. The coordinates of the midpoint of AB (2 marks)

iii. The equation of the line segment AB (3 marks)

iv. The length of the line segment AB (3 marks)

2. The equation of a straight line, 𝑙, is in the form 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5

i. Write the equation of the line 𝑙 in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (1 mark)

ii. Hence, determine the gradient of the line, 𝑙. (1 mark)

iii. State the coordinates of the intercept on the y axis. (1 mark)

iv. The point P with coordinates (𝑟, 2) lies on the line 𝑙. Determine the
value of 𝑟. (2 marks)

48 | P a g e
 Lesson 7 – 18th June, 2021 (Reinforcement – Exercise Corrections)

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Identify the X and Y axes and the x and y coordinate

2. Read points from the Cartesian plane.

3. Write coordinates of points as ordered pairs

4. Recognize a linear equation connecting two variables: y = mx + c where

m and c are real numbers

5. Calculate the gradient of a straight line from its graph or given two points
on the line

6. Recognize the equation and know the gradient for horizontal and vertical
lines: 𝑥 = 𝑘 and 𝑦 = 𝑐, where 𝑘 and 𝑐 are real numbers

7. Find the y-intercept for any straight line from its graph

8. Recognize the equation of a straight line in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, and use

this to state the gradient and the y-intercept for any straight line

9. Calculate midpoint of a line

10. Use distance formula when given two points to calculate to find the
distance between them (same as finding the length of a line)

11. Find the equation of a straight line given:

 2 points on the line

49 | P a g e
 Assignment

Due Date: Friday 18th June 2021 at 11:59 pm

Instructions:

 Answer ALL questions.

 Show all working clearly

 At completion, take photos of your work, paste in a word document and

upload on Edmodo. It will be recorded as an assignment called

Coordinate Geometry Assignment – 18/01/21.

50 | P a g e
 3
1. A line passes through the point T (4, 1) and has a gradient of 5. Determine

the equation of the line. (3 marks)

2. The line 𝑙 passes through the points S (6, 6) and T (0, -2). Determine

i. The gradient of the line, 𝑙 (2 marks)

ii. The equation of the line, 𝑙 (3 marks)

iii. The midpoint of the line segment, TS (2 mark)

iv. The length of the line segment, TS (3 marks)

3. The diagram below represents the graph of a straight line which passes

through the points P and Q

i. State the coordinates of P and Q (2 marks)

ii. Determine

a. The gradient of the line segment PQ (2 marks)

51 | P a g e
 b. The equation of the line segment PQ (2 marks)

iii. The points (−8, 𝑡) lies on the line segment PQ. Determine the

value of 𝑡. (3 marks)

4. The diagram below shows the graph of a straight line passing through the
points A and B.

a. The equation of the above is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

i. State the value of 𝑐 (1 mark)

ii. Determine the value of m (2 marks)

iii. Determine the coordinates of the midpoint of the line

segment AB (2 marks)

b. The point (-2, k) lies on the line. Determine the value of k

(3 marks)

52 | P a g e
 Online Quiz

Form 3 Bowman Coordinate Geometry Quiz

1. The following is a graph of a straight line

The straight-line AB cuts the y axis at

A. (0, 3)
B. (0, 2)
C. (3, −2)
D. (0, −2)

2. The equation of the line which passes through the point (0, 5) and has a
gradient of 4 is
A. 𝑦 = 4𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 5𝑥
C. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 5
D. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 4

53 | P a g e
 3. The flowing refers to the graph of a straight line

The gradient of AB in the graph above is

A. −2
B. 2
1
C. –
2
1
D. 2

4. The following item refers to the graph below.

The straight-line AB cuts the 𝑥 axis at

A. (3, 0)
B. (−2, 0)
C. (0, 3)
D. (0, −2)

54 | P a g e
 5. The diagram below shows the line PQ. The gradient of the line PQ is given
by

𝑏−𝑑
A. 𝑐−𝑎
𝑐−𝑎
B. 𝑏−𝑑
𝑎−𝑐
C. 𝑏−𝑑
𝑏−𝑑
D.
𝑎−𝑐

6. The equation of the line which passes through the point (0, 2) and has a
1
gradient of 3 is

A. 𝑦 = 3𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2
1
C. 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + 2
1
D. 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 − 2

7. What is the gradient of a line which passes through the points (−4, 3) and
(−2, 5)?
A. 1
1
B. − 3
1
C. 3

D. −4

55 | P a g e
 8. The following item refers to the figure below.
The gradient of AB in the figure is

A. 2
1
B. −
2
1
C. 2

D. −2

9. Which of the following points lies on the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3

A. (2, 3)
B. (−2, −1)
C. (4, 1)
D. (0, −3)

10. Which of the following represents the equation of a straight line?

4
A. 𝑦 = 𝑥

B. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4
C. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
D. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5

56 | P a g e
 11. What is the gradient of the straight line 𝑦 + 3𝑥 = −8
A. −8
B. −3
C. 3
D. 1

12. Which of the following graphs has a negative gradient?

57 | P a g e
 13. Which of the following graphs has a positive gradient?

14. Which of the following graphs has a gradient of 0?

58 | P a g e
 15. Which of the following graphs has a gradient that is NOT defined?

59 | P a g e
 Lesson 8 – 22nd June, 2021

Exercise

The diagram on the left represents the graph of a straight line which passes
through the points P and Q

i. State the coordinates of P and Q (2 marks)

ii. Determine
a. The gradient of the line segment PQ (2 marks)
b. The equation of the line segment PQ (2 marks)
c. The midpoint of the line segment PQ (2 marks)
d. The length of the line segment PQ (3 marks)

iii. State the coordinates of the 𝑦 intercept (1 mark)

iv. State the coordinates of the 𝑥 intercept (1 mark)
v. The points (−5, 𝑡) lies on the line segment PQ. Determine the
value of 𝑡. (2 marks)

60 | P a g e
WILL NOT BE DOING

Lesson 7 – 18th June, 2021

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Plot a straight-line graph of a given equation

2. Interpret a straight-line graph using real – life applications

61 | P a g e
To graph a straight line using the equation, we need to plot points. Recall the

points are made up of an 𝑥 coordinate and a 𝑦 coordinate, (𝑥, 𝑦).

STEPS

1. Identify the equation of the straight line

2. Identify the 𝑥 coordinates. These are usually given in the question. If

they are not given, you are free to choose (normally a negative value, zero

and a positive value)

3. Use the given equation to find the corresponding y values by substituting

the 𝑥 values

4. Use the 𝑥 and 𝑦 values to construct a table of values.

5. Using the values in the table constructed and a suitable scale, plot the

points on a graph paper

6. Using a ruler, join the points to form a straight line

62 | P a g e
Example 1

Graph the equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 for domain (𝑥 values) values −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2. Use a

scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the 𝑥 axis and 1cm to represent 1 unit on

the 𝑦 axis.

Solution

Step 1: 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2

Step 2: We are given the 𝑥 values using inequality signs.

−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

This means the 𝑥 values to be used are: −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2,

Step 3: Now we need to find the corresponding 𝑦 values. To do so, you

substitute the 𝑥 coordinate into the equation for the 𝑦 coordinate.

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −3 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −2 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑦 = 3(−3) + 2 𝑦 = 3(−2) + 2 𝑦 = 3(−1) + 2
𝑦 = −9 + 2 𝑦 = −6 + 2 𝑦 = −3 + 2
𝑦 = −7 𝑦 = −4 𝑦 = −1

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑦 = 3(0) + 2 𝑦 = 3(1) + 2 𝑦 = 3(2) + 2
𝑦 =0+2 𝑦 =3+2 𝑦 =6+2
𝑦=2 𝑦=5 𝑦=8

63 | P a g e
Step 4: Use the values obtain and construct a table of values. This table can

be vertical or horizontal.

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

-3 -7 𝑦 -7 -4 -1 2 5 8

-2 -4

-1 -1

0 2

1 5

2 8

64 | P a g e
 11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11

-12

65 | P a g e
Example 2

Graph the equation 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3 for domain (𝑥 values) values −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4. Use a

scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the 𝑥 axis and 1cm to represent 1 unit on

the 𝑦 axis.

Solution

Step 1: 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3

Step 2: We are given the 𝑥 values using inequality signs.

−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

This means the 𝑥 values to be used are: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Step 3: Now we need to find the corresponding 𝑦 values. To do so, you

substitute the 𝑥 coordinate into the equation for the 𝑦 coordinate.

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −4 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −3 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −2

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = −2(−4) + 3 𝑦 = −2(−3) + 3 𝑦 = −2(−2) + 3
𝑦 =8+3 𝑦 =6+3 𝑦 =4+3
𝑦 = 11 𝑦=9 𝑦=7

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −1 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = −2(−1) + 3 𝑦 = −2(0) + 3 𝑦 = −2(1) + 3
𝑦 =2+3 𝑦 =0+3 𝑦 = −2 + 3
𝑦=5 𝑦=3 𝑦=1

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = −2(2) + 3 𝑦 = −2(3) + 3 𝑦 = −2(4) + 3
𝑦 = −4 + 3 𝑦 = −6 + 3 𝑦 = −8 + 3
66 | P a𝑦 g=e −1 𝑦 = −3 𝑦 = −5
Step 4: Use the values obtain and construct a table of values. This table can

be vertical or horizontal.

𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-4 11
𝑦 11 9 7 5 3 1 -1 -3 -5
-3 9

-2 7

-1 5

0 3

1 1

2 -1

3 -3

4 -5

Step 5: Plot points and connect points to form a straight line

67 | P a g e
 11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11

-12

68 | P a g e
Example 3

An electrician charges a fixed fee for a house visit plus an additional charge

based on the length of time spent on the job.

The total charges, 𝑦, are calculated using the equation 𝑦 = 40𝑥 + 75 where 𝑥

represents the time in hours spent on the job.

a. Copy and complete the table of values for the equation

𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝒙 + 𝟕𝟓

𝑥(Time in hours) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑦(Total charges in $) 75 115 195 275 315

b. Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 hour on the 𝑥 axis and 2cm to

represent $50 on the y axis, plot the 7 pairs of values shown in your

completed table. Draw a straight line through all the plotted points

c. Using your graph, determine

i. The total charges when the job took 4.5 hours

ii. The time, in hours, spent on a job if the total charges are $300

iii. The fixed charge for a visit

69 | P a g e
70 | P a g e