1 Mark Questions (Objective/Definitions)
Define DBMS.
What is a Primary Key?
Define Data and Information.
What does SQL stand for?
Name any two DBMS softwares.
What is the use of the NOT NULL constraint?
What is a Tuple in a relational model?
Define Referential Integrity.
What is a Candidate Key?
Define a Super Key.
What is the default value of a column if no value is assigned?
Name one Data Control Language (DCL) command.
What is the purpose of the CHECK constraint?
What does the ALTER command do?
Which SQL clause is used to sort the result-set?
What is the use of a Sequence in SQL?
2 Mark Questions (Short Concepts)
Differentiate between Data and Information.
What are the responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA)?
Explain the View of Data (Levels of Abstraction).
Briefly describe the Entity Relationship (ER) Model.
List any four types of SQL Operators.
What is the difference between DDL and DML?
Define 1NF (First Normal Form).
What is a Foreign Key and why is it used?
What is Optimization in the context of Unit 1?
Explain the concept of Null Values in a database.
Define Entity and Attribute with an example.
What are Set Operators? List any two.
Differentiate between DELETE and DROP commands.
What is a Database Schema?
Explain the Default constraint with syntax.
What is a Sub-query?
3 Mark Questions (Application & Logic)
Explain the Difference between File Processing Systems and
DBMS.
Describe the Three-Schema Architecture of DBMS.
Explain Aggregate Functions in SQL with examples (e.g., SUM, AVG,
COUNT).
What is Normalization? Why is it needed in database design?
Explain the Entity-Relationship Model symbols (Rectangle, Ellipse,
Diamond, etc.).
Describe Numeric and Character functions in SQL.
Explain the WHERE clause vs. the HAVING clause.
Explain the Importance of Data Quality and Pre-processing of
Data.
Describe Mapping Cardinalities (One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-
Many) in ER Models.
How do Date Functions work in SQL? Give three examples (e.g.,
SYSDATE, ADD_MONTHS).
Explain Transaction Control Language (TCL) commands: COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.
What is a Database View? Explain its advantages.
Describe the difference between Equi-join and Non-equi join.
Explain Conversion Functions (e.g., TO_CHAR, TO_DATE) with their
usage.
4 Mark Questions (Detailed Analysis)
Explain Joins in SQL. Describe Inner Join and Outer Join with
examples.
What is Optimization in DBMS and why is it important for data
quality?
Explain 2NF and 3NF with suitable examples/dependencies.
Describe various Data Models: Hierarchical, Network, and Relational.
Explain the types of Integrity Constraints: Entity Integrity and
Referential Integrity.
Write SQL syntax for: CREATE TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE.
Compare the Relational, Network, and Hierarchical Models based
on structure and flexibility.
Explain Full Outer Join, Left Outer Join, and Right Outer
Join using a Venn diagram or table example.
What is Referential Integrity? Explain how it is maintained using
Foreign Keys and ON DELETE CASCADE.
Explain the different types of Attributes in an ER Model (Simple,
Composite, Multi-valued, Derived).
Detail the use of Character Functions (UPPER, LOWER, SUBSTR,
INSTR, LTRIM) with examples.
6 Mark Questions (Comprehensive/Practical)
ER Diagram Case Study: Design an ER diagram for a "Hospital
Management System" or "Library Management System" identifying all
entities, attributes, and relationships.
Normalization Deep Dive: Given a table with redundancies,
demonstrate the process of normalizing it from 1NF to 3NF.
Mastering SQL Queries:
1. Create a table "Employee" (EmpID, Name, Salary, Dept).
2. Insert 5 records.
3. Find the maximum salary from the table.
4. Display names of employees starting with 'A'.
5. Count the number of employees in each department using
GROUP BY.
Compare and contrast Relational, Network, and Hierarchical
models in detail with their pros and cons.
Create a table Product (Prod_ID, Name, Category, Price, Stock).
Apply a CHECK constraint to ensure Price > 0.
Write a query to find the average price per category using GROUP
BY and HAVING (where average price > 500).
Demonstrate how to ALTER the table to add a 'Supplier' column.
o Explain the concept of Partial Dependency and Transitive Dependency.
o Show how moving a table from 1NF to 3NF eliminates these dependencies.
o Given two tables Dept (DeptID, DeptName) and Emp (EmpID, Name,
DeptID, Salary).
o Write a query to display EmpName and DeptName using an Inner
Join.
o Write a Sub-query to find employees who earn more than the average
salary of the company.
o Explain the use of Self-join with a practical scenario (e.g., Employee
and Manager)