Introduction
A material which has engineered properties created
through the development of specialized process and
synthesis technology.
Advanced materials outperform conventional
materials with superior properties such as toughness,
hardness, durability and elasticity.
They can have novel properties including the ability to
memorize shape or sense changes in the environment
and respond.
Introduction
Advanced Materials
Polymeric
Ceramics Metals Composites
materials
Introduction
Polymeric
materials
Functional Non-functional
polymers polymers
Adaptive conductive Piezoelectric Fibrous Non fibrous
Carbon Chemically
Polyamide HP P.E
Fibers inert fibers
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
A polymer is constructed by connecting the repeat units together
successively along the main chain.
The repeat units are made of monomeric units
Types of polymerization
Addition polymerization:
The monomer molecules simply add on to each other to form a long-
chain polymer
Condensation Polymerization:
Molecules of monomer polymerise and, at the same time, a small
molecule (such as water, ammonia, carbon dioxide) is given off.
Condensation polymerisation usually involves two different monomers
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Repeat units of common polymers
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
The size of polymer chain can be characterized by measuring the
polymer chain
The size of polymer chain increases with increase in molecular weight
The molecular weight of polymer is measured by degree of
polymerization N , i.e. the number of repeating units in the polymer
chain.
M = NM0
But in real polymers, all polymer chains are not of same size.
Therefore, average weight of polymer is calculated
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Number-average molecular weight (Μn)
Based on methods of counting the number of molecules in a given weight of polymer
The total weight of a polymer sample, w, is the sum of the weights of each
molecular species present
∞
∞ ∞
N = number of molecules w
∑MN i i
w = ∑ wi =∑ Ni Mi M = molecular weight Mn = ∞ = i=1
∞
i=1 i=1
∑N i ∑N i
i=1 i=1
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Weig ht-average molecular weight (Μw)
The weight average molecular weight depends not only on the number of molecules
present, but also on the weight of each molecule. Therefore, their weight fraction is
taken in account.
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Weig ht-average molecular weight (Μw)
Weight average molecular weight is calculated by using following formula
w = weight fraction
M = molecular weight
N = number of molecules
Polydispersity Index
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Effect of Molecular Weight
The properties of polymers depend on molecular weight
To have physical properties, the molecular weight of polymer must
exceed Critical Molecular Weight.
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Bonding in Polymers
The polymers contain two types of bonds
Primary bonds
Covalent bonds
The primary bonds hold atoms together in a
Secondary bonds
polymer chains
Hydrogen bonds
Dipole interaction The Secondary bonds hold polymer chains
Van de Waals forces together
Ionic
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Tacticity
Tacticity is a term used to describe the way pendent groups on a polymer chain
are arranged on a polymer backbone.
Tacticity determines the packing of polymer chains and ultimately properties
of polymers.
Isotactic and syndiotactic polymers chains pack together tightly.
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Morpholog y of Polymers
The geometric arrangement of molecuar chains exerts significant
effect on polymer properties.
According to chain arrangements, the polymers can be amorphous,
crystalline or semi-crystalline.
Amorphous
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Transitio ns in Polymers
Glass transitions
Melting point
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Mechanical Properties of Polymers
Strength
The stress needed to break
Elongation
Elastic elongation
Plastic elongation
Yield Point
It is a measure of the strength of the material and of its resistance to
permanent deformation
Polymeric Materials General Introduction
Modulus
The resistance to deformation is called modulus
Toughness
Toughness is a measure of the energy a sample can absorb before
it breaks