Anne助教

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287题 机经题 按创建时间 - 倒序

11-Jul-2025 10:27

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 Duoink | 多墨PTE Anne 助教 11-Jul-2025 10:27

1. Organizational study / 组织研究 #9599 低频

音频原文
Organization studies is a vast and interdisciplinary field that encompasses a range of
disciplines, such as social science, psychology, sociology, history, and cultural studies. This
diversity is what makes the field particularly fascinating, as it allows scholars to draw from
various theoretical frameworks and methodologies to understand organizations from different
perspectives. One of the most appealing aspects of organization studies is its ability to
transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries, which leads to more creative and
comprehensive insights. By integrating ideas from multiple domains, organization studies
provides a unique platform to explore the complexities of organizational life, from power
dynamics to culture, leadership, and decision-making. This broad and inclusive approach not
only enhances our understanding of organizations but also encourages innovative thinking
and problem-solving in real-world contexts. The field, with its interdisciplinary nature,
encourages a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the ways in which organizations
shape, and are shaped by, society.

参考答案
The two speakers are talking about organization studies and how they appreciate them.
Organization study is about a whole family of disciplines, such as social science, psychology,
sociology, history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying organization studies
because of their broad range and their breadth. What organization study has taught him is
liberating ideas without disciplinary boundaries.

2. Genes and Intelligence / 基因与智力 #9494 超高频

主要讲的就是intelligence，然后就是说some people are lower，然后some people are
higher，然后他们想找那种super higher。因为他们在做一个那个research.
The lecturer and his colleague published an article about genes and intelligence on a
journal. It mentions 'gene', 'supergene' and 'the brightest people'. The scope of the
article is limited within America. It also mentions 'life science' with a curve of normal
distribution about people of low and high intelligence. A hypothesis is mentioned, with
'functional ... problem-solving skills' and 'medical problem'.

3. Transportation Network in Paris / 巴黎的交通网络 #9127 超高频

音频原文
As with most cities, we recommend getting about on foot. Besides being eco-friendly, it's a
great way to get a feel for the city. Just bear in mind that Paris is big, like really big. A walk
from the Eiffel Tower to Notre Dame would take a good hour. Fortunately, if you're strapped

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to time, there are great public transport links. The subway system is split into the metro and
RER lines. Tickets will work across both, so you can treat it as one big underground network.
In our experience, it served a purpose, which was to get us around quickly. It's just not the
cleanest. The Metro has 16 lines, each with a different color. The five RER lines are a sign of
the letters ABCDE. RER and metro trains run every day from 6:00 am. until half past
midnight. As for tickets, a single journey is 1.90 euro. We bought a book of 10 for 14.50 euro.
Now there are weekly or monthly passes available. But in my opinion, they're just a farce. We
need a passport photo and everything else.

参考答案
Paris has an extensive public transportation system with the metro and RER trains. The
metro has 16 lines distinguished by different colors, while the RER has five lines labeled
ABCDE. Trains operate from 6: 00 am. to half past midnight. Tickets for a single journey are
1. 90 euros, or you can purchase a book of 10 tickets for 14. 50 euros. Weekly or monthly
passes are offered but require a passport photo.

4. Bees waggle dance / 蜜蜂摇摆舞 #9060 超高频

音频原文
Honeybees have a unique way of communicating with each other - the waggle dance. When
a bee finds a good source of nectar, it will perform a waggle dance to inform other bees
about it. However, this dance can be interrupted by a headbutt from another bee, which
researchers have discovered is actually a warning signal. To study this behavior, scientists
set up a feeding station in the lab to mimic a source of nectar. They then introduced foraging
bees to potential dangers at the station, such as competition from rival colonies. When the
foragers returned to the hive, they were observed stopping the dancing bees. This led the
researchers to believe that the headbutt serves as a warning to the dancers about the
dangerous source of nectar. The lecture also mentioned that bees can use their dance and
sounds to describe different flowers and the environment. This study sheds light on the
complex communication system of honeybees and the way they work together to ensure the
safety of the colony and the success of their foraging efforts.

参考答案
Honeybees communicate using a waggle dance to share nectar sources. Researchers found
that the dance can be interrupted by a headbutt, which serves as a warning. Scientists
mimicked a nectar source in a lab and observed foraging bees returning to the hive to stop
dancing bees when potential dangers were present. This behavior study sheds light on the
intricate communication system and collaborative efforts of honeybees.

5. Cosmology and maths / 宇宙学和数学 #9057 高频

音频原文

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The speaker is discussing the intricate relationship between mathematics and cosmology.
Back in the 1970s, the lecturer pursued a career in physics while actively engaging in the
field of cosmology. Throughout this period, scientists passionately sought to harness the
power of mathematics as a means to unravel the mysteries of the universe. According to the
speaker, this quest for mathematical understanding led them to a fascinating realization:
mathematics is an omnipresent force in the natural world. In the speaker's perspective,
mathematics is not just a tool used by scientists to explain the universe; rather, it is an
inherent and fundamental aspect of nature itself. Nature, cosmology, and mathematics are all
interconnected, forming a complex web of relationships that shape our understanding of the
cosmos. As the speaker delves into the heart of their argument, they emphasize that
mathematics can be found virtually everywhere in nature. From the graceful spiral of a
seashell to the precise orbits of celestial bodies, mathematical patterns, and principles
underpin the very fabric of our world. These mathematical foundations allow us to
comprehend and interpret the workings of the universe, making it an indispensable language
for cosmologists. In conclusion, the speaker asserts that mathematics is the underlying
system that enables us to explain the universe and nature. It is not merely a tool but a
fundamental aspect of the cosmos itself. This profound connection between mathematics,
nature, and cosmology has guided scientists in their pursuit of knowledge and continues to
shape our understanding of the universe's grand design.

参考答案
In this lecture, the speaker explores the profound connection between mathematics and
cosmology, arguing that mathematics is an inherent part of nature itself, not just a tool for
explanation. They emphasize the omnipresence of mathematical patterns in the natural
world, linking them to the workings of the universe. The speaker concludes that mathematics
is a fundamental aspect of the cosmos, shaping our understanding and enabling us to
interpret the universe.

6. Singapore / 新加坡 #9056 中频

音频原文
In today's lecture, I explored Singapore's unique relationship with globalization. We started
by examining its diverse population and the successful blend of cultures thriving within this
small yet powerful island nation. I also referenced insights from a University of Chicago
professor who has studied Singapore's economic strategies extensively. Later, we delved
into potential future city models and how they might manifest in places like Singapore, which
continues to be at the forefront of urban development and planning. The lecture concluded
by citing various academic perspectives to offer a well-rounded discussion; names of
notable professors were mentioned to credit their contributions to our understanding of
globalization and its impact on Singapore. As we scrutinize the examples set by Singapore, it
becomes clear that this nation exemplifies the complex dynamics of globalization, standing
as a beacon of multiculturalism and forward-thinking urban planning.

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参考答案
In the lecture, we analyzed Singapore’s dynamic approach to globalization, noting its
multicultural population and economic prowess. Citing a University of Chicago professor’s
work, we discussed Singapore’s global strategy before exploring its pioneering role in future
urban development. By highlighting academic opinions, the talk concluded that Singapore is
a model of multiculturalism and innovative urban planning within the global context.

7. International trading system / 国际贸易体系 #9055 高频

音频原文
In our exploration of the international trading system, we acknowledge the significant
changes since the inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO). As countries opened up,
an era of increased international trade commenced. Globalization has been the keystone,
prompting nations to welcome foreign trade by opening their ports, fostering a globally
connected economy. The ramifications of this shift touch every facet of commerce. As a
result, consumers around the world now enjoy a broader range of products, competitive
pricing, and improved quality. This trend has ushered in an era of unprecedented consumer
benefits and widespread economic growth. To conclude from my perspective, the decision to
engage in open trade has been immensely positive. Trading across borders should not just
be seen as a strategic economic move, but as a force that enriches societies by exposing
them to new ideas, technologies, and opportunities for development. It's a conviction of
mine that trade openness is indeed a boon to global prosperity.

参考答案
The lecture is talking about international trading system. Since WTO, countries have been
opening up and started international trade with each other. Thanks to globalization, countries
open their ports and trade with different countries. This development has finally benefited
consumers globally. In conclusion, the speaker believes that opening and trading is a good
thing

8. Sound of words / 言语的声音 #9054 高频

音频原文
The lecture emphasizes the importance of words and the impact of their sound. According to
the speaker, the sound of words plays a crucial role in cognitive processes, aiding in the
representation of the world and self-perception. Furthermore, the lecture highlights the broad
capacity of words to express a multitude of concepts, underscoring their significance in
communication and cognitive development. The speaker also uses the example of high
school graduates to illustrate the importance of words in conveying complex ideas and
information. Additionally, the mention of phone numbers suggests that words and their
sounds are integral to memory and recall processes. Overall, the lecture underscores the

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profound influence of words and their sound on cognitive functions and communication,
informing how individuals perceive and interact with the world.

参考答案
The lecture explains the significance of words and their sound. It discusses how the sound of
words is crucial for cognitive processes, representing the world and self-perception. It also
emphasizes the broad capacity of words to express concepts, using high school graduates
as an example. The mention of phone numbers suggests words are vital for memory. Overall,
it underscores the influence of words and sound on cognitive functions and communication.

9. Multiculturalism & Cultural Diversity /

#9053 超高频
多元文化主义和文化多样性
音频原文
Multiculturalism is an important aspect of our society, as it encourages us to embrace and
appreciate the diverse cultures that make up our world. This concept promotes the idea that
we should not only tolerate, but also celebrate and learn from the differences in our society.
Rather than expecting everyone to conform to one dominant culture, multiculturalism
encourages respect for individual traditions and beliefs. By recognizing and valuing cultural
diversity, we can create a more inclusive and harmonious society. This is in contrast to the
idea of a melting pot, where diversity is expected to disappear as everyone assimilates into
one homogeneous culture. Embracing multiculturalism allows us to broaden our
understanding of the world and fosters a sense of unity and acceptance amongst different
groups. Ultimately, it is through respecting and celebrating our differences that we can create
a more vibrant and enriching society for all.

参考答案
Multiculturalism is the idea that we should respect and even celebrate different cultures in a
society. Multiculturalism is just one of the ways of approaching cultural diversity. To
multiculturalists, we should accept other cultures and respect their differences. Besides,
cultural differences are regarded as a positive thing. This idea is different from the melting
pot idea where everyone is expected to be the same.

10. Dialects / 方言 #9052 中频

音频原文
The lecture delivers a detailed exploration of the distinctions between dialects and accents. It
underscores the shaping of dialects by diverse influences such as geography, society, family,
and education. It is particularly notable that even speakers of Received Pronunciation may
integrate words from other dialects, highlighting the dynamic nature of language. This
underscores the adaptability and interconnectedness of dialects within our linguistic
landscape. Overall, the lecture presents a comprehensive analysis of the nuanced differences

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between dialects and accents, bringing to light their influential role in shaping communication
and preserving cultural identities. It shines a spotlight on the diverse and evolving nature of
language, and how it intricately reflects our individual and collective experiences.

参考答案
The lecture discusses the differences between dialects and accents, emphasizing the
influence of geography , society, family, and education in shaping dialects. It highlights the
dynamic nature of language by noting that speakers of Received Pronunciation may integrate
words from other dialects. The lecture provides a comprehensive analysis of the influential
role of dialects and accents in communication and cultural preservation, showcasing the
diverse and evolving nature of language.

11. International Law / 国际法 #9051 超高频

音频原文
This lecture provides a historical perspective on the establishment of international law,
emphasizing the pivotal role it played in ending protracted conflicts. It begins by highlighting
the painful lesson learned from prolonged periods of war, prompting the creation of a new set
of rules governing the behavior between states. The lecture underscores the significance of
this development, particularly in the context of prolonged conflicts with no peace for 30 or
even 100 years. Additionally, the roles of powerful nations such as the United States and
Australia in shaping international law are discussed. It is noted that international law was
formally established in 1648 as a means to end incessant wars between states and alleviate
the strains of military force. Overall, the lecture emphasizes the implication function and
power dynamics of international law, shedding light on its historical significance and its role
in curbing conflicts and promoting stability among nations.

参考答案
The lecture discusses the historical significance of international law, particularly its role in
ending prolonged conflicts. It emphasizes the impact of prolonged periods of war, leading to
the creation of new rules governing the behavior between states. Additionally, it highlights
the establishment of international law in 1648 and underscores its implications function and
power dynamics in promoting stability among nations.

12. Children Directors / 儿童导演 #9050 超高频

音频原文
Social skills are vital in enabling an individual to have and maintain positive interactions with
others. Many of these skills are crucial in making and sustaining friendships. Social
interactions do not always run smoothly and an individual needs to be able to implement
appropriate strategies, such as conflict resolution when difficulties in interactions arise. It is
also important for individuals to have 'empathy' as it allows them to respond in an

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understanding and caring way to how others are feeling. Children are facing social difficulties
with particular risks. Young people who do not have strong relationships with the adults in
their family are even more at risk. In an experiment in a high school, which lasted for 8 to 12
weeks, the students were told to be a movie director and to choose their own story structure.
The students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills, and social
interactivity. The movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the
intervention effect, finding this can improve their self-regulation, and they found this can
improve their self-regulation and critical thinking skills.

参考答案
Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. In an experiment in a high school,
the students were told to be a movie director and to choose their story structure. The
students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills. The movies they had
made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the intervention effect, and they found
this can improve their self-regulation and critical thinking skills.

13. Bees' genes and Darwin / 蜜蜂的基因和达尔文 #9049 超高频

音频原文
A healthy hive of honeybees functions like a perfect and fluid organism at the center of all
activity is the queen and egg laying machine. The queen is actually a slave to her duties,
playing up to 2500 eggs a day, as many as two million in her lifetime. The worker bees are all
female and make up the bulk of the colony. In a typical hive of 30000 bees, only about 100
are males called drones with oversize eyes and bulky bodies. Drones are not equipped to
gather pollen or nectar and must rely on the workers to feed them. The invaluable work bees
do takes its toll in the summer. Workers only live around 30 days, literally work to death. But
the hive is constantly replenished with new generations of bees ready to go to work from the
moment they hatch.

参考答案
A healthy honeybee hive revolves around the queen’s egg - laying capacity of up to 2500
eggs a day . The majority of the colony comprises female workers , while a small number of
male drones rely on the workers for sustenance . The worker bees’ tireless efforts in
gathering resources take a toll , as they live for approximately 30 days , but the hive is
continually replenished by new generations .

14. Credit Card Experiment / 信用卡实验 #9048 超高频

音频原文
A recent study on customer behavior investigated the impact of different messaging
strategies on inactive credit card users. One group was presented with a message
emphasizing the benefits they could enjoy by using their cards, while the other group

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received a communication implying a penalty for non-use. Surprisingly, the results revealed
that customers were more influenced by the potential loss of not using the card than the
potential benefits of using it. This suggests that the fear of missing out or facing a penalty
may be a stronger motivator for customer action than the promise of rewards. These findings
have important implications for businesses and marketers seeking to engage inactive
customers, indicating that messaging focusing on potential losses or penalties may be more
effective in encouraging customer activity. Further research in this area could lead to a better
understanding of consumer decision-making and the psychological factors driving behavior.

参考答案
In an experiment on customers’ behaviors, one group of inactive credit card users received a
message offering benefits that they could gain by using the cards, while the other group
received a message implying a penalty if it’s not used. The result shows that customers are
more motivated by a potential loss when not using this card than the benefit they could gain
by using the card.

15. Journalism and Internet / 新闻与互联网 #8942 超高频

音频原文
David Olivia Garcia is a co-host of New Mexico in Focus and is also the managing editor for
the New Mexico Independent, which is an online news site, he says that the Internet has
some great benefits for journalism. The Internet is this new, amazing medium. Not so new:
it's been around quite some time now. But it's maturing as, among other things, a place for
journalism. In a sense, the Internet allows you to tell stories better than in a newspaper or on
television. For this reason, you can do it all online: you can have the written word, you can
have still photographs, you can have video. You can link and kind of connect to the other
journalism that has been done on a given topic. So it's not like you're in a vacuum. The
Internet has had a negative impact on these papers. However, John Fleck, who is a
columnist for the Albuquerque Journal and also has his own blog, says that he doesn't think
that's entirely the case. It really makes me more efficient as a journalist in terms of
information gathering, confirmation, helping me get the background necessary to write a
story. So it's really good for that.

参考答案
David Olivia Garcia, co-host of New Mexico in Focus and managing editor for the New
Mexico Independent, believes that the Internet has great benefits for journalism, offering
various mediums to tell stories and connect with other journalistic work. However, John
Fleck, a columnist for the Albuquerque Journal, argues that the Internet actually makes
journalists more efficient in terms of gathering information and confirming facts.

16. Sleep / 睡觉 #8941 超高频

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音频原文
This is a new memory-learning memory. It is a good thing for you to get enough sleep, and a
bad thing for you if not. People need to sleep before learning, and people also need to sleep
after learning. When you are asleep, the memory can consolidate all the information into your
brain. From this point, it may only get worse. Not only will I tell you about the wonderfully
good things that happen when you get sleep, but the alarmingly bad things that happen
when you don't get enough both for your brain and your body. Let me start with the brain
and the functions of learning and memory, because what we've discovered over the past 10
or so years is that you need sleep after learning to essentially hit the save button on those
new memories so that you don't forget. But recently, we discovered that you also need sleep
before learning and now to actually prepare your brain almost like a dry sponge, ready to
initially soak up new information. And without sleep, the memory circuits of the brain
essentially become waterlogged, as it were. And you can't absorb new memories.

参考答案
Sleep is essential for learning and memory. Getting enough sleep before and after learning
helps consolidate information in the brain. Lack of sleep impairs memory and learning
processes. Sleep prepares the brain to absorb new information, acting like a dry sponge.
Without sleep, memory circuits become overwhelmed, hindering the absorption of new
memories.

17. Stock Market and Business / 股票市场与商业 #8916 超高频

音频原文
The stock market is where investors connect to buy and sell investments — most commonly,
stocks, which are shares of ownership in a public company. When you need groceries, you
go to the supermarket. When you're ready to buy stocks or mutual funds, you'll usually buy
them online through the stock market, which anyone can access with a brokerage account or
employee retirement plan. The term 'stock market' often refers to one of the major stock
market indexes. However, there are some different uses of the stock market before and after.
In the 18th century, manufacturing companies came into the market. Traditional companies
used stocks to raise money, and input money into companies, while modern companies
used stocks to output money. From 19th to 20th century, however, modern companies, such
as Apple, Google and Microsoft are big enough to earn money, and use stocks differently.
The stock market also inclined to put money into big companies.

参考答案
The stock market is where investors buy and sell stocks, which represent shares of
ownership in public companies.

It can be accessed online through a brokerage account or retirement plan.

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In the past, companies used stocks to raise money, but now modern companies like Apple
and Google earn money and use stocks differently.

The stock market also tends to invest in large companies.

. From 19th to 20th century, however, modern companies, such as Apple, Google and
Microsoft are big enough to earn money, and use stocks differently.

18. Smart Consumers Choose Brands /

超高频
聪明的消费者选择品牌 #8901

音频原文
It turns out consumers are incredibly smart. They combine a lifetime of experience with that
brand, combined with whatever its designed appeal is, how it makes them feel, performance,
and price. And they do all that in a few seconds. So brands are essential to our business to
allow us to deliver the increased consumer value associated with our products. We're not
into the generic business of toilet paper. We're into probably about the softest product you're
going to want to buy. We're not into generic soap. We're into the best, you know, stain
removing laundry detergent you're going to buy. But we're going to want you to remember
that as the Tide brand. Now, that means there's a second moment of truth. If they do select
you and they pay 50% more than they would have paid for Walmart's brand, when they get
home, it'd better perform when it's used. And here's where the science starts, folks. There's
an amazing number of fundamental engineering contradictions, right? Airplanes deal with,
you know, weight and strength. I want something that's light but strong. That's an
engineering contradiction. Once I deal with our things, got to be strong but soft. They have to
be strong even when they're wet. Bright but not tear, liquids, mixtures, not common things,
but they need... they can't separate. You don't want to shake before use before you pour
down in your washing machine.

参考答案
Consumers smartly combine experience, brand appeal, feeling, performance, and price.
Brands are crucial for delivering consumer value. Softness separates us from generic toilet
paper. We offer the best stain removing detergent as Tide. Performance matters as
consumers pay more. Engineering tackles contradictions like weight vs. strength. Our
products must be strong yet soft, even when wet. Brightness without tearing. Liquid mixtures
that stay together. Shake-free pouring.

19. Black Fly / 黑蝇 #8900 高频

音频原文
Black fly bites cause [Link] flies use blade-like mouthparts to slash the skin and
feed on blood. Bites are concentrated on exposed areas of skin, especially along the hairline,
feet, ankles and [Link] the West Africa, one person may get ten thousand bites each year.

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Bites can produce reactions from small red spots with little or no irritation to a lot of irritation
and [Link] following repeated bites by infected black flies can lead to blindness.
Persons with heavy infections will usually have one or more of the three conditions: skin rash
(usually itchy), eye disease, and nodules under the skin.

参考答案
Black fly bites can lead to blindness in severe cases.

These flies have sharp mouthparts and target exposed areas of the skin, resulting in
reactions ranging from minor red spots to significant irritation and swelling.

In West Africa, individuals can experience up to ten thousand bites annually.

Repeated bites from infected black flies can cause volvulus and accompanying conditions
like itchy skin rash, eye disease, and nodules under the skin.

20. Food Waste Crisis / 食物浪费危机 #8869 超高频

音频原文
Food waste is caused by various factors, including pre-supermarket discards due to
appearance and quality standards, improper packaging, and premature spoilage. However,
consumers are the main contributors, often buying too much or not consuming all they took.
The consequences are serious, with wasted food being responsible for nearly 25% of
environmental pollution. Rainforests are cleared for food production that goes to waste, and
livestock raised for meat end up discarded. Paradoxically, while over a billion people
worldwide suffer from hunger, an equal number are overweight. Economic factors also play a
role, with spending on food varying across countries. In the United States and Europe,
people allocate 10-20% of their income to food, compared to 50% in Kenya and Pakistan.
Consequently, industrialized nations generate more food waste than others.

参考答案
Food waste is caused by factors like appearance standards , improper packaging , and
consumer behavior . It leads to serious consequences , such as environmental pollution and
the wastage of resources like rainforests and livestock . Paradoxically , while hunger and
obesity coexist , economic factors also play a role in food waste . Industrialized nations
generate more waste due to higher spending on food .

21. Honeybee Hives / 蜜蜂巢穴 #8867 超高频

音频原文
At the heart of a thriving honeybee hive, the queen reigns as the vital source of life. Devoted
to her duties, the queen tirelessly lays up to 2500 eggs per day, amounting to an incredible
two million throughout her lifespan. Comprising the majority of the colony, the hardworking

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worker bees are all female. Within a typical hive of approximately 30,000 bees, merely 100 of
them are males known as drones. With their large eyes and robust bodies, drones rely on the
workers for sustenance since they lack the ability to gather pollen or nectar. As the summer
wears on, the demanding labor takes its toll on the workers, who live only about 30 days
before succumbing to their efforts. However, the hive remains continuously supplied with
new generations of bees, eager to begin their toil from the moment they emerge.

参考答案
The queen bee is the life force of a honeybee hive, laying up to 2500 eggs daily. The majority
of the colony consists of hardworking female worker bees, with only a small number of male
drones. Drones rely on workers for sustenance. Workers have a short lifespan of about 30
days due to their demanding labor. However, the hive continuously receives new generations
of bees ready for work.

22. Machines increase unemployment / 机器增加失业率 #8866 超高频

音频原文
In a few decades, computers are expected to become exponentially more powerful than they
are today. They are already utilizing artificial intelligence to outperform chess grandmasters,
recognize faces, comprehend spoken language, and even compose music. These
capabilities threaten numerous jobs that were previously seen as secure, such as driving
vehicles, which is one of the most common occupations in many US states. With self-driving
cars already on the roads, millions of truck drivers, taxi drivers, and bus drivers could
potentially be rendered obsolete. The impact extends to the healthcare industry, where
computer analysis of CAT scans and biopsies, administration of low-level anesthesia, and
even surgical procedures are becoming possible. Additionally, in the restaurant sector,
machines that can flawlessly follow recipes without taking sick days or smoke breaks may
replace hundreds of thousands of cooks in the coming decades. According to an Oxford
University study, within 20 years, a staggering 47% of all jobs, equivalent to over 70 million
people, are at risk of being replaced by technology.

参考答案
In a few decades , computers are expected to be exponentially more powerful , utilizing
artificial intelligence to perform tasks such as driving vehicles , analyzing medical scans , and
even cooking . This threatens numerous jobs , potentially leading to 47 % of all jobs , or over
70 million people , being at risk of replacement by technology , as stated in an Oxford
University study .

23. Global fishing crisis / 全球渔业危机 #8865 超高频

音频原文

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Fish play a crucial role in maintaining the health of marine ecosystems and supporting other
marine species. They contribute to the food web by both preying on smaller organisms and
serving as prey for marine mammals and seabirds worldwide. Additionally, fish have
significant importance for humans as a source of sustenance. With an annual global harvest
of approximately 80 million tons, this quantity of fish could meet the annual fish consumption
of all Filipinos for 20 years. Furthermore, the fishing industry provides livelihoods for
approximately 60 million people globally. However, it is concerning that on a global scale, 33
percent of fisheries are overfished, resulting in excessive fishing. This unsustainable practice
puts fish populations at risk of depletion, which they may not be able to recover from.
Another concerning statistic is that 67 percent of fisheries are fully exploited, indicating that
any additional fishing efforts could lead to the collapse of these fisheries. Only 10 percent of
fisheries have the potential for growth. With just 10 percent of fisheries having room to
expand, there is a looming possibility of a global fishing crisis.

参考答案
Approximately 33 percent of global fisheries are overfished, posing a risk to fish populations
that may struggle to recover. Furthermore, around 67 percent of fisheries are fully exploited,
potentially leading to their collapse if fishing efforts persist. Only 10 percent of fisheries have
the potential for growth. This alarming trend signals a looming global fishing crisis.

24. Digital Technology and Globalization of Services / “ 数字技术和服务

全球化 ” #8864 超高频
音频原文
The lack of globalization in your job can be attributed to the challenges involved in
transporting services across borders, which is more complicated than shipping goods.
Services face difficulties in crossing borders due to the inherent nature of their delivery. Many
services require the physical presence of both the provider and the buyer at the same
location and time. Overcoming the technical obstacles of bringing service providers from one
country into contact with service buyers from another country has limited the globalization of
services, compared to the globalization of goods. Thus, the focus of globalization has
predominantly been on the production of physical goods rather than service-related
activities. However, the advent of digital technology is revolutionizing this landscape by
enabling individuals in one nation to easily conduct activities in another.

参考答案
The challenges of transporting services across borders have hindered their globalization
compared to physical goods. Services often require the physical presence of both provider
and buyer, making cross-border delivery complex. Overcoming technical obstacles for
service providers and buyers in different countries has limited globalization in services.
However, advancements in digital technology are changing this by facilitating international
activities.

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25. Height and Social Status / 身高和社会地位 #8859 超高频

音频原文
According to a recent experiment conducted at Oxford University, it has been discovered
that individuals tend to overestimate a person's height solely based on their higher social
status. In this experiment, students from various classes were asked to estimate the height
of a man wearing the same outfit. Interestingly, when the man was introduced as a professor
or senior lecturer, the estimations were taller; however, when he was introduced as a normal
guy, the estimations were [Link] experiment sheds light on the influence of social status
on individuals' perception of physical attributes. It suggests that people's perception of
height can be influenced by the preconceived notions they have about someone's social
standing. Whether consciously or subconsciously, individuals tend to associate certain
physical characteristics with individuals of higher social [Link] finding highlights the
prevalence of biases in everyday life. It serves as a reminder that our judgments and
perceptions can be influenced by factors such as social status, which may not necessarily be
accurate. It also raises questions about the impact of these biases on our interactions and
decision-making [Link] conclusion, the experiment conducted at Oxford University
reveals that people tend to overestimate one's height purely based on their higher social
status. This finding underscores the need for individuals to be mindful of the potential biases
they may hold and to strive for a more objective and equitable perception of others.

参考答案
The experiment conducted at Oxford University revealed that individuals tend to
overestimate a person's height based on their higher social status. This suggests that
people's perception of physical attributes, such as height, can be influenced by
preconceived notions about someone's social standing. This finding highlights the
prevalence of biases in everyday life and the need for individuals to strive for a more
objective and equitable perception of others.

26. Unfair trade / 不公平贸易 #8857 超高频

音频原文
In recent times, there has been a growing realization that the global economic and financial
crisis is not just a matter of financial instability, but it also raises concerns about common
ethical values and standards. A speaker has expressed concern over the unethical and unfair
nature of the global economy, arguing that the emergence of global capitalism has
introduced new [Link] speaker holds the belief that core ethical values and standards are
universal, although they may be influenced by specific cultures. They argue that for the
global market economy to be accepted in different regions, it must first be socially
acceptable. This means that it should not only focus on financial gains but also prioritize
ethical considerations and [Link] recognition of ethics in the global economy signifies

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a shift towards a more holistic understanding of the interconnectedness of economic, social,

and ethical aspects. It highlights the importance of considering ethical values and standards
as a fundamental guideline for conducting business on a global [Link] conclusion, the
global economic and financial crisis has drawn attention to the need for common ethical
values and standards in the global economy. The speaker emphasizes that the acceptance of
the global market economy in different regions should be contingent upon its adherence to
these ethical considerations. This serves as a reminder that a socially acceptable and fair
global economy is crucial for promoting sustainable and equitable growth.

参考答案
Now more people have realized that the global economic and financial crisis also concerns
common ethical values and standards.

The speaker is concerned that the global economy has become unethical and unfair as the
emergence of global capitalism has brought new risks.

Core ethical values and standards are universal although they are culture-bound.

The speaker believes that the global market economy must be socially acceptable before
being accepted in different regions.

27. Marine Protected Areas / 海洋保护区 #8789 超高频

音频原文
Earth's oceans, they're beautiful, inspiring, life sustaining, they are also, as you are probably
quite aware, more or less screwed. In the Seychelles, for example, human activities and
climate change have left corals bleached. Overfishing has caused fish stocks to plummet.
Biodiversity is in peril. So what can we do? Well, some form of protection obviously. Nature is
very resilient. When marine areas are strategically protected, entire ecosystems can bounce
back. However, creating marine protected areas isn't easy. First, you have the issue of
figuring out where to protect. This coral reef overlaps with that international fishing route,
intersects with this fish hatchery. Everything is interconnected and marine protection plans
must take into account how one area affects another. Then there's the issue of getting
everyone on board. Coastal economies often rely on fishing and tourism. If people think they
can't do their work, there's no chance of getting the local buying you need for the area to be
successful. Marine protected areas must also be enforced. That means the government itself
must be deeply invested in the plan. Token support will not cut it. And finally, conservation
requires money, a lot of it. Governments in Ireland and coastal nations may want to protect
their waters, but often these nations have very high debt and can't afford to prioritize
conservation.

参考答案

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Earth's oceans are in trouble, with bleached corals and depleted fish stocks in the Seychelles
due to human activities and climate change. Strategic marine protected areas can help
ecosystems recover, but it's challenging to determine where to protect and gain local
support. Governments must enforce protection plans and dedicate sufficient funding, despite
financial constraints in some countries prioritizing other needs.

28. Market / 市场 #8786 低频

音频原文
So, in the seller's market, what marketing tends to be is what we call product focus market.
You have the product. If the customers want it, they're going to come to you. In that case,
you should develop that product to the best of your ability. You should innovate in that
product, you should try to reduce cost and you should really focus on the product. Your
business objective in a product-focused market is to sell as much as you can, and
profitability from a product-focused market is going to come from volume. Selling as much
as you can. In the past when we've studied product focus market, we've shown that
profitability is tied to market share. So market share becomes your business objective. And
why does market share increase profitability? Because the bigger your market share, the
more your revenues. And the bigger your market share, and your volume, the lower the
product cost and hint profitability. Higher revenues, lower cost, more profit. That's really the
goal of a product focused market and when you're product focused, where do you get
growth? Will you develop new products based on your product experience or you go to new
markets? That's product focused marketing.

参考答案
This lecture talks about the product focus market. In the seller’s market, marketing tends to
be a product-focused market. In this case, you should try to develop the best product.

Also, you need to reduce costs and sell as much as you can. More market share and lower
costs will increase revenues, so market share should be your business objective.

29. Telescope / 望远镜 #8785 低频

音频原文
So let's just talk a little bit about a telescope. Our eye is the telescope we all are used to. It's
a little tiny five millimeter telescope, and it serves us very well. But if we make telescopes
bigger, we get a couple of good things. We have larger telescopes and they collect a lot more
light so we can see things that are fainter. But it turns out they greatly improve detail. And
that's because of the nature that light is a wave, and wave effects are what we call quantum
mechanical effects, meaning that when you use a little telescope to look at waves, it
becomes blurry through what we call diffraction. And so larger telescopes are extremely
useful to improve detail. The other thing that telescopes allow us to do is to put modern

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digital detectors behind them. Our eye is about the same sensitivity as a photographic plate.
A photographic plate can be sat there and it can look at the sky for an hour so it can see
fainter. But modern digital detectors are almost 100 times more efficient than our eyes at
collecting light. And so you can improve things by a factor of 100. That's like building a
telescope ten times bigger. And so that improvement has been one of the things that's
allowed astronomy to do so much in the optical regime in the last 30 years.

参考答案
Our eye is a tiny five-millimeter telescope. When we have larger telescopes that collect more
light, we can see things fainter but it greatly improves detail.

This is because the nature of light is a wave which has quantum mechanical effects.

Telescopes also allow us to put modern digital detectors behind them, which are 100 times
more efficient. Such improvement allowed astronomy to do so much in the optical regime.

30. Australian Immigration / 澳洲移民 #8784 超高频

音频原文
"The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous people.
Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive waves and distinct peoples
is still subject to academic debate, as is its [Link] minimum widely accepted time frame
places presence of humans in Australia at 40,000 to 43,000 years Before Present, while the
upper range supported by others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP. In any event, this migration
was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were
typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended glaciation resulted
in decreases of sea levels by some 100150 m. The continental coastline therefore extended
much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea
formed a single landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge across
the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait. The ancestral Australian Aboriginal
peoples were thus long established and continued to develop, diversify and settle through
much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus of the most recent glacial
period some 10,000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a separated
landmass. However, the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still
provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern
Cape York Peninsula. During the 1970s and 1980s around 120,000 southern Asian refugees
migrated to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what
Minister of Immigration Al Grassby termed "multiculturalism". In 2004-05, Australia accepted
123,000 new settlers, a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of
immigrants (40,000 in 2004-05) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from
Asia, led by China and India."

参考答案
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The first inhabitants of Australia were the ancestors of the indigenous people.

Their migration occurred during the Pleistocene epoch when sea levels were lower.

Australia and New Guinea were connected by a land bridge known as Sahul.

As sea levels rose 10,000 years ago, Australia became a separate landmass.

In recent years, Australia has experienced significant immigration, with the majority coming
from Asia, particularly China and India.

31. John Milton / 约翰弥尔顿 #8783 低频

音频原文
John Milton is best known for his poetry, especially Paradise Lost, but also for the more
accessible, and shorter, Lycidas, and L’Allegro and Il Penseroso, plus one or two sonnets you
will find in most anthologies – but an easier way into what he thought and believed in social
and political terms is through his prose writings. These were mostly pamphlets and tracts
written in reaction to some political event or situation, but also included pamphlets on a wide
variety of subjects including at least four on divorce, which for him was tied up with personal
freedom. However, the text which has probably had the most relevance down the years and
which can still be read with profit is the Areopagitica, which is a defense of freedom of
expression and publication, and against censorship. It was written as a reaction to an attack
on himself, in particular, a pamphlet on divorce he had written, and which some condemned
as a “wicked book”

参考答案
John Milton is best known for his poetry and sonnets, but it is easier to understand him
through his prose writings.

These were mostly pamphlets and tracts.

The content was related to political events and personal freedom.

The most relevant work is a defense of freedom of expression and publication and against
censorship.

A pamphlet on divorce was viewed as a "wicked book".

32. Tutorial / 教程 #8782 低频

音频原文
If we need help before the tutorial, we can email any of the tutors and they will provide you
with help. The difference between lectures and tutorials is that in lectures you usually have

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about 200 to 300 students, whereas in tutorials is about five to 15 students, which allows you
to discuss matters, put your hand up and talk to your tutors about any difficulties you may
have with the subject. The skills that I have developed through participating in these tutorials
is time management, critical thinking, being able to work better in a group and improving my
confidence to speak up in a group. At the end of a tutorial, each group will have to give
feedback on what they've been discussing throughout the tutorial. So this may consist of
having to present to the rest of the students in the class and it allows me to improve my
group working skills and also working in a group allows us to generate more ideas and
discuss the topic in more depth. The advice I have for potential University of Edinburgh
students to make the most out of your tutorial sessions is to complete the reading that you're
given by your tutors beforehand. This will enable you to discuss more in groups and generate
more ideas. It's also beneficial to raise your hand and develop your confidence so that you
can have better discussions in class.

参考答案
Before tutorials, students need to read articles and write notes.

In tutorials, students discuss ideas and give feedback in small groups.

It’s easier to get support from the tutors in tutorials because there are fewer studentsthan
lectures.

Students can improve their skills, teamwork, and confidence in tutorials.

In the end, the speaker’s advice is that do the readings before tutorials and be active in
tutorials.

33. Sugar / 糖 #8780 中频

音频原文
There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course there’s lots of sugar in
donuts or ice cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but there
are other places where you see it and you don’t necessarily expect it. As an example: peanut
butter. Here’s a list of ingredients from Skippy Peanut Butter and you see that sugar is the
second most common ingredient. You may know from reading food labels that these
ingredients in any food label are listed in order of how much there is in the food itself, so
sugar comes right after peanuts. Here’s another example, Beef Stew, you wouldn’t
necessarily expect to find sugar in beef stew but it’s there. Now it’s down the list of
ingredients, it’s actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and look at
the can, it says, there’s fresh potatoes and carrots, but actually there’s more sugar in this
than there is carrot

参考答案

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Sugars exist in lots of food that we don’t expect.

Apart from some sweet food, peanut butter lists sugar as the second ingredient according to
food labels.

Ingredients are listed in order of how much there is in the food.

Also, beef stews have lots of sugar even more than carrots, though the marketing slogan
claimed that it contains fresh potatoes and carrots.

34. Implicit and explicit memory / 隐形记忆和显性记忆 #8779 高频

音频原文
So I'm going to talk a little bit briefly about different systems of memory. And in fact, much of
the memory that influences and guides out our everyday life actually kind of hides in the
background. You actually don't know that when you're using the bulk of your memory. And
this is called implicit or procedural memory. This includes things like cultural and social
norms. So kind of understanding how you're supposed to behave in a classroom or
expecting a certain thing to happen when you walk into a restaurant. These are all things that
we've learned and acquired over our years, but it's not necessarily something that we think
about. Language also in many aspects is something that is fairly automatic and that we've
acquired and use very naturally and other learned skills such as reading or driving. These are
things that might have been effortful at one time, but now they just come very easily and
automatically to us. And in fact, if you actually try to describe to somebody how you drive or
how to drive, you actually kind of mixes you up. So these are in a lot of well, in a lot of cases,
consciousness kind of gets in the way of a lot of these aspects of implicit memory. Now,
when we're talking about our memory, so for instance, people tell me a lot that their
memories are bad. When people are saying when they talk about their memory, they're
usually talking about explicit or episodic memory. And these are very different from implicit
memories. These are memories that have a very specific tag of space and time. These are
highly personal memories, usually. So this could be everything from remembering what you
eat for breakfast to what you did on your last vacation, or remembering a significant birthday
that you had several years ago or in the past, or...Or just an answer to a multiple choice
question on a test.

参考答案
Implicit memory and explicit memory are the two main types of memory.

Implicit memory is also called procedural memory and cannot be consciously recalled.

Implicit memory is about cultural and social background, such as using language naturally or
driving automatically.

Explicit memory is also known as episodic memory, related to personal life experiences.

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It is about time and space, such as remembering birthdays or answering questions in a test.

35. Air pollution / 空气污染 #8476 高频

音频原文
In today's lecture, I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last
century and what has created these changes. So, by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible
with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world. The
main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems. For
example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths.
Obviously, something had to be done and in 1956 the Clean Air Act was introduced in
Britain. This addressed the pollution from factories and the smogs soon disappeared.
However, as you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The main difference
between now and the 1950s is that you can't see it — it's invisible. Also, the main source of
pollution now is from cars and lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs, this air
pollution is still a significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of
pollution is that we have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars
and lorries, trains and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main source of air
pollution around the world.

参考答案
The lecture talks about changes in air pollution and what has created these changes.

According to the lecture, by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible.

The main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems,
but now air pollution is invisible.

Also, the main source of pollution now is from cars and lorries, and air pollution is still a
significant risk to health.

36. Strategy to categorize / 分类方法 #8464 高频

回忆要点：回忆要点：一个男老师在讲课：每个人都有自己的strategy to make things
easier，categorize thing，然后脑子里会measure。 比如说这根线，你们没尺子，怎么知
道它多长？底下的学生回答：可以用脚丈量。老师说对，you can use your feet as the
ruler. 再比如，你有个朋友跑步非常快，快得不得了，像世界冠军那种哦。那么你的脑海里
应该有一个这样的概念：他跑一英里不超过四分钟才能算是跑得快。
37. Cover letters / 求职信 #8359 高频

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回忆要点：回忆要点：就是说COVER LETTER第一段要写电话号码，学校这些信息，第二
段要写你的动机，你要知道你对什么擅长，为什么这个工作适合你，你有什么skills和
abilities；最后一段要写感谢抽出时间看我的简历，如果招聘单位有意向请联系我

38. Salt / 盐 #8358 超高频

回忆要点：This lecture is about salt and its effects on us. Firstly, salt can be found in our
sweat, so remember to take some salt after exercising for a long time to prevent
dehydration. Secondly, salt can also be found in salty food. However, we should be
cautious because salt is realted to some illnesses such as high blood pressure and heart
disease.

39. Biggish city / 大城市 #8357 高频

音频原文
We have briefly looked at some of the problems involved in running a biggish city like, say,
Melbourne, keeping the road and rail systems running, policing, providing food and housing,
and so on. In another lecture, I'm going to deal with what we must no megalopolis - cities
with populations of ten million or more. However, first I want to go back in history to when
the population of cities could be numbered in the thousands rather than millions. One of the
earliest theorists of the city was, of course, Plato, who created an ideal city in his text, The
Republic. The population of this city would be around twenty-five to thirty thousand at most.
Oddly enough, the same figures were chosen by Leonardo da Vinci for his ideal cities. Now,
of these twenty-five to thirty thousand inhabitants, only about five thousand would be
citizens. A reason for this might be that it is the largest number that could be addressed
publicly at one time and by one person, and makes a voting system much easier to manage.
Also, perhaps the numbers are kept deliberately low because a large population would be
harder to control, or because, in practical terms, fewer inhabitants are easier to feed from
local supplies without having to depend on outside sources.

参考答案
The lecture talks about the population of cities in the past.

According to the speaker, the population of cities in history could be numbered in thousands
rather than millions.

Interestingly enough, both Plato and Leonardo chose the same figures, twenty-five to thirty
thousand inhabitants, for their ideal cities.

Now, the number of citizens is kept deliberately low because a small population would be
easier to manage.

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40. Risk management / 风险管理 #8253 高频

回忆要点：This lecture is about how to do risk management in investment given by the
Department of Finance. First of all, the board of directors should acknowledge the idea
of the investment. Then, a particular investment plan should be made. The plan should
be reviewed by the CEO and the CFO. The lecture also mentioned risk shareholders and
applying strategy.

41. Data privacy / 数据保密 #8252 高频

回忆要点：Data privacy has become a big issue today as new technology develops.
Devices are sending our personal data to companies. For example, devices with voice
activation technology are able to monitor our daily life. Thus, many people refuse to use
these devices. However, this is controversial, as some users choose to give up on data
privacy and they are willing to share their personal information or personal experience.

42. Exercise / 锻炼 #8216 高频

回忆要点：Exercise has two conditions. One is health exercise. 然后讲investigation on
exercise的好处，每天至少半小时，然后 how much exercise can we tolerate, 后面还提到
了sunscreen.
43. Nuts / 坚果 #8163 高频
回忆要点：The fact which is mentioned here is eating nuts, and it comprises that eating
nut as a part of healthy diet may be good for you. Additionally, nuts contain unsaturated
fatty acids and nutrients like vitamin, so it is good for people to have some nuts.
Furthermore, one drawback to nuts is that they are high in calories. Moreover, it is
important to limit the intake.

44. A device / 一种装置 #8121 高频

回忆要点：应该是说的一个device，can measure speed and see things far away, but
there is a bad thing 怎么怎么，还有time machine, see something as we unknown, we
can use fossils evidences and eight dimension theory

45. Inequality in children / 儿童成长的不平等 #8090 超高频

回忆要点：一个教授的社会学研究发现，the capacity of well-educated parents will
remain in their prosperous children，孩子从出生时有sufficient educational capacity and

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support ，还提到了 deep root of inequality，以及 the life chance of a child has been set
by five years old, which is a compelling and disturbing fact. The professor cannot find
obvious ways to address this deep root of inequality in our society.

46. Organizational study / 组织学习 #8089 超高频

音频原文
It's really recommend that everybody take some organization studies courses that even if
you're not planning to become a nature specialist. These courses will provide leadership
skills that we've got courses such as his Rosens on Leadership Development. They're going
to give you the interpersonal competencies and skills to advance in your career. So I think
that's org (organisation) studies give people a place to go into a number of different careers,
be it in the public sector of the private sector or a nonprofit. Think everyone needs to
understand how organizations are structured, how they function and how people interact.
And then to get to your strategic goal. It's really important to take organization studies
courses. And I know it's a bit of a hard sell for a lot of students who are appearing in it. But
over and over, alumni come back to me and say, you know what, the most important course
I've ever took was organization studies. And I really wish I took it more because those are the
skills that really help me move up in my career. So those are the competencies or political
skills for understanding myself for knowing how to work with difficult people, for knowing
how to manage my boss, knowing how to structure the organization, knowing how to create
sustainable competitive advantage. And those are the skills that really differentiate people
who are going to have long term successful careers

参考答案
This lecture is mainly about organisation courses. Firstly, organisation courses are very
important . Organisation courses will help us to get leadership skills in our careers. Those
skills that are supplied by organisation courses will be helpful to our careers. People can
learn how to satisfy the boss. People had better learn organisation courses if they want to
get long terms of successful careers.

47. Leadership / 领导 #8088 超高频

音频原文
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a
fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting idea in a
meeting of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people's energies in ways that range from
subtle, quiet persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a
charismatic leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies
through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of leadership as a spectrum, in
terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one end of the spectrum, we
have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the president of the United States or the

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prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite
end of the spectrum is casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day
around the world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals whose
lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind, the out-in-front, authoritative
leadership, has generally been exhibited by men. Some men in positions of great authority,
including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of " leading from behind more often,
however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women(as well as
some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern has
been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible, authoritative
leadership.

参考答案
The lecture talks about leadership. Leaders can define or clarify goals through various means
such as issuing memos, executive orders, or laws, as well as using charisma, rhetoric, and
example. Leadership can range from highly visible and authoritative to casual and low-key.
Historically, authoritative leadership has been predominantly exhibited by men, but this
pattern is changing as more women take up visible leadership roles.

48. Population growth / 人口增长 #8087 超高频

音频原文
I hereby not even to elaborate too much why I think it is that population matters in the world.
These are the kind of topics which are normally cited when when thinking about the
population, its challenges, its problems, its opportunities, its own [Link] all, pressure
on resource is a very obvious point. When world population has reached now 7 billion and is
increasing by 7 to 8 million people per year, a diminishing number of [Link] nonetheless
it's still quite a challenge, particularly when global population is almost certain to add another
3 billion to that 6 billion with all kinds of questions as to the adequacy of of resources, water,
particularly in global climate change, but also food and other aspects of [Link] are
all problems of security because this growth will not be equally distributed between different
parts of the world. Some parts of the world will grow. Other parts of the world will shrink. The
balance of power, therefore, will correspondingly change for demographic reasons, as we will
see. Urban growth is remarkable. We already have megacities of 20 million people. These are
going to grow even further in due course. One wonders just how far they can grow before
certain aspects of the infrastructure start breaking down.

参考答案
The speech talks about the population. The growing population is a challenge. It brings
pressure on resources. Now we have 7 billion people, and they all need water, food, and
other resources. These are all problems of security because the growth will not be equally
distributed. This population growth will impact the balance of power. Urban growth is
remarkable.

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49. Theater study / 戏剧研究 #8067 高频

回忆要点：Theater study is a difficult subject in the academy because it cannot be
experimental and it is a mixture of literature and personal life experience. Theatre should
show pure lives, although there will be new actors or directors. It is also a collection of
different skills, such as writing and singing. To succeed in this subject, you need
knowledge of linguistics, sociology, archeology, physics, psychology, and philosophy.
Theater study is interdisciplinary, and you need to be a linguist and archaeologist to fully
understand theater study. If we move everything away, there are some intellectual and
distinctive things left. Hence, it is an ongoing project in the academy. What makes
theater study distinctive is that it is an ongoing project that requires a study lifespan of
60 to 70 years. Theater study is a difficult subject in academy, and theater study is a
combination of literature and life experience.

50. Making right decisions / 作出正确的决策 #8049 中频

回忆要点：Making the right decisions on certain occasions is just like starting up a
company. Sometimes a right decision initially turned out to be wrong. Firstly, you should
find a team because you need a good team to make good decisions. Secondly, you
should take sufficient information before you can make the right decision. Thirdly, you
should talk with your team and try to make a rigorous decision.

51. Improving teaching qualities / 提高教学质量 #8048 高频

回忆要点：We should think about how to improve teaching quality. Teaching is not all
about teachers. What we should do is to put emphasis on teachers rather than on
teaching. In this case, we should not only evaluate and rate teachers' performance but
should also improve the education system.

52. The universe and time machine / 宇宙与时间机器 #8042 中频

回忆要点：If we look far away, it is hard to detect whether the universe exists or not.
Because we don't have a time machine, we cannot go back to look at it. But we can find
fossils to do research. Finally, we can use the eight-dimensional model to look back at
the history of the universe.

53. Human rights / 人权 #8041 中频

回忆要点：Human rights are essential to society and can protect the diversity of beliefs
for humans.

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54. Climate change in Australia / 澳洲气候变化 #8028 高频

音频原文
Sea levels are rising and the consequences could be huge. By the end of this century, areas
that only flood once every hundred years could start to flood several times every year. The
rising sea is the sleeping giant of climate change. Climates may change, you might have
more drought, and you might have more rain. But I think for me, the biggest issue, the
biggest concern is what we'll see we'll do in the coming centuries. Unfortunately, many of
the megacities in the world, and that also applies to the larger cities in Australia, has been
built in low-lying areas. That means much of the world's population will eventually have to
deal with sea-level rise. The question is, how high will the waters get? Well, we go to the
remote northwest of Australia and make a disturbing discovery. According to this geologist,
work. Sea levels could ultimately go up by a staggering nine meters.

参考答案
This lecture mainly talks about the sea levels of Australia. When the sea level is rising, the
consequences may well be [Link] is because there will be more [Link], climate
change will mean more rain and droughts. Many mega cities are likely to be affected by the
sea level rising, and this means more people have to deal with it.

55. Trust levels / 信任等级 #8007 高频

音频原文
I'm fascinated by the extent to which sharing economy platforms like Uber and Airbnb are
getting Americans to trust each other again. Over the last 40 years, the level of trust in
society has fallen quite dramatically. Less than 1 in 5 Americans under the age of 35 today
feel that people are trustworthy in general. But in parallel, we've developed a heightened
level of trust in strangers who we meet through a digital interface. There's a generation that
has grown up reading Yelp reviews, reading Amazon reviews, making their consumption
choices based on what strangers on a digital platform say. And SO someone who we interact
with who comes accompanied by online reviews, a Facebook and LinkedIn profile, and other
digital cues seems to be someone we'll trust at the level of friends and family. What excites
me about this transition is that through history every time society has created a new basis for
trust, it has expanded the economy dramatically. So I'm looking forward to seeing, as we
trust our Uber drivers more, how this expands the world's economic activities and the
possibilities for trade.

参考答案
Sharing economy platforms are getting Americans to trust each other again.

Over the last 40 years, the level of trust in society has fallen quite dramatically but we've
developed a heightened level of trust in strangers on digital interface.

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Every time society has created a new basis for trust, it has expanded the economy
dramatically, so this will expand economic activities and possibilities for trade.

56. Portrait / 肖像 #7989 高频

回忆要点：
回忆1. looks like a person, photograph, similar to a person, kid physical, The king has a
crown. With the beard, the king should be considered as old. Without the beard, the king
should be considered as young. 关键词还有middle-age, portrait
回忆2.先提到photograph可以用来feature人的特点，然后提到了king的portrait，带了
crown可以知道他是国王，然后根据beard可以知道他的年龄好像，全记了些零碎的单词最
后都拼不上来，期待大神完善
57. Research on an insect / 昆虫研究 #7988 高频
回忆要点：一种可以在夜间(at night)去树上觅食(collect food from trees)并自行导航回家
(navigate their way back)的昆虫；科学家想知道为什么它们可以在夜间还能找到食物，并
找到回家的路； 这些昆虫在某个方面（目前尚不明确）很厉害(competent)。
58. Underestimated women / 被低估的女性 #7967 中频
音频原文
Women systematically underestimate their own abilities. If you test men and women and you
ask them questions on totally objective criteria, like GPAs, men get it wrong slightly high, and
women get it wrong slightly low. Women do not negotiate for themselves in the workforce. A
study in the last two years of people entering the workforce out of college showed that 57
percent of boys entering or men, I guess, are negotiating for salary, and only 7 percent of
women. And most importantly, men attribute their success to themselves and women
attribute it to other external factors. If you ask men why they did a good job, they'll say, I'm
awesome. If you ask, obviously. Why are you even asking? If you ask women why they did a
good job? What they'll say is someone helped them they got lucky, they worked really hard.
Why does this matter? Boy, it matters a lot. Because no one gets to the corner office by
sitting on the side, not at the table, and no one gets the promotion if they don't think they
deserve their success, or they don't even understand their own success.

参考答案
Women tend to underestimate their own abilities, and they do not negotiate for themselves in
the workforce.

And most importantly, men attribute their success to themselves and women attribute it to
other external factors.

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In conclusion, it is important for women to understand their own success, and they deserve
their success.

59. Drilling rigs / 钻探设备 #7930 中频

回忆要点：Today the drilling rigs are operating in water that's three or four kilometers
deep. Tomorrow they could go deeper still. But at some stage global production of oil
will peak and begin a remorseless decline. The question is, how soon. I'm sure that
we're talking here, decades. So, we're not hitting peak in 2010? We don't believe we are
even in 2030. The worse case is that it's occurring now or very soon because the world
is unprepared. It's absolutely unprepared. There are no quick fixes in something like this,
is a world addicted to cheap liquid energy facing the beginning of the end of the age of
oil? In the ever-spreading suburbs of Australia's great cities where mortgages are high
and private transport indispensable, everyone's feeling the pinch.

60. Negative bias / 负面的偏见 #7928 超高频

音频原文
Next, let's look at a positive and negative emotions and positive and negative expression of
these emotions. No one can see positive and negative. I mentioned earlier that there is a
range of feelings that we there's a range of expressions that we feel ranging from anger,
sadness, shame, frustration or depression, disgust, love, calm or happiness or sadness. So if
I'm if I'm looking at these emotions, I can broadly categorize all of them in either being
positive or negative. So let's let's take, for instance, anger and fear. So if I'm feeling angry,
what happens is all the blood, the blood flow is increased towards my hands. As a result, it
makes it easier for me to grasp a weapon or to make a strike. And that is a lot of adrenaline
that is released, which increases energy necessary for the action. On the other hand, if I'm
feeling happy, if I'm feeling calm. The major center is the brain for a lot of activity, and this
inhibits negative emotions as feeling negative or negative emotions from entering our mind.
So this is what happens. It has a lot to do with hormones. It has a lot to do with. This is a
reason why they see that it was in an impulse. I happened to slap the person, but I didn't
mean it. When I'm angry, I don't realize that I end up hiting the person. So this has a lot to do
with your hormones. Once you have once you know what you're feeling, once you are aware,
you have labeled your feelings really well. This is exactly what happens when there's blood
flow rushing through your own hands. And then it makes it easier for you to make a strike, to
grasp something or to defend yourself. This is exactly what happens when we're talking
about positive and negative expression of our feelings. This is positive and negative. Next,
we look at the healthy and the unhealthy ways of expressing ourselves.

参考答案
The passage explains that emotions can be categorized as positive or negative, and provides
examples of the physical expressions associated with anger and happiness. It discusses

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how anger increases blood flow to the hands and releases adrenaline, while happiness and
calmness inhibit negative emotions. It acknowledges the influence of hormones on our
actions. The passage also mentions a forthcoming discussion on healthy and unhealthy
expressions of emotions.

61. Basic social values / 基本社会价值观 #7927 中频

音频原文
But I think just to put it in a nutshell, that many basic social values are passed on
unconsciously, already in babyhood. Adults convey a great deal to babies about the kind of
society they're living in. And, you know, the most basic level, for example, whether the world
is supportive and safe or challenging and dangerous. And all of us in different ways are
working with the unloving side of society in a way and trying to find ways to offer a more
caring response. And particularly those people who are working in Africa are often doing
really cutting edge work in dealing with traumatic social problems such as the AIDS
epidemic, the aftermath of war, homelessness and so on. Whilst probably the majority of you
who've actually made it here today for your creative energy into, I'm sure, wonderful, but
probably more tried and tested kind of projects.

参考答案
The lecture is mainly about basic social values.

According to the speaker, many basic social values are passed on unconsciously, already in
babyhood.

And most people in different ways are working with the unloving side of society in a way and
trying to find ways to provide a more caring response, especially those working in Africa who
often deal with traumatic social problems.

62. Telescope / 望远镜 #7920 中频

回忆要点：telescopes break into small ones and large ones and they can be used in
astronomy. Small telescopes can only take unclear images. Digital telescopes can ……
关键词还有100 times、10 times
63. Los Angeles / 洛杉矶 #7919 中频
音频原文
The years 1781 Los Angeles is established and named Pablo de la Renta de Los Angeles by
forty-four families from Mexico as a fort for soldiers. More than sixty-five years later, the
discovery of gold and silver medal draws settlers from across the country to northern
California. After the rush for gold dies down, Americans had flocked to Northern California

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for a fortune begin to disperse and settle parts of Southern California. By 1870, the small
towns of Los Angeles have gained more than five thousand six hundred residents, which
multiplies nearly 20 times by the turn of the century. The rapidly increasing population puts
additional strain on the Los Angeles River, the city's main source of water, which has not
been helped by a recent two years of drought. In order to avoid tragedy, a new water source
has to be found. The city of Los Angeles is a development as an urban center and a growing
thirst for water facilitated the triumph of the creation of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, but
simultaneously led to the tragedies of St. Francis Dam and the draining of important
landmarks like Mono Lake and Owen zone. In the year 1900, the city of Los Angeles is
growing faster than its water resources, a need for the city is as clear as the water they need.
In 1902, Irish American civil engineer William Holland was named superintendent of the Los
Angeles Water Department. Soon after the department began considering options to quench
the city of Los Angeles's growing thirst, they eventually settled on a lake in the vastly
agricultural Owens Valley. The Owens Lake was more than enough to support its inhabitants,
as it was once up to 12 miles long and eight miles wide. These two factors made Owens
Valley the perfect candidate to supply Los Angeles with the water it needed to expand.

参考答案
Since Los Angeles was established in 1781, the rapidly increasing population puts strain on
the Los Angeles River.

A new water source has to be found for the city’s development as an urban center.

The creation of the Los Angeles Aqueduct led to tragedies and draining of important
landmarks.

The Water Department eventually settled on Owens Lake as the perfect candidate to supply
Los Angeles with water for expansion.

64. Decision making / 做决定 #7918 中频

回忆要点：There should be decision making in some occasions, like when starting a
company, but people don't know if their decisions are right or wrong. Usually the
decisions that are thought to be right initially turn out to be wrong. It takes a great team
to make the right decisions and discussing the best minds also helps. Finally, making a
rigorous decision is mentioned.

65. Human behaviors / 人类行为 #7917 中频

回忆要点：If you look at the recent research conducted on human behavior, you will be
surprised about the findings. It is said that there is a correlation betwen human behavior
and our physical feature. It was believed that genes are the only factor that determine

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physical appearance. This includes height and hair color. However, a recent study
showed that behavior is also another factor that can change height and hair color. The
findings in the study further state that a person's habits can change the physical
features of human. These findings have a tremendous impact on scientific fields such as
biology, psychology, sociology and neuroscience.

66. Experiment on climate change / 气候变化实验 #7916 超高频

音频原文
Humans are faced with many challenges, one of which is climate change. An experiment was
conducted on the environment and climate in the 1930s when people first noticed climate
change. Humans have been trying to change their lifestyles to deal with it, but the
observation of climate change is difficult from area to area. A method is introduced to help
understand the mechanism of the climate system. Researchers predict that temperatures will
increase about two to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century. What's less certain is
what rising temperatures mean for the planet. Some climate models predict subtle changes.
Others forecast rising sea levels, which could flood coastal areas around the world. Weather
patterns could change, making hurricanes more frequent. Severe droughts could become
more common in warm areas, and species unable to adapt to the changing conditions would
face extinction, although much remains to be learned about global warming. Many
organizations advocate cutting greenhouse gas emissions to reduce the impact of global
warming. Consumers can help by saving energy around the house, switching to compact
fluorescent light bulbs, and driving fewer miles in the car each week. These simple changes
may help keep the earth cooler in the future.

参考答案
Climate change is one of the challenges facing our world today.

In the 1930s, when people first noticed climate change, they have been trying to deal with it,
but it is difficult to observe changes in climate from area to area.

Although scientists have different views on climate change, cutting greenhouse gas
emissions, saving energy, and driving fewer miles may help keep the earth cooler in the
future.

67. Neolithic Stones / 苏格兰石头 #7915 超高频

音频原文
I suppose you wouldn't expect perhaps to find a mathematician in a museum of historical
objects, but actually, the objects that I've been drawn to in this museum have quite a lot of
mathematical significance. These Neolithic stones, discovered in Scotland, dating back
5,000 years, are probably the first examples of humans exploring the concept of symmetry.

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And that's what I do as a practicing mathematician. I spend my life trying to understand what
symmetries are possible, in nature and in mathematics and abstractly. And here I've got a
connection, going back 5,000 years, to people who are already trying to understand –how
can I arrange patches on the side of these stone balls in a symmetrical manner? One of the
intriguing things about these stones is that we don't actually know what they're for. They
might have been for divination –trying to predict the future. They might have been part of a
game. They look very much like dice, but we don't really think there is any game associated
with them. Maybe they were just for chucking around, they're very nice in the hand when you
hold them. Or maybe they were symbols of power in the clan. I suppose that's why I like
them because we don't really know what they are. If I had a theory about why they were
doing this it would be that actually, they were starting to be mathematicians, and that here
we see the first example of abstract thought at work. That these weren't for a purpose.
Mathematics is a great subject, created a lot of the technology around us, but
mathematicians we create our mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty, so it will be
lovely to think that these didn't actually have a use, that they were just really a celebration of
what's possible.

参考答案
Historical objects have quite a lot of mathematical significance.

These Neolithic stones are probably the first examples of humans exploring the concept of
symmetry.

One of the intriguing things about these stones is that we don't actually know what they're
for, and that's why the speaker likes them.

Mathematics is a great subject, created the technology around us, but mathematicians
create our mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty.

68. Complex problems / 复杂问题 #7894 高频

回忆要点：When you are facing a complex problem, you might need to break it into
several manageable problems and solve one at a time. 把她拆解成小问题去解决，最后
再put together，举了一些例子。当你在看世界的时候，你需要看世界之间的关系。when
you understand the world, a few things are in relation to each other. 你在学不同学科的时
候，他们之间有关系。应该把一个学科fits into a larger picture。
69. Poetry / 诗歌 #7892 超高频
音频原文
Today, poetry means an important part of art and culture. We often talk about the knowledge
about the literature in poems. Poetry is from the oldest form of literature, probably predates
the origin of writing itself. The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems. Mostly epic

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poems tell the stories of ancient mythology. The English language in poems and poetry is
difficult to understand, often giving readers a feeling of frustration, making it hard for readers
to enjoy poetry. This is because poems use literary expressions. Poetry was once written
according to fairly strict rules of meter and rhyme, and each culture has its own rule. Some
poems incorporate rhyme schemes with two or more lines that end in like-sounding words.
You should learn to simply enjoy it to know more about literature knowledge.

参考答案
Poetry is an important part of art and culture.

Poetry is from the oldest form of literature.

The English language in poems and poetry is difficult to understand, making it hard for
readers to enjoy poetry, because poems use literary expressions.

However, you should learn to simply enjoy it to know more about literature knowledge.

70. Eating vegetables / 吃蔬菜 #7868 高频

主要讲eating vegetables, 大概内容是Children should eat more vegetables at school. If
they eat more vegetables or salads at lunch, they will have some collectible coins as a
reward. These coins can be used to exchange for some toys in the shop. By doing so.
paying people for eating vegetables is possible. 欢迎各位大神补充！
71. Civil rights / 公民权利 #7867 低频
回忆要点：关键词civil rights，提到了freedom of speech、observation promotion、
exportation、human rights

72. Ice core / 冰芯 #7866 高频

回忆要点：主题关于 ice core use the metal cutting device to drill the ice core, using a
cylinder, pull the ice out, to make them stored. use the oldest ice to test the atmosphere,
use the recent ice to analyze the over past.

73. Literature / 文学 #7856 高频

回忆要点：we should understand the causes and effects of literature. To understand
this, we should ask ourselves several sub-questions, such as "what is an author" and
"what is a reader". He organizes questions by rationalizing the question, and the answer
is that literature comes from a sense of society and social and economic forces.

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74. Speech-language therapy / 语音及语言治疗 #7855 高频

回忆要点：说话的人是一个研究 speech-language therapy 的教授，他说他们这个和
clinical therapy（临床疗法）的研究不同。 他最喜欢的部分是，这门课程研究语言背后的
信息，包括说话人的背景，来自什么区域什么国家——就像看研究一个人的 hand writing
一样。 他觉得这门课程最好的地方就是建立了语言沟通和 professional的联系(contact)。
75. Competent people / 能力强的人 #7854 高频
回忆要点：People fear those who are competent because they tend to feel diminished
and incompetent when they are facing those people. However, when competent people
make mistakes, other people would like them more. For example, some public figures
appear to be super-competent, but they became more popular after they suffered a
failure.

76. The internet requires energy / 互联网需要能源 #7853 超高频

音频原文
The Internet is pretty great, this wouldn't be a thing without it, but getting this video and all
the other bits of the Internet to you uses a lot of energy. What we call the Internet is made up
of a lot of things, wires traversing the ocean, satellites and cell phone towers, massive data
centers sending packets of information all over, and devices - so many devices! Today, there
are more than 30 billion things connected to the Internet. That's every cell phone, laptop, and
tablet, but also every credit card reader, creepy, all-hearing speaker, newfangled fridge with a
TV on the front end, and more things coming online every day. Every single one of these
devices requires electricity. Charging a single phone or a laptop doesn't use that much
energy, but powering billions of Internet-connected devices adds up. It's hard to estimate
exactly how much because things are changing too fast, even count. But in total, Internet-
connected devices probably use in the neighborhood of five percent of the world's electricity.
Once you've got your Internet portal charged and ready to go, streaming a video or posting a
pic on Instagram, draws on power from data centers distributed around the world. After
devices, data centers are the Internet's next biggest energy hog, using around one or two
percent of the world's total electricity. And most of this electricity comes from burning fossil
fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. But when compared to all the
other things that produce greenhouse gases like transportation, which causes almost a
quarter of global emissions, the unit is doing all right. In total, it contributes only around two
percent of global emissions.

参考答案

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This lecture mainly talks about the Internet. The Internet comprises devices , data centers ,
and communication lines . It consumes about five percent of global electricity , with data
centers using one or two percent . Most of the electricity comes from burning fossil fuels ,
resulting in greenhouse gas emissions . Compared to other sectors , the Internet 's
contribution to global emissions is around two percent.

77. Actor training / 演员训练 #7850 高频

回忆要点：关键词：training, actor, performance, observe other's behaviors, imitate,
important. 大意：要想做一个actor，就需要training，要去模仿别人的performance，通过
你的body movement去reflect emotion
78. Smaller brain / 大脑缩小 #7824 高频
回忆要点：The human brain is becoming smaller during evolution, and there is no
reverse trend. One theory is that our brains are expensive organs, so natural selection
must make them smaller during evolution. But the speaker doesn’t agree because the
energy consumed by the brain and the heat generated from the brain remains the same.
What he believes is that humans no longer need bigger brains because we have
changed from generalists to specialists.

79. Clone / 克隆技术 #7695 高频

音频原文
"So today's word... I almost want to think it... send in the clones... talk about clone." Clones,
okay, so its clones are cloning, are we talking about... "yes, yes, let's start to talk about
clone, which literally has its roots in the ground, it came about in 1903. A plant physiologist
at the United States Department of Agriculture named Herbert Webber, was working on a
term that would describe the process where you take a graft or cutting or a slip from one
plant, and then propagated vegetatively or..sexually... ah... to grow another plant. And, he
was a very literate man, Dr Weber, and he felt strongly that word should be short, Newtonian
phonetically spelled."

参考答案
In 1903, Herbert Webber, a plant physiologist at the United States Department of Agriculture,
coined the term "clone" to describe the process of vegetatively or sexually propagating a
new plant from a cutting or graft of another plant. He aimed for a short and phonetically
spelled word that would be easy to remember and pronounce.

80. Andrew Carnegie / 安德鲁卡耐基 #7691 低频

音频原文
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Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland in 1835. His family moved to America when he was
13 and settled in Pittsburgh. He found jobs working in a fabric mill and telegraph office.
Carnegie always did well at whatever he set his mind to. He was known to make
improvements to any job he held. While working for the telegraph office, he began studying
the railroad system, and he soon became the superintendent. He took the money he had
saved and invested in an oil company. His investment return was good and then he went to
England to learn how to make steel. He wanted to make steel that was cheaper and more
durable than American steel. He came back with his knowledge and built a huge steel
factory. Carnegie's Factory was very successful and he sold it for 480 million dollars.
Carnegie was a very wealthy man but he was more interested in philanthropy than spending
his money on himself. He spent the rest of his life giving his money away to worthy causes.
Reading and learning were very important to him, so he built many libraries. He also
established universities and research institutes. Carnegie built hospitals, museums, and
theaters. One of the most recognizable buildings he built was Carnegie Hall in New York City.
Carnegie Hall hosts many concerts and symphonies each year and is an important part of
New York City culture. Andrew Carnegie passed away at the age of 83. In his lifetime he gave
away 90% of his fortune. He is known as a man who was selfless and wanted to do good for
others.

参考答案
Scotland-born Andrew Carnegie and his family moved to America when he was 13.

He found jobs working in a fabric mill and telegraph office.

Carnegie always did well at whatever he set his mind to.

Later he built the most successful steel factory and made great fortunes in the steel
company, but he gave 90 percent of money away to worthy causes.

81. The importance of tea / 茶的重要性 #7690 高频

回忆要点：About the importance of tea, one of the three most favorite drinks in England
in which the others are chocolate and [Link] tea in England was a symbol of
social freedom, was very expensive and could only be ordered by men in [Link]
had tea in coffee houses, making trades and chatting business, while women could only
drink tea in private places or wait for their husbands to bring tea back home.

82. Free sugars / 游离糖 #7587 高频

音频原文
Both fruits and milk contain sugar, and this sugar is healthy sugar. Many people have heard
that sugar is bad, and think that this must also therefore apply to fruits. Unhealthy sugar is
normally found in desserts, ice cream etc. It's much easier to consume excess sugar from

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foods and drinks that contain "free sugars". Free sugars include these same sugars, but in
this case they have been removed from their naturally occurring source, rather than being
eaten as natural parts of fruits, dairy products, and some vegetables and grains. This
includes sugar that is added to food and drinks by food companies, cooks or consumers.
Many people drink juices, and this is a healthy approach. But directly eating fruits is better,
because the human body can process it easily. It is better to eat a small piece of fruit, which
our bodies can digest better rather than drink smoothies or more than half a cup of fruit juice
because it is the same as drinking soft drinks.

参考答案
Both fruits and milk contain sugar, and this sugar is a healthy sugar.

Unhealthy sugar is normally found in desserts and ice cream.

It's much easier to consume excess sugar from foods and drinks that contain "free sugars".

Free sugars in this case have been removed from their naturally occurring source.

In addition, directly eating fruits is better because the human body can process them easily.

83. Boys and girls / 男孩和女孩 #7585 超高频

音频原文
The research shows that girls have a higher level of English results than boys in the same
class, because boys and girls are different in learning styles, and their brain functions are
different in mechanisms. Male students were detected to be significantly more aware of the
developments in the field of physics than female students. According to the content analysis
results concerning this finding, unlike female students male students were more interested in
technological developments. This finding is not surprising when the passive social role of
females and the general social structure in which they tend to more sociable fields are
considered. This finding may have occurred due to the fact that males are generally more
interested in technology than females. Previous studies support this finding. Boys are more
simplified, and teachers' teaching style normally suits girls better than boys. Teachers should
find different teaching approaches respectively for boys and girls.

参考答案
Research shows that girls tend to outperform boys in English results due to differences in
learning styles and brain mechanisms . Boys demonstrate a greater awareness of
developments in physics and technology , whereas girls tend to be more interested in
sociable fields . This finding suggests the need for teachers to adopt different teaching
approaches for boys and girls to enhance their learning experiences .

84. Hook sentence / 开头句 #7583 超高频

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音频原文
An essay is a chance to identify your read and learned. As a writer, you first need to collect
many materials, then write an essay in four or five paragraphs, structures and quotes. If
someone is searching for a book or article to read, he or she will decide from the very
beginning whether this work is worth attention. If you want to wow your teacher, polish the
introduction, especially the first couple of sentences. Add an essay hook—something
interesting, funny, shocking, or intriguing to win the reader's attention. Build an emotional
connection with your reader right from the start. A hook in the essay is a catchy sentence or
paragraph in the impressive introduction which serves as an attention element and an
important part. An excellent hook sentence is engaging and interesting; it is a perfect method
to start an argumentative or persuasive essay. The hook for your essay often appears in the
first sentence. The opening paragraph includes a thesis sentence. Some popular hook
choices can include using an interesting quote, a little-known fact, famous last words, or a
statistic.

参考答案
An essay is a chance to identify your read and learned.

If you want to wow your teacher and attract readers’ attention, polish the introduction by
adding an essay hook.

A hook is a catchy sentence or paragraph in the introduction, which is engaging and

interesting.

Some popular hook choices include using an interesting quote or a statistic.

85. Paper rejection / 论文遭拒 #7501 超高频

音频原文
Rejection happens to all of us, and it can be a disappointing experience.l will now give some
advice for young researchers. Many things have changed today, which can be a troubling
issue. The chance of getting a paper published is becoming smaller and smaller. Although it
never is easy to take, rejection is particularly hard at the beginning of your career. But
rejections will lead to a better result and will be good for the career path. Use this feedback
to improve your paper for submission to another journal as well as your next, more robust
study of the topic. Usually, several individuals with expertise in the topic have donated
substantial time to provide detailed advice to advance your paper and future work. Also,
remember that publication does not mean funding. Investors will learn how to attract and
engage young researchers at the same time.

参考答案
Rejection can be a disappointing experience.

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The chance of getting a paper published is becoming smaller and smaller, but rejections will
lead to better results and will be good for the career path.

Use this feedback to improve your paper for submission to another journal.

Also, publication does not mean funding.

Investors will learn how to attract and engage young researchers at the same time.

86. Sleep and brain / 睡眠与大脑的关系 #7500 超高频

回忆要点：提到了good things if you get enough sleep bad things if you don't get
enough sleep function of sleep people need to sleep before and after learning sleep
could help your brains to absorb information

87. MPA marine campaign / 保护深海环境 #7479 超高频

回忆要点：The ocean provides habitat for fish, which is the source of protein that feed
billions of people. But there are many species of fish are endangered. The government
created a network to protect the environment, called MPA marine campaign. But MPA is
facing lots of challenges, as some developing countries lack management. 还提到了
4.8
； ；
billion 98% 32 years

88. The stability of mood / 情绪稳定 #7478 超高频

音频原文
Emotional stability is a unique trait that differs from person to person. For some individuals,
their moods fluctuate dramatically, resembling a roller coaster ride, while others present a
consistently composed and relaxed demeanor. Studies have suggested that the key to
achieving happiness lies in maintaining a certain level of emotional containment. It is a
delicate balance between maintaining a sense of control while also allowing for the natural
ebb and flow of emotions. The optimal emotional state appears to be characterized by a
point of equilibrium, wherein there is a moderate level of emotional containment and
resilience. Essentially, the secret to emotional well-being involves finding this balance. It
means navigating between intense and loose emotions, striving for a state of gentle
containment coupled with a poised resilience. This harmonious emotional state ultimately
grants an individual a sense of contentment and well-being. Therefore, understanding and
achieving this delicate equilibrium is essential for emotional health and happiness.

参考答案
Emotional stability varies between individuals . Research indicates that the key to happiness
is maintaining a delicate balance of emotional containment and resilience , allowing for a

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natural ebb and flow of emotions . Finding this equilibrium is essential for emotional well -
being and health , ultimately granting individuals a sense of contentment , and happiness .

89. Smith model / 史密斯模型 #7459 高频

回忆要点：提到了literature，Smith model，以及poem，poet，modernization
90. A good engineer / 优秀的工程师 #7451 超高频
音频原文
Today, this course you are going to take is about what is engineering and how to work with a
complicated system. You guys should know the answers, because all of you guys are from
the engineering course. Especially, when you design, build, debug and develop something
new, during these process, you are working with the complicated system. How to program
complicated systems and how would you know it actually works before producing it.
inspirations are from your daily life, you probably need to consider your personal life
experience. And from the common everyday life to the tiny things that you cannot see
virtually, and the inspirations normally exist in the tiny levels. A complicated system such as
your laptops running Microsoft systems. That means the system is not able to see, which
means you guys have to virtualize it. Engineering is here to help virtualize by using systems.
Nowadays, the complicated systems are relatively reliable, and you guys work upon these
and need to deliver the new outcomes which are reliable as well. This is what we do now and
we are good at. Engineering is to help virtualize by using systems. In order to develop and
produce a reliable system, you need consider more on the risks, potential, predictability and
accuracy.

参考答案
Engineers should know how to work with a complicated system, and sometimes, the
inspirations are from their personal life experience. A complicated system cannot see, so
engineering is to help virtualize it by using systems. As complicated systems are becoming
reliable, engineers should deliver reliable outcomes as well. To develop a reliable system,
engineers need to consider the risks, potential, predictability and accuracy.

91. Luxury brand / 奢侈品牌 #7450 超高频

音频原文
The question today of what makes a luxury brand a luxury brand and how do we distinguish
it is very hard to answer. The standard business response is to say, ‘they are more exclusive’.
And we get exclusivity by having high price and relatively small amounts of the product
available. The reality, however, of luxury brands is that they are sold in their millions, and in
some cases, are not priced that much higher than the standard output. The only way I can
really answer your question is to say, it is all relative. As you said in your introduction, it

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wasn’t that long ago in Australia that we would have considered two televisions to be a
luxury, or even further back, one color television. And you can make a strong argument, for
example, that Starbucks in China, right now, is a luxury purchase – because of its cost,
because of how frequently it is purchased by many people. So, I think the long answer is a
complicated one, but the answer is, it depends who you talk to. I think in the business
community what we would say, is that there is a small cluster of ‘more expensive brands’
which have a distinct strategy that we would identify as being ‘luxury brands’ and they start
with the Rolls Royces and the Tiffanys and the Louis Vuittons of the world. And, I think that
tends to be how we see them.

参考答案
How a luxury brand forms is hard to explain.

For standard business, a luxury brand is about the exclusivity through high prices and low
stock.

However, some luxury brands are characterized by huge quantity in sales and low prices.

The speaker thinks both cases are relative.

Therefore, the reason to explain the formation of a luxury brand is complicated.

In business community, it refers to the more expensive brands.

92. Glorious revolution / 光荣革命时期 #7433 低频

回忆要点：英国光荣革命时期的各种故事，提到了马斯顿荒原战役和克伦威尔时期，关键
词glorious revolution, monarchy, Cromwell, plot, assassination
93. Market / 市场 #7427 低频
回忆要点：市场变得unethical and unfair；举例说 欧洲和美国之间的贸易；这个议题 will
be on the agenda for years.

94. Microsoft / 微软 #7409 高频

回忆要点：the lecture is talking about the stock market and modern business. Stock
market: raising money; in the 18th century, the manufacturing companies come in.
Modern companies including Apple, Google and Microsoft- are big enough. The
difference between these two: The stock market put money into the market while big
companies put the money into the companies.

95. Rejection / 拒绝 #7384 低频

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回忆要点：主题是rejection，内容有young researcher, become smaller and smaller,

published, in my career, 学术产品等

96. Resource research / 关于资源的研究 #7109 低频

回忆要点：一个美国对世界各国的resource的研究，还提到了developing countries，
middle east, war, weapons。大概讲一些发展中国家虽然有很多的资源，但是他们的政府
很差，还有战争，武器也在流通，求大神补全
97. Father and child / 父与子 #6909 低频
回忆要点：主要说的是爸爸和孩子的关系。总分总的结构。爸爸和孩子之间的关系越来越
被重视。爸爸能教给孩子的主要是responsibility。爸爸给孩子safe，让孩子在外面risk，但
是不管怎么样都可以back。最后总结了两点，记不清了。提到了safety很多次
98. Curator / 馆长 #6742 低频
音频原文
I am going to talk today mostly about what I do as a curator here at the National Museum of
Australia but I want to draw some generalities from that in terms of a series of curatorial
practices, tools, techniques and methods that I think could be of interest to your students
and to you in developing extension history courses. I want to talk about what I do as a
curator and then from that also talk a bit about the kinds of history that I think museums are
particularly good at creating and communicating. I think this is something I would really like
to discuss because it is not necessarily very well understood is that I think museums, as
Dave insisted by putting up my quote in his slide, create a very particular kind of history. It’s
not the kind of history that gets created in books or in dating films or in compositions, it’s a
very particular kind of history that grows out of the fact that museums are centrally interested
and defined by their collections. I should say that is not an uncontested view of museums
but it is certainly my view of museums. Curators try to understand material culture as
evidence of other people’s lives as a means to try to understand other people - what they
look like, what they did, how they made a living, what they hoped for in their lives, how they
tried to construct their world and why they made particular choices. One way in which
curators differ from other historians is therefore in terms of how we interrogate the past, what
elements we use to communicate the past. Most academic historians are trained very much
in the discipline of words and they concentrate on words still today, although it is changing a
little bit. If you go through university history primarily you are encouraged to draw on things
like archival accounts, manuscripts and now oral histories, and most of that work is actually
promulgated in the form of books. There are also other kinds of historians. Obviously,
filmmakers and photographers concentrate on creating images of the world and arranging

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them in meaningful sequences, but curators attend to objects. We look at objects as

evidence of the past and try to arrange objects in meaningful ways called exhibitions.

参考答案
This topic is about practices, techniques and methods of curators.

Museums are good at creating and communicating history where museums are defined by
their collections.

Curators understand material culture as evidence of people's life to understand people.

Curators are different from other historians.

Academic historians concentrated on words and photographers concentrate on images,

while curators deal with objects that are evidence of the past.

They arrange objects into exhibitions.

99. Mars / 火星 #6680 低频

回忆要点：在群里看到两个小伙伴考到了一个关于Mars的新题，大概点有 Mars is the
second smallest planet in the solar system, and it is similar to Earth. -Mars has seasons
and weathers, which is not suitable for living, -the reason is that its high temperature. -It
is important to explore Mars -because it will be considered to living -whether we are the
unique living things in the solar system.

100. Bureaucracy / 官僚主义 #6660 低频

回忆要点：第一句是 in the old world, we can identify who are in charge of the world.马上
就提到了 bureaucracy 这个词根的单词，感觉像形容词，但是没找到。最后讲到了 digital
information world, bytes, bits 有句很清晰的话是system can touch people, (but we
cannot touch back) 感觉全文的意思是由于digital information 我们从一个bureau的世界到
了一个扁平化的时代
101. Decisions / 决策 #6641 低频
音频原文
Well, who makes these decisions? In the international arena, the decisions are made by
states but to George Orwell's phrase, some states are more equal than others, the ones who
are most equal are the ones called G7, the seven rich industrial countries, and they have an
overwhelming effect on states decisions. And of G7 the one that's far and away the most
equal is, of course, the United States, which since the Second World War has had a position
of overwhelming international power, you know, historical president to then, and of course,

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has used it to design a world and the interests of powerful sectors within. Alongside the
powerful states, there are the institutions that they have designed the international financial
institutions the IMF from world banks, world trade organization took over from gap a couple
of years ago. Those are institutions of global dominant, global control, which are themselves
controlled by the rich countries and primarily by the United States, which once again has an
overwhelming influence.

参考答案
Decisions are made by states. The most equal states are G7 that have an overwhelming
effect on states’ decisions. In G7, the most equal state is the US that has an overwhelming
international power. This is used to design world and power sectors. Those powerful states
designed the international financial institutions that are globally dominant and controlled by
rich countries and primarily by the US which has an overwhelming influence.

102. The study of the law / 法学 #6639 低频

音频原文
Studying law at university over three years gives you a really unique opportunity to acquire a
much greater and much more mature level of understanding and knowledge of the law,
which can be a real benefit to your career in the future. If you’re not so sure if you want to
study law, law can also be an incredibly helpful degree for a multitude of other careers. For
example, politics, journalism, the charity sector and the United Nation. It can be a
springboard to all these different types of degrees that careers. Why is this? Because of the
way that we teach law. A law degree involves not only studying what the legal rules are, but
really taking an analytical approach to the world around us. It involves thinking about why
certain law exists. Can they be justified philosophically? How have they developed
historically? What social goals are they trying to serve and how should the law develop in the
future? So here in Cambridge, we’re not just studying what the law is, what the law could be,
what the law should be.

参考答案
Studying law at university allows us to have a much greater and more mature understand of
the law, which can be a benefit to your career in the future, not only for law students but also
for other disciplines and careers, because law degree also involve analytical approaches thus
help us understand the world around us.

103. Human freedom / 人类自由 #6638 高频

音频原文
I think we are in the early stages of a change toward much more human freedom in business.
And I think this change may be as important for businesses as the change to democracy has
been for governments. The reason I think that's happening is because it's now possible for

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the first time in human history to have the economic benefits of very large organizations.
Things like economies of scale and knowledge and at the same time to have the human
benefits of small organizations. Things like freedom, flexibility, creativity, and motivation. The
reason I think that's possible is because Information Technology has now reduced the cost
of communication to such a low level that it's now possible for huge numbers of people even
in very large organizations to have enough information to make sensible decisions for
themselves instead of just following orders from someone above them who supposedly
knows more than they do in a management hierarchy.

参考答案
People are in a change where people have more human freedom in business, which is as
important as the democracy for governments. One reason is because of the economic
benefits brought by large organizations and the human benefits brought by small
organizations. Another reason is because information technology reduces the cost of
communication to a low level, so that many people can have enough information to make
sensible decisions.

104. How to construct argument / 如何构思文章 #6632 低频

回忆要点：说的是how to construct argument, you should have a thesis, most important
part of paper, provide points for readers and yourself, firstly, think carefully before
writing, should be debatable and supportable, points are not something they already
只能想起来这么多了 基本都是听到的原词原句 这道题应该完成度还不错 大家可以
know,
留意一下
105. Efficiency of cognitive skill / 认知技能的效率 #6629 低频
回忆要点：
1. The development of the cognitive function efficiency is important 2. improving the
efficiency can help people to process information faster 3. but why the efficiency of
cognitive functions matter? 4. Because the efficiency not only about speed, but also
about accuracy. 5. Additionally, people have limited resources and brain compensation
to process information, so improving efficiency is important. 6. It is same with the gases
and cars, if cars do not have enough gases, it cannot run fast全文基本是在讲 cognitive
是 和
limited efficeny 的关系。第 点是全文重点必写，第 点不用写。第 点原文是说我们是
4 3 5
limited capacity，所以process的时候efficency很重要。最后一句话很快，但还是记下了。
for example, if cars have unlimited resources, then we won’t consider the efficiency of
fuel of cars. 最后一句89不离10的样子。但是回忆还是miss了一些points 想不起来了

106. Driving / 驾车危险 #6616 低频

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回忆要点：说的是 drive 说驾驶危险 danger 然后说了两个原因为什么危险 一个说的是

wrong way, turn back 第二个说的是 medicine 和 drug 最后一段说的好像是 怎么reduce这
个风险 有大神帮忙补充下
107. Poverty in China / 中国的贫困问题 #6606 低频
回忆要点：sst遇到一个讲poverty in China的 我昨天考完没敢回忆。。但觉得我写的应该
内容还是有一分的，讲的是poverty phenomenon in China. In 2000, China’s poverty
contributed to a large percentage to the world. In 2015, it gets better. 还说了现在China
是middle-class country 仅次于Australia啥的
108. Analyzing walking data / 步数分析 #6605 低频
回忆要点：
回忆1.题目是analyzing walking data (time, how fast, to do what post-learning activities)
of students at campus. identifying different groups of students. although they are only at
campus, they can be used for urban planning like where to put buildings
回忆2.听到的大概内容 phone app，这个讲的是psychology， social science 还有geology
department联合起来设计了个手机app，校园里的学生可以下载到自己的手机里。 这个
app记录movement包含activities和position。到一些特定的地方，psychologist 设计的问
卷就会跳出来问一些问题。比如space quality， learning experience还是space如何影响
learning and quality？分析这些收集来的data，可以为urban plan做贡献，也可以
improved campus。

109. Human memory / 人的记忆 #6604 低频

回忆要点：挺简单的 讲human (biological )memory , forgetting is easy but remembering
is hard due to biological forgetting. Human memory isn’t fixed but can be reconstructed.
最后一句想起来再补充…
110. Dogs / 狗狗 #6601 低频
回忆要点：讲dogs的 第一句说的是什么是happy dog home. 首先要给狗狗 basic needs，
food, water, comfort. 然后说还要有simulation， 说狗狗和人一样是social动物， 需要
interaction。The question about dogs is a broad one, and the answer to it depends on
individual; Dogs are concerned about can I get a nice bed and sleeping area when I
need it? Dogs need interactive communication; People do not provide enough for
animals yet. 整体不是很难，很清楚。
111. Judgement / 判断 #6597 低频

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回忆要点：
回忆1.讲judgement 说speaker的一个朋友是company executive 他觉得person nothing
can give for us 在他interview someone 的时候。然后又有个例子我觉得不重要 说的是 一
个football 的coach. 最后说 不应该judge 一个人在30mins is not enough
回忆2.讲一个人他的朋友是一个company executive，他要雇佣一个manager，来了个
candidate，he has a good record good past performance. 但是最后还是没有雇他，he
told his employees that that guy is not right/ good fit 没听清。这道题说那个学校的男孩
是： he missed some very sample shoots, thus the coach feel he is not worth to pursue.
基本都是原词内容。然后又举了另外一个例子 a football coach 想选一个kid那个kid 别人
都说很优秀 但最后发现that kid hard to control foodball。最后总结说within 30min to 1
hour it is hard to judge people how good they are. 最后一句是the company executive is
even worse.不知道最后一句话跟前面啥关系，但还是写上去了。

112. Shakespeare's poem / 莎翁的诗 #6595 低频

音频原文
Let's think about perhaps the top 10 things that people would like to know, ought to know
about Shakespeare if they're getting into his works. The first thing to say is that he did live
quite a long time ago. He lived 400 years ago. So if you're reading Shakespeare or listening
to Shakespeare, you're listening to somebody whose language is not quite the language of
our current. You're listening to someone who was writing in a language which is a bit out of
date for now. It needs a little bit of effort to understand that language but the understanding
will be done partly for you by the actors if you're hearing it if you're seeing it performed.
Another thing is that Shakespeare was a very great poet. He wrote poems are at narrative
poems and sonnets but he was also and this is my third point he was also a great theater
poet, his poetry is dramatic poetry in the plays. He's not just writing static poetry, lyric poetry
in the plays, which is therefore declamation. He's writing dramatic poetry which consists of
interaction between the characters of the plays.

参考答案
There are top 10 things people want to know about Shakespeare.

The first is about Shakespeare’s language being out-of-date and may not be understandable
nowadays.

The second is about Shakespeare’s identity. He is a great poet, especially in theater poetry.

The third is about is Shakespeare’ poetry.

His poetry shows the interconnection between the characters of play.

113. Globalization and IT / 全球化与信息技术 #6594 低频

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音频原文
Well, I would argue that what they will say was the most important thing to happen in the
early 21st century, was the merger of globalization and the IT revolution. The two really fused
in a way that the more IT started to drive more and more globalization, and more and more
globalization started to drive more and more IT. And what that fusion did was take the world
from connected to hyperconnected and from interconnected to interdependent. These are
huge differences of degree that are differences in kind. It happened over the last decade. You
are all feeling it in your jobs, in your universities, in your schools. But no one's really
explaining it to people. Everyone's living this fusion now. The plumbing of the world
fundamentally changed in the last ten years.

参考答案
The most important thing to happen in the early 21st century, was the merger of globalization
and the IT revolution, and what this fusion did was take the world from connected to hyper-
connected and from interconnected to interdependent, and everyone's living this fusion now.

114. What if money were no object / 如果钱不是问题 #6593 低频

音频原文
What do you desire? What makes you itch? What's all of the situation would you like? Let's
suppose, I do this often in vocational guidance of students, they come to me and say, well,
we're getting out of college and we have the faintest idea what we want to do. So I always
ask the question, "what would you like to do if money were no object? How would you really
enjoy spending your life?" Well, it's so amazing as a result of our kind of educational system,
crowds of students say well, we'd like to be painters, we’d like to be poets, we'd like to be
writers, but as everybody knows you can't earn any money that way. Or another person says
well, I'd like to live an out-of-doors life and ride horses. I said you want to teach in a riding
school? Let’s go through with it. What do you want to do? When we finally got down to
something, which the individual says he really wants to do, I will say to him, you do that and
forget the money, because, if you say that getting the money is the most important thing, you
will spend your life completely wasting your time. You will be doing things you don't like
doing.

参考答案
When we finally got down to something, which the individual says he really wants to do, I will
say to him, you do that and forget the money, because, if you say that getting the money is
the most important thing, you will spend your life completely wasting your time.

115. Instinct and reflex / 本能和反射 #6589 低频

音频原文

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Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in
motion as the result of some environmental trigger. Instincts are also often discussed in
relation to motivation since they can also occur in response to an organism's need to satisfy
some innate internal drive tied to survival. Instincts are present across species and are
consistent within individual species. In other words, many different species rely on instincts,
and if one member of a species possesses an instinct, then they all do. Before we move into
a discussion of specific types of instincts, it is important to distinguish the difference
between an instinct and a reflex. Both are types of unlearned behavior that tend to serve a
survival purpose. The difference is that a reflex is a typically a simple reaction or a response
to an environmental trigger whereas an instinct is a much more complex set of behaviors. For
instance, an example of a reflex would be when a baby turns his head toward an object that
is pressed against one cheek in an effort to nurse. The head turn is a simple reactionary
process. An instinct would be the manner in which a mother bird regurgitates her food to
feed her young in response to their signals of hunger.

参考答案
This lecture focuses on the instinct and reflexes in order to explain their differences.

Firstly, Instinct describes a set of behaviors that are unlearned due to environmental trigger,
and it is often discussed relating to internal motivation to survive.

Secondly, a reflex is a simple reaction to an environmental trigger whereas an instinct is a

much more complex set of behaviors.

In conclusion, instincts and reflex are different.

116. Fast radio burst / 快速射电暴 #6588 低频

音频原文
A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very fast burst of radio waves. It
comes from outer space, a long way away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So it starts and
stops in about a thousandth of a second, so you click your fingers, and it’s finished. Fast
radio bursts are a real mystery. We don’t exactly understand where they come from, or what
actually makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really don’t have an answer
for. There are probably more theories about what makes fast radio bursts, than there are
actual detections of these things. So since 2007, we’ve only had 20, but there are probably
30 or 40 different theories on what makes them. The most interesting thing about this burst is
the fact that we found it with the Australian square kilometer ray pathfinder. So that is, it
wasn’t really obvious that we would be able to do this, as well as we ended up being able to
do it. So this telescope is really a fantastic telescope. In fact, it’s probably the best telescope
on the planet at the moment for finding these bursts. So whereas in the past it’s taken ten
years to find twenty bursts, once we’re really going with this new instrument, we’ll be able to
find them much more quickly. One or two every week.

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参考答案
This lecture talks about fast radio burst in order to explain it is a real mystery.

Firstly, fast radio burst comes from outer space and starts and finishes in a thousandth of a
second.

Secondly, people do not understand its origin and there are so many theories regarding what
makes them.

In conclusion, people are able to use telescope and other instruments to find them more
quickly now.

117. Intuition / 直觉 #6584 低频

回忆要点：
回忆1.关于intuition， 一开始很绕，很多类似you know without knowing how you know it
这些句子. 讲了这是一种关于本能的思维方式， 大家都有但却不是很理解，源自于右脑,
intuition is from right hemisphere, 和understanding有关。最后还说了left side of the brain
是控制 produce logic 和 conscious的。然后又说回right hemisphere produce the
understanding of a big picture, emotion and feeling 忘了不少细节，笔记也记得有些混
乱，期待补充。
回忆2.今天考到，文章顺序如下： Intuition means you know something but you do not
know how you know that？It is a phenomenon without logic, it just popped in you then
you know it. We don't know how it happened ，but there is some hint we can know how
it works to us. Intuition is a process in right side of our brain. While the opposite side,
the left hemisphere processes the logic, conscious and about thinking. The right
hemisphere is about feeling. When the information comes to the right hemisphere, it will
be charactered as intuition. The right hemisphere is related to our physical features such
as feelings and emotions. 原文大概如上，语法表达有瑕疵，但是我没改 😄

118. Music and the brain / 音乐与大脑的关系 #6581 低频

音频原文
Interest in music in the mind is as ancient as philosophy itself. Plato was marveled at the
power of music over human character and human emotions. In fact, he was quite concerned
about the way music could either degrade or elevate the minds of young people. So you can
see, in some sense, nothing has changed. He said rhythm and harmony find their ways into
the inward places of soul. Well, yes, that's true and he said this in 400 B.C. But what has
changed since then? It's just in the last few years, brain science has started to seriously
investigate music and this young science is confirming music's power over us. For example,
some colleagues in Montreal decided to do a study to investigate what happens in the brain
when people get chills to music. This is intense emotional responses that often manifest

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themselves as shivers tingling of the spines. Anybody here had this? OK, it's not uncommon.
And they specifically looked at chills to instrumental music. So this wasn't due to any
associations that people had with lyrics. It was just sounds of music. And they took
advantage of the fact that people often know quite well what music gives them chills they
know the piece, sometimes the very passage in the piece and so they had people bring in
their own self-selected CDs and they scan their brains while they were having these
experiences listening to music.

参考答案
The interests of music in human’s mind is ancient.

Plato is concerned about the power of music in degrading or elevating young people’s
minds.

Music’s power over people is also confirmed in brain science.

People have emotional responses when getting chills in music.

People have such response because of the sounds of music.

People know the power of music and their own responses and take advantages of such
responses.

119. The history of laundry / 洗衣服的历史 #6575 超高频

音频原文
For many centuries, sailors used to place their clothing in a cloth bag, tie the back to a rope
and throw it overboard, letting the ship drag it for hours. The principle was simple: force
water through the clothes to remove the dirt. But in the household before running water and
electricity washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor. To wash, boil and rinse a single
load of clothes could take 50 gallons of water, which had to be hand carried from a pump or
well. Pan wringing rubbing and lifting the clothes could expose women to caustic substances
in the soaps. The whole process for a households laundry could take an entire day or more
of back-breaking labor. In 1846, a patented washing machine imitated the human hand
moving cloth over a washboard by using a lever to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces.
This machine was sold in the U.S. as late as 1927. The first electric clothes washers in which
a motor rotated the tub were introduced into America about 1900.

参考答案
In the past sailors washed clothes by using ships to drag clothes, forcing water to move
through clothes to remove dirt.

Before electricity washing clothes, the whole process of a household laundry required much
labor.

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Later, a patented washing machine was created to imitate human hands, moving clothes
over a washboard.

This machine was sold in the US in 1927, while the first electric clothes washer was
introduced in 1900.

120. Geography / 地理 #6573 低频

回忆要点：
回忆[Link] lecture talks about geography. Geography is a study of the surface of the
earth including atmosphere. And we don,t concentrate on the inside study of the earth.
Moreover, it is a subject including some disciplines and you can become a natural
scientist or cultural specialist by studying it. In conclusion, you can pursue arguments
from geography.
回忆2.考到了。攒人品来写一个考场回忆。 Geography is a subject to study the surface
of earth and the vertical underground field, but it doesn't include the outer air such as
atomosphere. It includes courses with field in multiple field displines, by studying which,
students can become scientists or scientists of culture even languages. The goal to of
this course is to bring all information which bare with geography and to allow students
pursue questions and answers. 上面是我根据 notes 自由发挥的。具体能听到的片段有：
study surface of the earth. no outer air such as atomosphere vertical go underground
with field fields displines scientists cultural language all information can be brought in
bare with geography questions to pursue

121. Research in marketing / 关于市场的调查 #6572 低频

回忆要点：This lecture is about the research in Marketing on customers. In Marketing,
we need to know how your customers look like including their ages and xxxx. The
research on Marketing can help to identify the target audience of your products(know
who will buy your product, who won’t) and pricing, but you should clarify ideas, think
about problems like competition, buy raw materials, in the practical process.

122. New Zealand / 新西兰 #6571 高频

音频原文
This is my next contribution to New Zealand’s super diverse future. The status quo is not
sustainable. Superdiversity stocktake. What I would talk to you about now is designed to
help us to adapt to a super diverse New Zealand. To make sure that we are foot for the
future. Because New Zealand is super diverse right now, predominantly in Auckland, but
actually throughout New Zealand. Here, we are already 50 percent Maori, Pacifican and
Asian. 44 percent are not born in New Zealand. And we have over two hundred ethnicities.

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Now the definition academically of super-diversity is 25 percent are born in New Zealand a
hundred ethnicities. So we are almost double that number already. And Auckland will
continue to become younger and browner as the Anglo-Saxon population ages and shrinks.
So the megatrend here is not age. And the megatrend here is not urbanization. The
megatrend is demography. It’s ethnicity. And we need to get our head around that because
most of the benefits from super-diversity that we, as a country, are enjoying at the moment
such as great renovation, productivity and investment increase New Zealand’s financial
capital, whereas the most of the challenges from super-diversity adversely affect New
Zealand’s social capital. However, if you don’t mitigate the challenges to your social capital,
you are not gonna maximize sustainably the diversity dividing benefits for your financial
capital.

参考答案
有最后一句版本：This lecture focuses on developing a super diverse New Zealand in order
to tackle the unsustainable status quo. Firstly, New Zealand is super diverse with 200
ethnicities and Auckland will become younger and browner. Secondly, demography is the
megatrend which brings increasing investment for its financial capital, but adversely affects
its social capital. In conclusion, we should mitigate the social capital challenge to maximize
the benefits for financial capital.

无最后一句版本：The topic focuses on New Zealand’s super diverse future in order to

indicate the need to adapt to diversity. New Zealand is a super diverse right now and
Auckland will continue to become a younger and browner city. So, the megatrend in New
Zealand is demography and ethnicity. The benefits from super diversity increase New
Zealand's financial capital, while most challenges from super diversity adversely impact its
social capital.

123. Ocean environment / 海洋环境 #6569 低频

回忆要点：
回忆[Link] behavior, human footprint. 开头先说ocean environment是个problematic
issue， 然后说lecture会给一些solution. 但也喜欢可以provoke critical way to think。有很
多的evidence证明了human behavior对ocean有影响，fish，coral system还有…最后貌似
说的是reduce/decrease human footprint can help this issue
回忆2.开头提会介绍ocean environment issue， potential solution，help students xxx
critical way。increasing environment damage caused by people， the problem of
ourselves， restore the problems to large living space to earth。 笔记当时记的是：
ocean environment issue， potential solution， critical way， increase problem people
damage to the ocean environment， the problem of ourselves， restore xxx to large
living space to earth。 通篇语速不快

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124. Urban technology / 城市技术 #6567 低频

回忆要点：女声，讲urban technology 对city发展的重要性，前面一大部分都是介绍，关
键词有：urban technology, city, urbanization, traffic light, integrated technology. 后半部
分举了两个例子，讲一个sensor，可以guide driver 到given location. 然后说，another
example：这种sensor可以turn on and off automatically itself，所以可以save energy。 最
后在结尾提到collect data，make sure the tech do not cross the line. （最后结尾不太确
定）
125. Ancient people / 古人 #6566 低频
回忆要点：
回忆1.5000年前，人们没有东西吃，现在人可以通过skeleton 了解因为没有living people
但是可以通过hunt gather plant food 发展 agricultural 和 farming 吃animals 所以他们的
diet会导致disease 然后他们的 life equality is hard
回忆2.一开头就说5000 年前， Stone Age, agriculture. Stone tools came to use. 由古人的
Skeleton推断出来的。说了the quality of diet, Ancient people have a wild variety of food
source including 100 different animals.最后提到了infectious disease. 以上英文部分，录
音中都出现了。
126. Lawyers / 律师 #6565 低频
音频原文
My name is Graham Virgo, I’m a professor of English Private Law in the Faculty of Law at the
University of Cambridge, and I’m going to consider the question why you should study law if
you don’t want to become a lawyer. A lot of people who study law at university do so
because they want to become practicing lawyers, whether barristers or solicitors. But it is
not necessary to read law at university to become a practicing lawyer. Equally, studying law
at university is a legitimate subject for academic study even if you definitely do not want to
become a lawyer or think that you may not become a practicing lawyer. That is because the
study of law at university is not a vocational subject, it is an academic subject and an
intellectual discipline. Even for those students who study law at university intending to
become practicing lawyers, they are required to do additional vocational training to prepare
them for working either as a barrister or a solicitor; for them the study of law at university by
itself is not sufficient to train them to become lawyers. So why do such students study law at
university and why do others study law even if they don’t want to become a lawyer? The
answer is fairly similar in both cases, namely that studying law at university trains the student
to think and write logically and clearly.

参考答案

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Many students study law at universities, wanting to become lawyers, but this is not
necessary, because law study is not a vocational but academic subject and intellectual
discipline for students either wanting or not wanting to be lawyers.

Only studying law is not sufficient to become lawyers.

So why both two groups of students should study law is because such subject trains them to
think and write logically and clearly.

127. The role of women / 女性角色 #6560 高频

回忆要点：
1.讲的是母系社会，关键词motherhood，讲了3点内容，听的不是很好，一开始说的是19
世纪，women没有social identity，她们多半是待在家里照顾小孩。第二点讲了现在
women 有了special role of social identity，变的更重要了，最后一点没听懂，希望考过的
大神补充一下
2.考到 听到的key words有： Women in 19th century City play an important role
Domesticity Take class Provide for their home Expand knowledge for their children and
husband 回忆了下考试听到的大概内容 讲的并不是母系社会 应该是女性角色在19世纪的
时候的转变，以及在家庭中所扮演的角色。提到了俩个方面 先说了一些什么在家庭里面承
担家务，很清楚的听到了 domesticity (至少提了两次）然后说了other...
1. The role of women is constantly changing over the years. 2. There are two main
aspects to discuss the change of role, which are historical aspect and classical aspect.
3. In the 19th century, women played an important role in domesticity and motherhood.
4. 一些细节支撑 和
domesticity motherhood (They took the class and supported their
homes and families, and also expanded knowledge for their children and husband./ two
steps: first been widely expanded and became a mother, then use their experience to
raise children and help husbands.) 4. Nowadays, women play a special/central role in
the society so women's roles have been widely expanded and then they have gained
their social identity.

128. Dress history / 服装史 #6556 低频

回忆要点：
回忆1.不知道自己又没听错说的是dress（这个单词是第一反应） history 一开始说它从前
一直not important,do not matter，现在人们觉得重要了，because we always judge
people all the time, we talk about food, shelters, but the topic about clothing is ignored
回忆2.一个专有名字开头 不知道是书还是什么 然后说了一个人is a nice girl, 这本书 makes
the clothing industry to us，People have always been judged from the past till now, it is
massively matters. 有一个男性听众点头 嗯 听起来像学生presentation. Not like food
industry or 什么industry 忘了 the clothing industry has been ignored for a long period

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不被在意 大概：一个好姑娘
and the warmth of cloth and the culture of clothing industry
写了一个文献提了服装行业对我们有多重要， 人一直忽视服装行业的重要， 可是人从来都
因为穿着被评价，所以服装行业特别重要。不像饮食和另一个行业被我们特别重视， 人们
总是忽视衣服带给我们的温暖和服装所承载的文化。 我听到的大概就这些 谷歌了半天也没
找到原文 请大神复盘吧
129. Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualism / 双语的认知优势 #6555 低频
音频原文
So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what’s called
wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is
basically at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot
of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed marriages. What they did was they took
three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian
speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian-Slovenian
babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they
switched the situation. Typically when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting
and the situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-
month-old Italian and seven-month-old Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet
appearing on the right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would
continue looking to the right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very
quickly would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.

参考答案
The study is about wonder babies and located in Slovenia and Italy, containing three groups
of babies.

Researchers show babies various puppets and then switched the situation.

Usually when getting used to particular settings, babies take a while to regroup.

So, when puppets are changed from right to left, the monolingual babies continue to look to
the right while the bilingual babies quickly turn heads and notice the changing positions.

130. Industrial Revolution V2 / 工业革命版本二 #6401 超高频

音频原文
Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was that it was
the work of some genius inventors who created machines used primarily in the textile
industry but also in mining that eliminated blocks to assembly line production. Then
everybody was crowded into factories and the new brave world opened up. In fact, one of
the most interesting books and great classics that is still in print was written by an economic
historian at Harvard who's still alive called David Landes. It's a good book called The

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Unbound Prometheus, which was basically that. Some of the inventions that I briefly
describe in your reading, the spinning Jenny, etc, refer to that. Well, and that kind of analysis
led one to concentrate on England where the Industrial Revolution began, and to view
industrialization as beginning a situation of winners and losers by not going as fast. Now, that
analysis has been really rejected greatly over the past years, because Industrial Revolution is
measured by more than simply large factories with industrial workers and the number of
machines. This is the point of the beginning of this. The more that we look at the Industrial
Revolution, the more that we see that the Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an
intensification of forms of production, of kinds of production that were already there. And
thus, we spend more time looking at, you know, the intensification of artisanal production,
craft production, of domestic industry, which we've already mentioned, that is people mostly
women but also men and children, too, working in the countryside. The rapid rise of
industrial production was very much tied to traditional forms of production.

参考答案
The Industrial Revolution was the work of some genius inventors.

People concentrate on England where the Industrial Revolution began.

However, that analysis has been really rejected greatly over the past years.

People see the Industrial Revolution as the first and foremost an intensification of forms of
production, and they spend more time looking at it.

The rapid rise of industrial production was very much tied to traditional forms of production.

131. Industrial Revolution / 工业革命 #6342 低频

音频原文
France, one thought that they were called them "retarded", a word that was used,
unfortunately, at that time. And then one tried to see why not. Now, that analysis has been
really rejected greatly over the past years, because Industrial Revolution is measured by
more than simply large factories with industrial workers and the number of machines. This is
the point of the beginning of this. The more that we look at the Industrial Revolution, the
more that we see that the Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of
forms of production, of kinds of production that were already there. And thus, we spend
more time looking at, you know, the intensification of artisanal production, craft production,
of domestic industry, which we've already mentioned, that is people mostly women but also
men and children, too, working in the countryside. The rapid rise of industrial production was
very much tied to traditional forms of production. In Paris, for example, in 1871, alright, 1870,
the average unit of production had only slightly more than seven people in it. So, if you only
look for big factories and lots of machines, you'll be missing the boat on the Industrial
Revolution.

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参考答案
France’s relation to ‘retarded’ is rejected because Industrial Revolution is measured more
than large factories and numbers of machines.

Significantly, Industrial Revolution was an intensification of production in domestic industries.

So, production rise is related to the traditional forms but in Paris the average unit of
production is small.

Therefore, if people only focus on the factories and machine numbers, they will miss the boat
on the Industrial Revolution.

132. Motivation V2 / 激励 版本二 #6336 超高频

音频原文
If you're struggling to achieve a goal, it can help to take a look at whether it's about
approaching something or avoiding something. Are you trying to achieve a good outcome or
trying to avoid a bad outcome? Usually two sides of the same coin. For example, Tony's
been trying to raise his hand more in class. Approach goal might be to share your thoughts
more often in class while avoiding school will be to stop being so afraid to raise your hand.
Both of these goals move toward the same basic idea of communicate more often, but
they're framed very differently. One works towards a good thing happening while the other
avoids a bad thing. When we frame our goals as approach goals, we feel more positive and
more likely to [Link] find that major goals are avoiding something. Take a few moments
to write some new goals center a positive outcomes.

参考答案
The lecture is about people who are struggling to achieve a goal . People achieve a good
outcome or try to avoid a bad outcome . Usually two sides of the same coin . Both goals
toward the same basic idea of communicating more often , but they 're framed very
differently . Consequently , if we frame our goals as approach goals , we feel more positive
and more likely to succeed .

133. Network / 交通网 #6225 超高频

回忆： About network effect in public transport. You can have less bus lines and be
more effective with the network effect. Tourists in Paris used metro to go everywhere.
Key words: network delays, the public transport like Tram, train, Zurich, Copenhagen.

134. British colonies / 英国殖民 #6222 低频

回忆要点：大概是英国殖民逼迫本地小孩学语言，之类的，亚裔，什么white Australia
policy

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135. Science / 科学 #6162 低频

回忆要点：
回忆1.主要好像是说xxx science，然后说了一堆科学的名字，能有七八个！sociology，
literacy，philosophy。然后什么do not need to be restricted，什么liberty。中间一大段用
一种巨含糊的方式快速说过去了！完全不知道说啥呢！
回忆[Link]第一题考到这道题 听到一个男的说 the study of organizations is based on the
whole families 然后说这个study is related to sociology philosophy之后那个男的说了中间
一大段听不清 也没听懂 最后他说but we should pay the price for 什么东西，然后最后好
像说了这个study很interesting很meaningful 意义重大之类 就是对他很重要 反正没有听懂
在讲什么 然后我就很懵逼的用Firstly, secondly, moreover, 把我能记下来的这几个链接起
来了， 再发挥了下自己的想象力。本来以为听力跪定了，结果八炸了,听力竟然84。感觉
回忆的这几个词应该没啥错。
136. Business and management education /
低频
商业教育与管理教育 #6108

回忆要点：
回忆1：贡献一个新题，不是以前的那个management education leadership。有改动。都
提到了Stanford 但是侧重于说business education management education 的区别，
services的不同。business school education school有不同的responsibility
回忆2： 题目主要内容讲的是 Business management in Stanford business school 1. the
importance of management and leadership 2. educational purpose should not be only
delivering services, but also providing quality 3. students should be responsible for the
management performance and identified how it could happen 4. the responsibility
means the accomplishment achieved by others doesn't indicate what a person's
capability
回忆3：The emphasis of the lecture is about the difference between management
education leadership and services. Stanford has pointed out that business education is
shifting to educate the students to be creative and critical thinking, and it has separated
the level of service. Thus, the business school has the responsibility to train a student to
have the ability to endure a commercialized​society.

137. Young people communities / 年轻人群体 #6103 超高频

音频原文
A research in the UK on a wide range of young students and children is about how they
participate in their communities, how they form values with character education and what
influence them most. The outcomes involve parents, friends, schools and siblings, and

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researchers figure out which factors are essential and more important than others.
Successful schools depend on the resources and support of their communities and schools
at the centre of their communities are often the most successful schools. In turn, schools are
vital to the social health of their local communities. Also, families are the first social unit in
which children learn and develop. Good parenting can take different forms and be shaped by
various social and cultural forces, but it invariably involves providing children with the
support, care, love, guidance and protection that set the conditions for healthy physical,
mental and social development. The research has also attracted attention and interest from
many national policymakers and contacted me.

参考答案
UK research examines how young students participate in their communities and develop
values through character education. Factors such as parents, friends, schools, and siblings
are identified as important influencers. Successful schools depend on community support
and contribute to the social health of their communities. Families play a crucial role in
children's learning and development. This research has attracted national
policymakers'attention.

138. Vitamin D V3 / 维生素D 版本三 #6099 低频

音频原文
The body also manufactures vitamin D from cholesterol, through a process triggered by the
action of sunlight on skin, hence its nickname, "the sunshine vitamin." Yet some people do
not make enough vitamin D from the sun, among them, people who have a darker skin tone,
who are overweight, who are older, and who cover up when they are in the sun. Correctly
applied sunscreen reduces our ability to absorb vitamin D by more than 90 percent. And not
all sunlight is created equal: The sun’s ultraviolet B (UVB) rays—the so-called "tanning" rays,
and the rays that trigger the skin to produce vitamin D—are stronger near the equator and
weaker at higher latitudes. So in the fall and winter, people who live at higher latitudes (in the
northern U.S. and Europe, for example) can’t make much if any vitamin D from the sun.

参考答案
Human’s body manufactures vitamin D through the action of sunlight on skin.

However, some people do not make enough vitamin D from the sun and correctly applied
sunscreen highly prevents people’s absorption of vitamin D.

Furthermore, all sunlight is not created equally and varies in different geographical locations.

So, in the fall and winter, people who live at higher latitudes cannot make much vitamin D
from the sun.

139. Renewable energy / 可再生能源 #6098 超高频

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音频原文
Around the world, renewable energy use is on the rise and these alternative energy sources
could hold the key to combating climate change. What is renewable energy? Renewable
energy is generated from sources that naturally replenish themselves and never run out. The
most common sources are solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass. Over 80 percent of
the total energy consumed by humans is derived from fossil fuels. However, renewables are
the fastest growing source of energy in the world. Renewable energy has many benefits.
First, it can combat climate change because it creates no direct greenhouse gas emissions.
The only emissions that they produce are indirect, meaning those that result from
manufacturing parts, installation, operation and maintenance. But even those are minimal.

参考答案
Renewable energy is generated from sources that naturally replenish themselves , such as
solar , wind , hydro , geothermal , and biomass . It is the fastest growing source of energy in
the world and has the potential to combat climate change . Renewable energy creates
minimal direct greenhouse gas emissions and offers numerous environmental and economic
benefits .

140. Foreign lands / 异域 #6095 高频

音频原文
But if you were to go to a library at the end of the 1300s, or through the 1400s, you would
probably find a book that was then, way more popular than those titles we still read, a book
that purported to be a description of the world, a guide the traveling and distant lands of BC
area and Almanac of everything that was just off the horizon. I am not talking about Marco
Polo. No, I'm talking about something far far, weirder and far, far less tethered to reality, a
volume of medieval fantasy masquerading as a field guide called The travels of Sir John
Mandeville, supposedly the titular night set out from England in the 1330s and embarked on
a journey that would take him to the Middle East, Africa and Asia, though as it will become
apparent, not a Middle East, not in Africa and not an Asia that we would recognize here in
[Link] Mandeville spoke is not really about actually real foreign lands. It's about what
Europeans thought was just outside the bounds of their civilizations. It's about what's
beyond that mountain range that marks the borders of the lands you know. It's about what
medieval people thought the foreign looks like. And all of its is mysterious, alluring and
intimidating, unknown.

参考答案
The book ‘Travels of Sir John Mandeville” was more popular in the 1300s and 1400s than the
book of Marco Polo.

As guidance in the library, the book describes his supposed travels to the Mid-East, Africa,
and Asia.

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This book is valuable, although its descriptions about foreign lands were not true.

It only shows how European people thought about foreign lands and their imagination of the
unknown.

141. World's globalization / 全球化 #6093 超高频

音频原文
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. We hear it all the time on
news broadcasts and in any type of public discussion. But the starting point for
understanding globalization is that it is industries and markets that globalize, not countries.
That’s why it’s helpful to think of Globalisation as ‘the integration of economic activities
across borders’. Q1 - But why does globalization matter? I would argue globalization matters
because it means the rise of interconnectedness between countries and markets across the
world. For example, one of the reasons why the financial crash of 2007/2008 was so serious
was because the financial and banking systems of countries around the world have become
so closely interconnected with the globalization of markets.

参考答案
Globalization is often misunderstood, but it refers to the integration of economic activities
across borders. It is industries and markets that globalize, not countries. Globalization
matters because it leads to interconnectedness between countries and markets worldwide.
The financial crash of 2007-2008 was so severe because the globalized markets and
interconnected banking systems were affected.

142. Internet structure / 网络结构 #6092 低频

回忆要点:Internet is a complicated structure. If you are going to send an email to your
home, a telephone exchanging equipment will work on it. These switching equipments
transfer the information from one city to another city through cables. The more we use
those equipments, the more energy we consume.

143. Device / 一种设备 #6055 低频

回忆要点：
回忆1.一个完全听不懂的新题！ 可能是 telescope（但我没听到这个词） 似乎是 ①某
device can Measure speed and look things far away； but there are some bad things
regarding universe （似乎什么太远看不清） 还提到 but we dont have time machine！
②it can observe fossil evidence, 8-dimensions，long distance objects， ③然后又回到
说 look universe… 最后还有个什么 in folding

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回忆2.今天也考到了，好像讲的是the history of universe.接着说，if we look far away, it is

a bad thing for people to detect the universe exist or not. Because we don’t have time
machine, so we cannot go back to look it, but we can find some fossils to do research.
Finally, we can use 8 dimensions theory to look back the history of the universe. 这个是
我听到的，仅供参考！
144. Australian transportation / 澳洲交通 #6023 低频
回忆要点：
回忆1.请问有没有人考到SST是关于Australia Transportation的。前面讲澳大利亚人基本都
开车，只有20%的不开车，比如小孩，老人，残疾人。后面还讲到政府为这些人提供更好
的公共交通什么的。最后一句好像是But it still has some big impact.
回忆2.跟回忆一样，还说了为什么这么多人开车，因为人口问题，还有人们离工作地方住
的远近，一位女士的声音，很清晰，80%会开车，20%不会，好像还有提到澳洲的公共交
通设施在偏远的地区没那么完善。
回忆3.这题讲的是Australian' s transportation, 先说了澳洲的living pattern need cars and
most family have their cars, it's very inconvenient without a car if you living in the
Australia. 澳洲80%的人都会开车， 但似剩下20%的人不会开，基本都是老人和小孩。 因
此澳洲政府还是要improve public transportation, but it will leads to many other problems.
145. Books / 书籍 #6022 超高频
音频原文
Why should we read the Republic? I met lots of students asked this question to themselves
when they’re given it as a set of books at the beginning of their university course. But in fact,
there are many good reasons to read the republic. And the first one I would pick on is just
that it is immensely readable. It’s not Plato did not write philosophy like a dry textbook. He
wrote it like a living conversation. The whole of the Republic which is a fairly fat book is a
living conversation written in short almost soundbite type answers, but nevertheless,
developing some very very important ideas. So, my first answer then we should read the
Republic just because it is readable. It is readable it was written by a genius and it’s worth
reading. It’s easy to read. It’s not difficult. But then there's also obviously the thoughts, the
content of the book and he's asking this absolutely fundamental question "why should we
bother to be good?" "what's in it for us effectively?". It seems when we look at the world, it
looks as though injustice pays. It looks as though crime pays whereas the good people get
trodden down. So, Plato addresses this absolutely fundamental question "why should we be
good". I’m not going to tell you his answer. Read the book.

参考答案
There are many good reasons for people to read the republic.

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The first reason is that the republic is immensely readable.

It is a living conversation written by Plato and easy to read but develops very important
ideas.

Plato addresses the fundamental question in the book about why people should be good in
the book even though it seems that injustice pays in today’s world.

146. The exposure to emotions / 情绪的表露 #6011 高频

回忆要点：The utility of negative emotions…… The negative things such as fears
promote evolutions and help people to survive. The positive things we are frequently to
experience but it is limiting. However, the negative, emotions are less frequently but very
intensive.

147. A successful entrepreneur / 成功的企业家 #6010 超高频

音频原文
To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the definition of a good
idea varies depending on whom you ask. A great idea should have several features. Firstly,
the great idea should be various and novel. Secondly, the great idea should be unique, which
means no one has thought about it. Thirdly, it is essential for great ideas to be transformative
and productive. All ideas are essentially a combination of other smaller ideas, but this
doesn't mean they can't be unique. Merely copying doesn't make anything idiosyncratic, it's
the individuality that one puts in which makes a concept stand out. Constant innovation
leaves no room for stagnation and thus, adds on to the basic idea, effectively making it
unique. Unique ideas are inspired by basic things, they are simply extensions of pre-existing
notions. And, an idea or a concept is unique only when it transcends its predecessor and
serves its purpose in a better and more precise way.

参考答案
To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the definition of a good
idea variesdepending on whom you ask. A great idea should have several features. For
example, good ideas should be novel and unique, which means no one has thought about it
before. Also, good ideas should be productive, and it is essential for the ideas to be
transformative.

148. The real science / 真正的科学 #6004 低频

回忆要点：The speaker wrote a book introducing 12 incorrect phenomena. He said the
real science may not be what people thought it would be. The real science might be
boring.

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149. French women rights / 法国女性权利 #5987 低频

回忆要点：最近有人考内容含有“法国妇女权利”这个sst吗？不是加拿大女性权利那个
150. Human immigration / 人类迁徙 #5986 低频
音频原文
23,000 years ago, towards the end of the Old Stone Age, also known as the upper
Paleolithic, the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the worse.
Temperatures plummeted, rain levels fell and a massive ice sheet slowly advanced to cover
most of northern Europe and stay there for the next few thousand years. We know that
during this glacial period, many animal and plant species sought shelter in Europe's three
warmer southern peninsulas, Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans. But the question is, where did the
people go? Archeological material recovered from this time period has shown that a large
number of our ancestors retreated to Franco Cantabria, an area covering the southwest of
France and the northeastern tip of Spain. But was this the only area where people traveled to
escape the worst of the weather? Let's go back to the growing ice sheet. In order to grow,
the ice mass had to take up water, causing sea levels to fall. At its maximum when the ice
reached as far south as Germany, sea levels were up to 120 meters lower than today. That's
approximately the same height as the London Eye. As a result, areas of the shallow sea
became exposed and Europe's shape was very different from the one we recognized. It
could be that humans lived on these exposed shores during the Paleolithic, but we have no
evidence of their settlements because it's now all underwater.

参考答案
Many thousand years ago, the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn
for the worse.

As temperature decreased, the glacial period started, and many animal and plant species
sought shelter.

Most of the human went to the southwest of France and the northeastern tip of Spain, but it
was not the only place where humans went.

And humans might live on exposed shores, but there is no evidence for that.

151. Clear and understandable / 清晰易懂 #5981 低频

回忆要点：
回忆1.讲的是前几天某个小伙伴考的-clarify？因为不会拼这个词，我完美避开了，全文开
头：they don’t say anything, it should be understandable, it must be clear, correct and
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detailed. 该文还举了个栗子： u should eat something, the speaker mentioned that “xxx
求大神补充。
eat something” does not make sense
回忆2.关键词precision, clarity。刚开始说到我们的words都不clear，要有一个second
standard。整篇都在说precision和clarity, 说话要精准，清晰。要人understandable。

152. Earth and Mars / 地球与火星 #5976 超高频

音频原文
We are going to look at a very interesting and important place today. It is called the Mars
which is not far away from the earth. Mars is an interesting neighboring planet to Earth with a
similar geological surface and landscape, such as the desert, covered with rocks. Although
there has not been evidence for the existence of water yet, the trace of heavy gases has
existed on Mars for billions of years. Traces of a great amount of water in icy form just like
mountains have been found. There is not much atmosphere, but rare gases are still found. It
is possibly because heavy gases do not evaporate within a low gravity. The low gravity on
Mars indicates that there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars. Therefore, Mars
might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.

参考答案
Mars has a similar geological surface with Earth. Its landscape is like the desert covered with
rocks.

Although there has not been evidence for the existence of water yet, the trace of heavy
gases has existed on Mars for billions of years.

Traces of a great amount of water in icy form just like mountains have been found. The low
gravity on Mars indicates that there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars.

Mars might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.

153. English language / 英语语言 #5973 超高频

音频原文
So the title of my lecture today is Heinz 57, the history of English and the rise of English as a
global language. I know that John Slack gave you a lecture on English, the global language
that right you've had to run. Oh, he's going to say, the end of my lecture will lead on to what
John Slack's going to talk to you about next time. So there'll be a link. And I've called my
lecture, Heinz 57. Because English, as you have already read, is not a pure language. I don’t
think there really are any pure languages in the world. But English is definitely not a pure
language. English, in fact, has borrowed from over 350 languages in its history. So it’s a
variety of many languages. Some people say it’s like a dog, a mongrel dog, a dog that has
been made up of many different dogs. The English language is like that. And by looking at
the history of the English language, we learn about the history of the English people. The two

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things are closely connected. So, in fact, today we are not only learning about language but
we are learning about history. And the fact that English has borrowed words from over 350
languages has been viewed differently throughout history. So, for example, in Shakespeare’s
time, people were very angry about words which were not, they thought, original English
words – words which came from other languages. They didn’t like them.

参考答案
The topic focuses on the history of English.

According to the lecture, English is not a pure language.

It is a variety of many languages.

Learning the history of the English language is learning about the history of the English
people.

And English has borrowed words from many language has been viewed differently
throughout history.

154. Food crisis / 食物危机 #5972 超高频

音频原文
It is projected that people are going to suffer from a serious food crisis for the next 30 years
until 2030. Unless immediate action is taken, it is increasingly clear that there is an
impending global food emergency that could have long-term impacts on hundreds of millions
of children and adults. We must double the yield of our production by increasing 100% to
feed a growing global population and to cater for the future demand of food. This is an
urgent matter and is quite frightening. About 50 million people risk falling into extreme
poverty this year. People should elevate food production now. Scientists have predicted an
increase in food production of 30% to 50% for developing countries in the next three years.
There will be an increase of the cost of the production. There is also an opportunity for
developing countries to improve food systems alongside reducing poverty and increasing
global resilience to shocks.

参考答案
It is projected that people are going to suffer from a serious food crisis for the next 30 years
until 2030. We must double the yield of our production to feed a growing global population.
This is an urgent matter, and people should elevate food production now. Scientists have
predicted an increase in food production by 30% to 50% for developing countries in the next
three years.

155. Biology application / 生物学的应用 #5971 超高频

音频原文
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My lab works on the applications of synthetic biology, so we're very interested in doing
useful things with biological systems. Up to now, life has evolved, and now we actually have
the ability and the power to engineer it, to design it. And so I'm curious about what the
natural world is going to look like in the future. So synthetic biology is sort of the next level of
genetic engineering. So about 40 years ago, we being scientists and engineers, developed
techniques to basically move pieces of DNA from one organism to another. And this was sort
of done by physically cutting and pasting. Now we're moving beyond that where we can
write DNA so we're no longer limited to the pieces. We can cut from one and put in another.
We can chemically synthesize this DNA on a machine and put that into an organism. And
now we can even create new organisms completely from scratch. So if you imagine a cell
that's programmed to make a useful compound, say, material or drug, then what you have is
basically a micro-scale manufacturing unit. It's basically a cellular factory. And the cool thing
about cellular factory is that when you want more factories, you love that cell grow and
divide. So in the lab, if we have one bacteria, we put it in a flask. The next day we come in.
We have millions, if not billions of bacteria.

参考答案
This lecture is about the applications of synthetic biology and doing things with biological
systems.

Biological engineering is the next level of engineering.

Nowadays, scientists can engineer and design nature.

While scientists could only cut and paste DNA from one organism to another 40 years ago,
they can now write and synthesize DNA to create new organisms.

Besides, scientists are building a cellular factory and cultivating millions of bacteria based on
one bacterium.

156. Demolition of buildings / 建筑的破坏 #5967 超高频

音频原文
The design of buildings is important according to architectural textbooks. At its roots,
architecture exists to create the physical environment in which people live, but architecture is
more than just the built environment, it’s also a part of our culture. It stands as a
representation of how we see ourselves, as well as how we see the world. There are poorly
designed buildings, but also some great building works. In the Victorian Era, architects
designed buildings based on bricks and other materials. The design of flaws was based on
lighting as it would not only affect appearance but also health conditions. The materials that
buildings are made of also matter. For example, the design of ground floors must ensure that
the building is able to withstand the weight of the higher levels. In the 20th century, many old
buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified through a natural selection process,

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which means they are an altered state rather than an original state. This is an application of
Darwin's theory of natural selection to modification of old buildings, which means buildings
should adapt to the new world to survive or be pulled down. So, it's argued to be unfair to
criticize the demolition, although some people believe that whether to be remained should be
decided based on their nature and functions. As the world became more and more
connected, the styles evolved, but even in modern construction, there is still an importance
in honoring the cultural nuances in the built environment.

参考答案
The topic focuses on the design of buildings.

According to the lecture, architecture is more than the built environment, it is also a part of
our culture.

In the 20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were demolished through a natural
selection process.

So, it is unfair to criticize the demolition, and there is still an importance in honoring the
cultural nuances in the built environment.

157. Research on social science / 关于社会科学的研究 #5965 超高频

音频原文
The capacity of well-educated parents is passed on to their prosperous children, who benefit
from early educational support. Research indicates that a child's life opportunities are largely
determined by the age of five, highlighting a troubling reality. The professor's sociology
research has revealed deep-rooted inequality in our society, with no obvious solutions. It has
profound implications, bringing attention to the disparities faced by children from different
socio-economic backgrounds. Addressing this issue requires collective efforts to ensure
equal opportunities for all children. By acknowledging and actively working to diminish the
impact of early childhood disparities, society can strive to offer a more equitable foundation
for every child.

参考答案
This article highlights how children from well-educated families and with early educational
support have better life opportunities, emphasizing the influence of early childhood on a
child's future. The professor's research reveals deep-rooted inequality, calling for collective
efforts to ensure equal opportunities for all children. Addressing this issue requires
acknowledgment and action to diminish early childhood disparities and strive for a more
equitable foundation for every child.

158. Recycling water / 循环用水 #5963 超高频

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音频原文
Why do we need to recycle water? Because we don’t generate much new water. Chemically
the process of generating water, which is basically taking hydrogen and oxygen and burning
them to produce water, is not a process that happens a lot anymore. So in terms of our total
volume of water in the world, yes it is changing, but it’s not changing significantly relative to
the rate at which we are using or demand fresh new water. Now there are a lot of different
areas of technology involved in water recycling, and we are later in the interview going to get
to industrial use and the reclamation of sewerage. What about in the home at the moment;
what sort of technology is being utilized in the home when we talk about water recycling?
Well, very little on average. Typically in a modern home, we turn on the tap, we take a glass
of water, we probably in turning on that tap flush ten glasses of water down the sink. We take
a shower, we use fresh water, we do a whole range of things, and there is nominally very little
recycling of that. It goes down the drain and it goes off to a wastewater treatment plant.
There is actually very, very little recycling at a local level. People don’t actually say well I’m
now going to take the water I just used, put it through a sophisticated process and reuse it
and have a closed loop. It’s not a closed loop in the home.

参考答案
We need to recycle water because we don’t generate much new water.

The total volume of water is not changing significantly.

Although there are a lot of technologies for water recycling, we do very little water recycling
at home.

People use fresh water to do a whole range of things, but we don’t reuse water at a local
level.

There is not a closed loop in the home.

159. Mind-brain identity theory / 心脑同一论 #5961 高频

音频原文
And then in the 1950s, philosophers had this novel idea that perhaps the mind is just
identical with the brain. OK? And this hadn't occurred to philosophers before, and so
happen, it happened around the same time the first department of neuroscience started
forming like MIT and Stanford so forth. But basically, there are a couple of philosophers both
educated here in Oxford Place (1956) and Smart (1959), and they made the claim that the
mind just is the brain. So that is the identity theory and with identity, identity in logic is the
strongest relation. When you have identity between A and B, you don't have two things, you
have one thing. Alright? So now when you talk about mental events, you are talking about
brain events. Maybe when you talk about brain events, you are talking about mental events.

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OK? So that's the identity theory. And it’s very popular, it’s basically the idea that mental
properties are just properties of the brain.

参考答案
In the 1950s, philosophers thought that the mind is just identical with the brain, which had
not occurred to them before until the formation of the first neuroscience department.

However, later, there are several philosophers claimed that the mind just is the brain, and this
is the identity theory.

In conclusion, identity theory is popular, and its basic idea is that mental properties are just
properties of the brain.

160. Language acquisition / 语言习得 #5952 低频

音频原文
Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them on at a time. Child, when to
start being a child? For many people, language acquisition starts around about twelve
months when kids say that first word, but don't forget the first year. At the first year, our first
year of life is very important as well and indeed before you are born, remember there are
couple of months before you are born, when you actually able to perceive in the womb,
something of the language that's around you. So language acquisition starts earlier than
most people think. And it also ends later than most people think. When does child language
acquisition stop? Well, in a sense, you know, we are all children, we stay being children all in
our lives. There is no obvious endpoint for learning sounds, of course, there is for learning
grammar, there is for vocabulary, huh. I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives in million
or more words in English. Most of us only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words,
whatever it is until there is always something to learn. So remember that two ends of child
language acquisition are wider apart than some people think. That means there is more
scope for studying in it than most people think.

参考答案
Language acquisition starts earlier than most people think.

They think language acquisition starts when children say the first word, but it starts in the
first year even before children are born.

Similarly, language acquisition ends later than people think and there is no obvious endpoint
for it.

In conclusion, the two ends of child language acquisition are wider apart and there is more
scope for studying langue than people think.

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161. Climate and crops / 天气与农作物的关系 #5951 超高频

音频原文
Now we spend a lot of time thinking about how climate will affect crops. But crops affect
climate themselves and they do this in two ways. First of all, about one-quarter of the land
surface is used for growing crops. Another 10-15 % are used for pasture. So a substantial
amount of the land surface is used in crop and agricultural production. And how we used
that land affects our climate? If we were, for example, to deforest a substantial area and
replace it with an annual crop such as soybean. Then we would alter the characteristics of
the land surface, alter the way that water and heat flows from the land surface to the
atmosphere and back, and ultimately change the regional climate if there is a large enough
change in land surface. So this is an absolutely fascinating topic and one that's really quite
difficult to understand because of the complexity. It's difficult because it needs us as crops
scientists to work even more closely with our climate scientist colleagues. And it's difficult
because we have to join our models together.

参考答案
This topic is significantly focusing on the topic of crops in order to explain how crops can
affect climate.

Additionally, the substantial amount of land surface for crop, the example of using soybean
to change the characteristics of the land surface, and the change of the regional climate are
involved to support the main idea.

The speaker also suggests it is quite difficult to understand it because of the complexity.

162. Can food / 罐装食品 #5949 超高频

音频原文
One of the things that was going on during the Great Depression was the beginning of this
sort of modern food technology that rules, you know, the way Americans eat today. That is
there are a lot of canned foods were being - coming onto the market at the time. And also,
refrigerators were really becoming very, very popular during the Great Depression, both in
cities and in rural parts of the country. Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification
Administration, people could buy appliances. You know, farmers could buy appliances. And
that meant frozen foods were becoming big. And, you know, at that time, few people could
afford to buy them during the early years of the Great Depression. But, you know, gradually,
these things picked up. And so this was, like, the sort of beginning of the era when people
were starting to think about supermarkets with rows and rows of freezer cases and rows and
rows of canned foods.

参考答案

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One of the things that was going on during the Great Depression was the beginning of
modern food technology, which means, the way Americans eat today.

And also, refrigerators were really becoming very, very popular.

Thanks to electrification people could buy appliances.

At that time, few people could afford to buy frozen food during the early years.

But gradually, people were starting to think about supermarkets and canned foods.

163. Drop out of school / 辍学 #5947 超高频

音频原文
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of school. Some boys leave school early. And the
main reason is push and pull factors. The main reason of pull is that economy and market
provide many job opportunities for boys with mainly two destinations,shipping and
traineeship. So dropping from school is not absolutely bad for boys. But girls don't have the
same opportunities. Girls are less likely to leave school because fewer jobs are available for
them. The transmission is hard. So,for girls dropping from school is completely bad, and if
they do so,they can either get part-time jobs or just stay unemployed.

参考答案
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main factors
are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because some jobs can be easily acquired
by boys. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because not many jobs prefer
girls. Girls will be facing only two options, being unemployed or doing part-time jobs.

164. Semantic noise / 语义噪音 #5942 超高频

音频原文
Semantic noise in communication is a type of disturbance in the transmission of a message
that interferes with the interpretation of the message due to ambiguity in words, sentences or
symbols used in the transmission of the message. Let's take a step back for a moment to
provide a larger framework that helps you understand the idea of semantic noise a bit easier.
Communication is the process of transmitting information from one person to another.
Information is a pattern of data organized in a particular way. For example, a sentence
consists of symbols that form words in a particular language with a particular meaning. The
sentence also utilizes grammar, which is a recognized way to structure words forming a
sentence. Noise is any type of disturbance that interferes with the interpretation of the
information. Some argue that noise exists in all communication. Semantic noise doesn't
involve sound but rather ambiguity in words, sentences or other symbols used in
communication. The ambiguity is caused because everybody sees a different meaning in the

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same words, phrases or sentences. The differences in interpretation can be quite small, even
undetectable, in regular communication between people from the same culture, age,
education and experience, or drastically different because of such things as culture, age or
experience.

参考答案
Semantic noise in communication is a type of disturbance in the transmission of a message.

Communication is the process of transmitting information from one person to another.

Information is a pattern of data organized in a particular way.

Noise exists in all communication, but semantic noise involves ambiguity in words,
sentences or other symbols used in communication.

The differences in interpretation can be quite small, or drastically different.

165. Online research / 网上调研 #5915 超高频

音频原文
The rapid growth of the internet has brought significant changes to our lives. With online
research, we can quickly access a wealth of information at a lower cost than traditional
methods. It also allows us to reach out to hard-to-access groups for research purposes.
However, there are drawbacks to online research. The lack of face-to-face communication
and body language can make it difficult to fully understand the other party. Additionally, the
anonymity of online interactions means we don't always know who we are communicating
with. Despite these limitations, the advantages of online research cannot be overlooked and
it continues to be a valuable tool for accessing and analyzing information in today's digital
age.

参考答案
The rapid growth of the internet has changed our lives in terms of both quality and quantity.
As for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive, and can help us access
hard-to-reach groups. However, online research has some drawbacks, as there are no face-
to-face communications or body language, and the other side is not real people, so we don't
know who they are.

166. Roman building / 罗马建筑风格 #5913 超高频

音频原文
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they
look from above today. You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I
mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth
century B.C.. Now this is interesting because what we know about the Romans is when they

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were left to own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn’t let it grow in
an ad hoc way. They structure it in a, in a very care, very methodical way. That was basically
based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the
world without obviously having a masterful military enterprise and everywhere they went on
their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and
those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or
rectangular. So, when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal Roman city, they turn
to that so call castrum or military camp design.

参考答案
The crooked and narrow streets of Rome was not planned all at once.

The buildings are built from scratch and structured in a very careful, methodical way.

Based on the military planning, the Romans built camps and those camps were always laid
out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular.

Therefore, the Romans build their city according to the military camp design.

167. Language in vocabulary / 语言词汇 #5907 超高频

音频原文
Well, a historical linguist compares languages at several levels. You start out looking for basic
vocabulary. All languages of the world, natural languages at least, have words for eye and
head and nose and ear and for sky and earth and for water, sand and for sibling, mother and
father. They may not have words for uncle and aunt. It becomes much vaguer because in one
culture an aunt is different when it comes from your father's side than from your mother's
side. You don't include snow. Most people know what snow is but in the tropics you don't
have it. So you look for notions that are totally comparable and that occur everywhere in the
world. You take the hundred or two hundred most universal notions in the human life, those
which you call the basic vocabulary. So you take basic vocabularies and languages that you
think are related. You look for words that sound the same.

参考答案
The relationship of basic vocabularies and languages is discussed.

When a historical linguist compares languages at several levels, all languages especially
natural languages have basic words, but some words becomes vague with culture.

Consequently, notions that are totally comparable and that occur everywhere are called
universal notions in the human life, which are basic vocabularies.

Finally, basic vocabularies and languages that you think are related because words sound
the same.

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168. The history of software / 软件的历史 #5906 超高频

音频原文
The history of software is of course very very new. And the whole IT industry is really only 60,
70 years old which is extraordinary and to be so close to the birth of a major new technology,
a major new discipline is quite remarkable given where we got to in those 60, 70 years. And
the progression has been not so much a progression as a stampede because Moore's Law,
the rapid expansion in the power of computing and the rapid fall of the cost of computing
and storage and communications has made it feasible for information technology to move
into all sorts of areas of life that were never originally envisaged. What has happened is that
there has been as I said a stampede for people to pick the low-hanging fruit. And that is
what's guided the development of software and information technology over the past
decades and continues to do so with a number of consequences that we will explore.

参考答案
The factors and development of software are discussed.

Firstly, the history of software is very new, which is extraordinary, and this major new
technology with major new discipline is quite remarkable.

Moreover, this progression as a stampede has made it feasible for information technology to
move into all areas of life, which guided the development of software and information
technology and related to consequences.

169. Consumer conduct / 消费者的行为 #5903 高频

回忆要点;还有一题讲消费者行为的。拿信用卡睡眠卡用户做实验，给一部分人发激励用卡
短信，另一部分人发不动卡扣费短信，结果显示后者表现强于前者很多。说明人们更在意
自己的潜在损失, 有人见过吗？
170. Internet / 网络 #5896 超高频
音频原文
Internet was invented by people who were good at programming, and people keep
optimizing it for different purposes. So, internet has been growing organically. Internet can
achieve many things but has advantages and disadvantages. The email system was
designed by graduate students and researchers who know and trust each other. Using email
needs trust between the senders and the receivers as the authentication process was not
originally built in this system. Email authentication is a technical solution to proving that an
email is not forged. In other words, it provides a way to verify that an email comes from who
it claims to be from. Email authentication is most often used to block harmful or fraudulent

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uses of email such as phishing and spam. In practice, we use the term "email authentication"
to refer to technical standards that make this verification possible. Initially, the email system
didn’t consider security because there was no suspicion between them at that time, and
there was no authentication process built into this system.

参考答案
Internet was invented by people who are good at programming, and people keep optimizing
it for different purposes. So, the internet has been growing organically. The email system was
designed by a group of researchers who know and trust each other. Initially, the email system
didn't consider security because there was no suspicion among people at that time, and
there was no authentication process built into this system.

171. California water war / 加州水资源战争 #5893 低频

回忆要点：
回忆1：考到一个新题. In Chinatown, they are common creations. 中间提到需要famers，
famers destroy什么, 后面说They are vital habitats for migration birds. 最后一句说什么
doubled。等大神补充
2.有同学说可能是California water war，找到维基百科的资料给大家。The California
water wars were a series of political conflicts between the city of Los Angeles and
farmers and ranchers in the Owens Valley of Eastern California over water rights. As Los
Angeles expanded during the late 19th century, it began outgrowing its water supply.
Fred Eaton, mayor of Los Angeles, realized that water could flow from Owens Valley to
Los Angeles via an aqueduct. The aqueduct construction was overseen by William
Mulholland and was finished in 1913. The water rights were acquired through political
fighting and, as described by one author, "chicanery, subterfuge ... and a strategy of
lies".[1]:62 Since 1913, the Owens River had been diverted to Los Angeles, causing the
ruin of the valley's economy. By the 1920s, so much water was diverted from the Owens
Valley that agriculture became difficult. This led to the farmers trying to destroy the
aqueduct in 1924. Los Angeles prevailed and kept the water flowing. By 1926, Owens
Lake at the bottom of Owens Valley was completely dry due to water diversion. The
water needs of Los Angeles kept growing. In 1941, Los Angeles diverted water that
previously fed Mono Lake, north of Owens Valley, into the aqueduct. Mono Lake's
ecosystem for migrating birds was threatened by dropping water levels. Between 1979
and 1994, David Gaines and the Mono Lake Committee engaged in litigation with Los
Angeles. The litigation forced Los Angeles to stop diverting water from around Mono
Lake, which has started to rise back to a level that can support its ecosystem.
回忆3.总结了半天资料没想到今天考试就考这道题😂第一句就是故事的background是
Chinatown这个电影，然后引出主题California water wars，details里提到了1913、1924、
1941年，还有一个年份我忘记了，具体时间对应的事件大家参考我之前留言里提到的那个
维基百科的资料吧。同样提到了LA、候鸟的habitats和farmers这些大家之前回忆过的点，
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与资料中查到的背景事件时间相吻合。搜了半天YouTube和Google还没找到原音频，但是
关于这个历史事件的资料一大把，大家可以自己找来作为补充了解一下。
172. Internet and journalism / 互联网对新闻行业的影响 #5738 超高频
音频原文
The advent of the Internet has revolutionized journalism in both production and consumption.
The impact of this change, however, took some time for people to fully recognize and
embrace. The Internet not only has expedited the speed at which news spreads, but it has
also revolutionized the way people access [Link] the digital age, journalism has
become more accessible and diverse. Any individual armed with a smartphone can capture
and share news as it happens. Even a simple video clip has the potential to become a
powerful form of journalism. This democratization of news production has allowed for a more
inclusive and diverse range of perspectives to be heard and [Link], the Internet
has transformed the way news is consumed. Traditional print newspapers and television
news are no longer the sole sources of information. With just a few clicks, users can access
news from around the world, personalized to their interests and preferences. Social media
platforms have become the go-to source for breaking news and citizen journalism, bridging
the gap between news creators and [Link] conclusion, the rise of the Internet has
ushered in a new era for journalism. News production has become more accessible and
diverse, with ordinary individuals contributing to the creation of news. Simultaneously, news
consumption has become more personalized and immediate, as people can access
information from anywhere and at any time. The Internet has undoubtedly transformed the
landscape of journalism, offering new possibilities and challenges for the future.

参考答案
The internet has revolutionized journalism by increasing the speed of news spread and
changing the way people access information . Anyone with a smartphone can capture and
share news , democratizing news production . Traditional sources like print newspapers and
TV news are no longer the only options . Social media platforms provide personalized and
immediate news . Overall , the internet has transformed journalism by making it more
accessible , diverse , and personalized .

173. Globalization and detraditionalization /

超高频
全球化与去传统化 #5728

音频原文
So, I think you all know what I mean by globalization, don't you? This is the idea that we all
live in a global village. With instant communications, we can share ideas, and consume
cultural artifacts from countries all over the world, just by going into the Internet and all
dream up, basically. The world is shrinking. In terms of speeds, it is accelerating, but in terms
of distance, it's shrinking. What do I mean by detraditionalization? I mean the disappearance

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or the erosion, for the better word to use, the erosion of traditional cultures, of conventional
ways of doing things, of conventional moralities. More and more young people around the
world are rejecting the culture they grow up in, and it's probably a little bit cruel. But some
imitating a Hollywood model of society, rather than the one which they inherit from their local
tradition background. OK?

参考答案
Globalization means we all live in a global village.

With instant communications, the world is shrinking, and the speed is accelerating.

The detraditionalization means the erosion of traditional cultures, the conventional ways of
doing things, and the conventional moralities.

More and more young people around the world are rejecting the culture they grow up in.

Some are even imitating a Hollywood model of society.

174. Two kinds of stress / 两种压力 #5491 高频

回忆要点：讲有关stress的，关键词有little stress, exam, practice, necessary, calendar,
play and work等！ 本人听力79，虽然这篇听的一般，但应该可以参考！ The lecture is
talking about [Link] are two kinds of stress, one is little stress, it will happen when
people taking exam or practice. But it is actually necessary because it could help people
to improve what they are doing. Another stress is what we usually talk about. To release
such stress, people could use calendar to schedule their play and work. 可能有漏掉一些
词，但是这么写似乎也没问题，有听力大神的听到这道题了可以再复盘！
175. The separation of power / 三权分立 #5374 超高频
音频原文
The keynote address highlights the concept of the separation of powers, which is closely
interlinked with the system of checks and balances within a country. The Constitution is
designed with a three-branch structure: the legislative responsible for making laws, the
president appointed by the Senate to execute the laws, and the judiciary tasked with
interpreting these laws. However, over the past century, a noticeable convergence between
the legislative and executive roles has emerged, sparking debates and concerns about the
original purpose of the separation of powers and its potential impact on the governance
system.

参考答案
The lecture talks about the separation of power which is related to the checks and balances
of the country. The Constitution is made up of the legislative branch that makes the law, the

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president who is appointed by the Senate to carry out the law, and the judicial authorities
who interpret the law. However, there is a blurry linebetween the legislative and executive
roles in the past 100 years.

176. Water resource / 水资源浪费 #5372 中频

回忆要点：一段访谈。女主持人：你觉得环境变得不好的主要原因是什么？男嘉宾：因为
人类消耗了太多水资源，大约全球一半的水资源都被人类consume掉了，而人类又没有能
力再生产水。但是同时人们也在合理利用水资源，他们用水喂养小牛犊（feed the cattle,
注意cattle不是复数）
177. Australian culture diversity / 澳洲多元文化 #5371 超高频
回忆要点：Australia is a multicultural country拥有世界上最古老的连续文化，拥有世界上
最古老的连续文化，四分之一的人出生在海边，近一半的人至少有一位出生在海外的父
母;Migrants make a great contribution to Australia’s productivity and fiscal benefit.
178. Fight-or-flight response / 战逃反应 #5370 超高频
音频原文
To understand the Fight or Flight response it helps to think about the role of emotions in our
lives. Many of us would prefer to focus on our logical, thinking nature and ignore our
sometimes troublesome emotions, but emotions have a purpose. Our most basic emotions
like fear, anger or disgust are vital messengers: they evolved as signals to help us meet our
basic needs for self-preservation and safety. It would be dangerous to be indecisive about a
threat to our survival so the brain runs information from our senses through the most
primitive, reactive parts of our brain first. These areas of the brain control instinctive
responses and they don’t do too much thinking. This more primitive part of our brain
communicates with the rest of our brain and our body to create signals we can’t ignore
easily: powerful emotions and symptoms.

参考答案
This lecture is about the relationship between fight or flight response and emotions.

Firstly, most people would prefer logical thinking and ignore emotions that actually have a
purpose.

Secondly, basic emotions are vital messengers, evolving as signals.

So, the brain runs information through the most primitive and reactive parts of our brain,
which control instinctive response, don’t think much and communicate with the rest of our
brain and body to create signals.

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In conclusion, we cannot ignore these signals, including powerful emotions and symptoms.

179. Newspaper / 报纸 #5363 超高频

音频原文
Because of the economic model, the newspaper industry has been shrinking drastically from
the last 50 years of the 20th century in some states of America. Also as the economic model
changed, newspapers increased the cash flow. However, there are still some newspaper
industries losing money because of a decrease in advertising and buyers. They can‘t find
buyers. Only a few newspapers have positive cash flow. Over 100 newspapers with cash
flow in red had no money to publish the newspaper every day. Some of the published three
days per week. Small-sized newspapers only published once a week and had to go online.
Some newspapers even disappeared. The staff working in newspaper industry decreased by
30-60% or more.

参考答案
The economic models of newspapers have been shrinking.

The newspaper industry has been shrinking dramatically in the last half of the 20th century.

Some newspaper publishers’ cash flows were in red or just maintained at the breakeven
point due to the decreasing number of advertising and buyers.

Some newspapers are no longer published daily, and some are online only. The staff in the
newspaper industry has decreased by 30% -60%.

180. Need in English / 英文中的需要 #5347 超高频

回忆要点：
回忆1.讲的是 the term need in English language. 1. Need 可能strong desire，not basic
things ；2. need 是essential thing，比如planet 要sunlight and water，然后还有提到了
social environment，natural to people
回忆2.考到一篇讲need, English language里面指需要strong desire，不是essential needs,
不像plant need water, psychological 里面指require from nature,
回忆3.开始说 In English language（演讲人说不是American language） 然后说designers
要design a planet with sunlight, water, organic things and do on. 然后human beings，什
么not for development but for social 什么的。 最后一句说this is not psychological for
nature.

181. Secret life of plants / 植物的秘密 #5346 中频

回忆要点：
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回忆1.有没人考过一篇新题secret life of plants，讲的是植物能interact，又可以talk to

each other的
回忆2.开头男声旁白讲这是一个British experiment，之后主要女声讲 topic是secret life of
plants，提到interaction跟一个啥principle有关，然后audience opinion is valuable，plants
can interact/communicate with each other not only in their own species, but also other
plant species。结尾是plant xxx themselves。非常像科学60s那种旁白+interviewer的形
式。我听力一般，仅供参考，希望有大神能找到原音频。
182. Canadian work structure / 加拿大工作结构 #5343 中频
回忆要点：Canadian work structure 改变。一百年前有五分之一的农民，现在只有百分之
4了，worker也是人数减少。但是people still work for others。now there are 2 changes in
labor force.一个是people only focus on paid work.还有一个是 an increasing number of
women are in the workforce. 大致内容肯定没错的，细节待补充。

183. Childhood / 童年 #5241 高频

回忆要点：现在孩子的童年和以前变得不一样，成长得更快更risky，threaten at streets,变
得更customer了，manufacturer针对性推出很多商品，并且刻意区分gender。。。 大家还
有人听过这题吗？
回忆1：V1 1. Children have been losing childhood both in the past and now. 2. In the
19th century, the reason of losing childhood was that children needed to work at an
early age with high risks of staying around the streets. 3. However, the reasons why
children are losing childhood vary according to the change of society such as the
changing aspects of gender and commercial advertisements
回忆2：V2 1. Children lost their childhood in the 19th century under different situations.
2. Firstly, working children suffer lots of risks in society such as sexual issues and
criminal event. 3. They were also facing exploitation and high demand of workload. 4.
Besides, children may be threatened on the street for destroying events or opening door.
5. Finally, the society with commercial feature and gender bias make children engaged
their personal life.

184. Absolutism / 绝对论 #5240 超高频

音频原文
With the concept of moral objectivism, basically, what we are looking at is the idea that there
can be some universal moral principles: some rules, some ideas and guidelines that are valid
for all people in all social environments and all situations. The idea that we can essentially
have some signposts or a road map to guide behavior is going to be consistent across all
individuals. Now if we take a look at this in one perspective, we can come up with a view of

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moral absolutism. In the area of moral absolutism, basically what we have, is illustrated on
the right-hand side of this slide, is a very firm and unyielding boundary between what is right
and what is wrong. And so, with moral absolutism, basically what you have are these non-
overridable principles. They must be followed. They must never be violated and there were
no exceptions: it is always right; it is always wrong, and nothing is subject to interpretation,
and nothing is dependent upon the situation.

参考答案
The concept of moral objectivism suggests the existence of universal moral principles that
apply universally, serving as a guide for behavior across differing social contexts. In contrast,
moral absolutism is characterized by strict, unwavering rules defining right and wrong
without flexibility, exceptions, or situational dependence, presenting an uncompromising
delineation of moral conduct that rejects any interpretative or contextual considerations.

185. Smile of mother and baby / 亲子的微笑 #5204 超高频

音频原文
Ever try to get a baby to smile? It can seem close to impossible—and then suddenly there it
is: that elusive, seemingly joyous grin. Well it turns out those smiles aren’t spontaneous—
they’re strategic. Researchers have found that when babies smile, it's for a reason. They
want whoever they’re interacting with—typically a parent—to smile back. And they time it
just so, a smile here and a smile there. The researchers call it sophisticated timing. The study
is in the journal PLoS ONE. The researchers enlisted real mothers and infants and quantified
their interactions, which fell into four categories. One: babies wanted to maximize the
amount of time smiling at their mothers. Two: they wanted to maximize the time the mothers
smiled at them. Three: they wanted to experience simultaneous smiling, and four: no smiling
at all. By studying when smiles happened and what the subsequent effect was, the
investigators were able to figure out that for mothers the goal 70 percent of the time was to
be smiling simultaneously—while for babies 80 percent of the time they just wanted their
mother smiling at them. So, mothers want the interaction, while babies just want to be smiled
at. So your baby may not be able to feed itself, talk or even turn over yet. But when it comes
to smiles, babies seem to know exactly what they're up to.

参考答案
The smiles of babies are strategic.

The reason is they want whoever they are interacting with to smile back.

The researchers defined four categories of interactions between mothers and infants,
including maximizing the time smiling at the mothers, maximizing the time the mothers
smiling at the babies, simultaneous smiling and no smiling at all.

As a result, mothers want the interaction, while babies just want to be smiled at.

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186. Therapeutic environment / 疗愈环境 #5203 超高频

音频原文
The benefits of that list apply to the four users of the facility, namely the patient staff, visitors
and the local community. I've mentioned the elements of the therapeutic design and I've
mentioned those groups that the elements apply to. So let's look now at some of the benefits
and they include higher patient satisfaction, lower patient stress and anxiety, reduction in
pain, hospital acquired infections reduced, sleeping quality increased, slips, trips and falls
reduce, lengths, length of stay, reduced, medical errors reduced, patient communications
improved, patient confidentiality improved, staff satisfaction and morale increases, staff
efficiency increases and staff turnover reduces. In essence, there are a lot of benefits to be
gained from the quality of the design of a quality environment. Well, we saw the beginning of
the presentation, the 1948 version of a therapeutic environment. I've explained what I think of
the elements that we should look at today. But, of course, the therapeutic environment goes
back in time. And for example, in 1855, Florence Nightingale recognized that color and form
enhanced a patient's recovery.

参考答案
This article emphasizes the extensive benefits of therapeutic design for facility users—
patients, staff, visitors, and the local community. Highlighting key elements, it outlines
advantages such as increased patient satisfaction, reduced stress and anxiety, pain
reduction, lower hospital-acquired infections, improved sleep quality, decreased accidents,
shorter stays, fewer medical errors, enhanced communication and confidentiality.
Recognizing Florence Nightingale's 1855 insights, the article emphasizes the lasting
importance of quality environmental design for well-being.

187. Automated Driving System / 自动驾驶系统 #5202 超高频

音频原文
Transportation officials, advocates, companies and users around the world are talking about
how automated vehicles will change transportation as we know it, autonomous vehicles are
split into six levels of automation as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Zero,
no automation. One, driver assistance. Two, partial automation. Three, conditional
automation. Four, high automation. And five, full automation. Humans are responsible for
monitoring the vehicle and performing most functions in levels one and two, while an
automated driving system performs all functions and levels three, four and five. Vehicles and
levels three and up are considered highly automated vehicles. As vehicles progress to higher
levels of automation, less responsibility is put on the driver for monitoring the vehicle. Here's
how an automated vehicle works. Several systems work in conjunction with each other to
control an automated vehicle. Radar sensors dotted around the car monitor the position of

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vehicles nearby. Video cameras detect traffic lights, read road signs and keep track of other
vehicles while also looking out for pedestrians and other obstacles.

参考答案
Automation technology in vehicles is a hot topic because it is safe and more fuel-efficient.
According to the American Travel Safety Regulation, there are different levels of automation.
Level four is completely under the control of the vehicle, so people don't need to do
anything. Level three is conditional automation, so drivers must intervene under some
circumstances. The speaker thinks level three would be more acceptable for most of the
public.

188. Persuasive essay / 说服力强的文章 #5200 低频

回忆要点：
回忆1.开始就是how to write essay，write a persuasive essay is veay important，然后at
beginning, write persuasive essay need collect many materials, then the essay have four
structure and the quotes xxxxxx ，最后说了essay is a chance to identify your read and
learnt。。大概就是这些。。
回忆2.关键词是hook！！！全篇都在说hook对persuasive essay的影响，本来不敢确定是
不是hook，刚才去Google了一下，应该是没错的
189. Land use / 土地使用 #5177 中频
回忆要点：
回忆:1：类似animal survive 但是讲的是人类和动物有conflict 因为地球的资源有限 土地和
资源都 shrink …… 人需要更多的土地盖房子 living ……之类的……
回忆2：人类和动物有conflict. 因为地球的资源有限 土地和资源都shrink. 人需要更多的土
地盖房子living，Animals go extinct. Human impact is making differences. Two causes:
shrinking space and insufficient land use. Urbanization 和人口增长导致wildlife
population shrinking 和conflicts.

190. Three types of family / 三种家庭 #5167 中频

回忆要点：
回忆[Link] types of family#考场遇到 Three types of family: [Link] family includes
mom dad and children. [Link](这个词不太确定) family with grandparents, parents
and children. Families live close geographically. [Link] family, not live together but
keep contact daily over phone and internet 没找到原文，小伙伴们一起看看哈。
回忆2.考到3 types of family： the first is nuclear family，a typical unit in western
[Link] has mom dad and the children. It’s the dominated family organization in

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western countries. The second is extended family. Besides mom dad and children, it has
grandparents or other relatives, common in other parts of the world. They live
geographically close. The third is*** family. They dont live with grandparents or even
大概点都在这
parents, but in daily contact with them over mobile phone or the Internet.
里 第三个是真的很难听到 主要感觉是单词太难不熟悉，把其他点抓出来应该也okay了
回忆
191. Different learning methods / 不同种学习方式 #5163 低频
回忆要点：讲的是英国girls 和boys的learning methods不一样 1. girls are much better
than boys in the class 2. boys are more simplified 3. 就说老师应该look for teaching
methods 用来教男女混合的班级。

192. Telescope / 望远镜 #5162 高频

音频原文
The aperture of a telescope is several times larger than the aperture of the human eye so that
the objects cannot be normally seen by unaided eye can be seen. Lightgathering power of a
telescope is proportional to the area of its aperture and hence depends on the square of the
radius of the mirror. Therefore, a 20 cm diameter telescope collects four times more photons
than a 10 cm diameter telescope. A telescope can be equipped to record light over a long
period of time, by using photographic film or electronic detectors such as photometers or
CCD detectors while the eye has no capability to store light. Along-exposure photograph
taken through a telescope reveals objects too faint to be seen with the eye, even by looking
through the same telescope. A third major advantage of large telescopes is that they have
superior resolution, the ability to discern fine detail. Small resolution is good. The resolution
is directly proportional to the wavelength being observed and inversely proportional to the
diameter of the telescope.

参考答案
The information of telescope is discussed.

The aperture of a telescope is several times larger than the one of human’s eye, and
lightgathering power of a telescope is proportional to the area of its aperture.

Moreover, a telescope can be equipped to record light over a long period of time, and large
telescopes have a major advantage in superior resolution, which related to wavelength and
diameter.

193. Chimpanzees / 大猩猩 #5144 超高频

音频原文

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We are from an organization called Nonhuman Rights Project, and we fight for legal rights of
non-human animals. Drawing a line in order to enslave an autonomous and self-determining
being is a violation of equality. We then searched through 80 jurisdictions. We chose the state
of New York. Then we decided upon who our plaintiffs are going to be. We decided upon
chimpanzees. We know the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have, and they also
resemble the kind that human beings have. And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to
then canvass the world to find the experts in chimpanzee cognition. So now we needed to
find our chimpanzee. Our chimpanzee, first we found two of them in the state of New York.
Both of them would die before we could even get our suits filed. Then we found Tommy.
Tommy is a chimpanzee. Tommy was a chimpanzee. We found him in that cage. We found
him in a small room that was filled with cages in a larger warehouse structure on a used
trailer lot in central New York. And so on the last week of December 2013, the Nonhuman
Rights Project filed three suits all across the state of New York using the same common law
argument. The court didn't approve our appeal because they think chimpanzees are not
humans even though they have cognitive skills. We proved to the court that chimpanzees
also have cognitive capacities, and they were not hearing us. We wanted the chimpanzees
out, and we wanted them brought to Save the Chimps, a tremendous chimpanzee sanctuary
in South Florida which involves an artificial lake with 12 or 13 islands -- there are two or three
acres where two dozen chimpanzees live on each of them. And these chimpanzees would
then live the life of a chimpanzee, with other chimpanzees in an environment that was as
close to Africa as possible.

参考答案
The topic focuses on an organization that fights for legal rights of non-human animals.

The organization chose chimpanzees as plaintiffs, and began to find experts in chimpanzees
cognition.

Then the organization found Tommy and filed three suits all across the state of New York.

The court didn't approve our appeal because they think chimpanzees are not humans, but
we wanted chimpanzees out and wanted them brought to a chimpanzee sanctuary.

194. Children literature / 儿童文学 #5140 高频

音频原文
And I am the professor of children's literature at Newcastle University and I want to write a
very short introduction to children's literature because although here in Britain one of the
longest and most distinguished traditions of creating books for children, perhaps the longest
and most distinguished in the world. We often take them for granted and we don't pay
enough attention to what a remarkable cultural resource they are for adults and kind of
cultural work they do for children and the way that they have served writers and illustrators
as a cultural space for creativity subversion and opportunities to experiment with new ideas.

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So what kind of cultural work the children's books do? Well, at the level of individual child,
this is one of the places where children learn the vocabularies, get the vicarious experiences,
and see the images of the world that help them think about how the world works and where
they fit into it, because children's books are first places that children encounter these things
they are often very direct, as a source of information about what a particular period thinks
including what it thinks a child is, what a child needs to know, what childhood looks like,
sometimes when we are looking at children's books from the past, it 's very important to
notice these kinds of children who aren't there, for instance. So that is one of the things that
we have in children's books.

参考答案
This lecture talks about children’s literature. People don’t pay enough attention to what kind
of cultural resource and cultural work that they can provide for children.

Cultural work can help children to learn the vocabularies, get the vicarious experiences and
see the images of the world. Additionally, children’s books are first places for us to know the
thinking and the needs of children.

195. Population changes / 人口变动 #5138 低频

回忆要点：topic是population challenges，讲了三个点，density change（讲大部分人生
活在urban areas）， distribution change（讲migration patterns changes）， aging
structure change（讲women have less children）最后一句话是Old people will be as
many young people on this planet

196. Managers / 管理者 #5114 超高频

音频原文
There are three elements that make up great management. First is what I call your technical
skills. Your technical skills, it's understanding the technical aspects of your job. In fact, most
people to get into management roles get there because they're so good at technical things.
They can fix computers. They understand manufacturing. They understand how the business
works. The challenge becomes as they move into management roles, they don't get to work
about the technical items quite as much. However, you always have to be up to speed. If you
don't want your people to think you're stupid, you better understand how the business
works. Now, pile on top of that, the fact that you need to understand the technical skills of
management roles. What are some of the relevant employment laws? What are some of the
programs and items that you have in your benefits packages that you can help employees
with? Technical skills don't go away. They just change in [Link] that's not all. You also
have to work on your critical thinking skills. You see in a management role, every decision
you make has a big impact. As an individual contributor, you could do something and it
impacts you. Maybe one other person. As a manager, you have to think big picture, to

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understand everything has an impact. You have to understand that whatever you do is
watched. What do you laugh at? What do you make fun of? People pay attention to that. You
have to think about [Link] third is down here. The third element is known as your
people skills, your people skills. Now, there are two aspects of people skills. Number one, it's
getting to know you. Who are you as a person? What do you wired for? What are some of
your strengths? What are some of the expectations you have of other people? And you need
to understand yourself well. The second thing that is understanding the people around you,
what motivates them, what personality types are they? How do I best relate to them so that I
can motivate them.

参考答案
Great management hinges on three elements. Firstly, technical skills cover grasping the
technical side of the job and relevant management knowledge. Secondly, critical thinking is a
must, since managers’ decisions matter greatly. Thirdly, people skills involve knowing oneself
and understanding others’ motivations and traits. Together, they form the bedrock of
outstanding management.

197. Vitamin D V2 / 维生素D 版本2 #5062 高频

音频原文
Okay, to understand what Vitamin D does, we need to understand the central concept. The
function of Vitamin D is to maintain blood calcium. You probably think the function of Vitamin
D is to maintain strong bones and teeth. But it does that by accident. Its real function is to
maintain your blood calcium level in a very narrow range. And the reason for that is if your
blood calcium level falls below about 9 milligrams per 100 milliliters, then you’re longing to
be in a big trouble, and die rather quickly. And that’s because blood calcium is important for
muscle contraction and nerve transmission. And if you don’t have enough of it, you can’t
contract muscles normally, There can’t be normal nerve impulses. And this results in a
disease called tetany, where you got these uncontrol convulsions followed by rapid death.
Calcium is also important for enzymic activities and blood clotting.

参考答案
This lecture talks about Vitamin D. Its real function is to maintain blood calcium in a narrow
range.

It will cause trouble if people’s blood calcium level falls below a range, as blood calcium is
important for muscle contraction and nerve transmission.

Besides, it will cause tetany if people do not have enough of it. Finally, calcium is important
for enzymic activities and blood clotting.

198. Talent war V3 / 人才战争版本三 #5005 高频

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音频原文
I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most
intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the
adventures in the world. That involves the companies’ world. It was the bosses’ world. Now I
think it reverses the case. We have a shortage in talent base within countries and between
countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most talented workers and
also between countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented young
immigrants. We have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep
out, and immigrants want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn’t that the case.
And the topic is that countries are trying to lure bright young people to get them to go to
universities and get them to become immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a premium.
There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of organizations, of
course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best and the brightest.
You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an economy which is
becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.

参考答案
Currently, there is intense competition among companies and countries to attract and hire
the most talented individuals. The shortage of talent has led to battles for skilled workers and
the recruitment of young immigrants. Instead of keeping immigrants out, countries are
actively seeking them as a valuable resource. Talent has become a premium as societies
age, economies become sophisticated, and organizations across sectors compete to employ
the best and brightest.

199. Talent war V2 / 人才战争版本二 #5002 高频

音频原文
The time in late 1990s when management consultants wrote books with titles such as the
war for talent. There was a great deal of talk about the talent wars. And I think that was the
bursting of the bubble with the bursting of the dot-dom bubble and a sense of the people
who had been the masters of the universe just a few weeks before we' re out on the streets
looking for jobs. I think this created a reaction, it gave me ideas that there was a war for
talent. In fact, all of things we saw in the late 1990s are reasserting themselves now. All those
shortages are reasserting themselves and the real reason the auditing was really the bursting
of the bubble, not the shortages of talent. There are very profound structural forces which are
creating these talent shortages, one is the fact that the nature of the economy is changing,
it's putting more and more premium upon intellectual skills analytical skills, creative skills
which are in short supply. So there is a demand increase, but there is also a decrease in
supply. Because we are seeing now the aging of the baby boom, the shirking of populations
in Europe and Japan and not very long in China as well and the sort of stabilization of the
population of the United States so we see a time when there is a greater demand for
intellectual skills and slowing down in the supply of people who possess those skills and also

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a mismatch between the sort of things that people are learning at school and university and
the sort of things the economy is placing a premium on particularly with the shortage of
trained people in the sciences and engineering. So for all sort of reasons, there's a premium
on talent.

参考答案
There are talent wars because of the bursting of the bubble.

The profound structural forces are that the nature of the economy is changing.

There is a greater demand for intellectual skills.

Also, there is a mismatch between what people are learning at school and things the
economy is placing a premium.

So there is a demand increase, but there is also a decrease in supply and a premium on
talent.

200. Voynich manuscript / 伏尼契手稿 #4950 超高频

音频原文
Well, the Voynich manuscript does have many different theories proposed for it. Some
people think that it's a complete hoax. It's now been carbon dated from the 15th century. So
it’s most likely if it is hopes to have been a 15th-century hoax which I personally don’t
believe. But some people think it’s just gobbledygook. It’s just an invention to make money.
Somebody made it to fool people and make money. Other people think it’s probably a code.
In other words, someone encoded lots of secrets in it, hoping that no one would find out.
And if so, that’s been very successful because no one has corrected it so far. But, in my
opinion, it is actually a genuine script. Obviously, a human devised script but masking behind
it a genuine human language. In a language, it seems to me to have more if you like Near
Eastern, maybe Caucasian Asian aspects, to it rather than European because of some of the
words that I’ve decoded. So I would imagine that once we’ve actually managed to decode
the script, we’ll find that the language underneath is a natural human language probably from
that part of the world.

参考答案
There are different theories proposed for the Voynich manuscript.

It might be a complete hoax, a gobbledygook for people to make money and can also be a
code.

However, the speaker believes that it is a genuine script, which can reflect a natural human
language from that part of the world and can also tell us about nature communicating
wisdom about nature to other members of the group.

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201. Brain cell / 脑细胞 #4942 超高频

回忆要点：
的连接是独一无二的 即使是克隆的也是不同 以为这个取决于后天的经历还有
1. brain cell
环境 这也是人类和其他生物不同的原因之一。然后说每个人的不同的brain cell使我们每个
人成为individual
2. The connection of humans' brain cells is unique, even if it is a set of clones. The
reason is that the connection depends on our acquired experience and the
surroundings, which is also one of the key factors that differentiate humans and other
creatures. Our unique brain cells make us be unique individuals.
3. connection between brain cells even you’re an identical twin, you will still have unique
figuration and individual experience you’re shaped by your individual experience that’s
why human is stronger compared to other animals if you adapted the environment and
had individual experience, you would become an individual.

202. Employees' performance / 员工表现 #4723 中频

音频原文
Competition can drive performance and motivate employees. This is why departments in
companies would like to rank employees’ performance. Ranking between employees is
widely used in large corporations because they believe this can improve productivity. They
do so because they believe people with fear or hope will perform better. All companies over
the world are using this as their predominant practice. Moreover, battles between companies
can also improve the quality of their services to customers, which can urge companies to be
more creative. This is a common mistake, yet large companies are still using it. Competitions
may elicit fear and anxiety, because they focus employees on the threat of being laid off,
losing income, or being publicly humiliated. Several studies showing that when employees
interpret their arousal from a competition as fear, they are less likely to select creative
behaviors to solve problems. Therefore, for those who work with full of fears, it makes
creativity work impossible, even some simple work.

参考答案
Competition ranks employees to drive performance and motivation in companies, with the
belief that fear or hope improves productivity.

However, it is a common mistake as competitions induce fear and anxiety, jeopardizing

creativity. Studies show that interpreting competition as fear reduces the likelihood of
selecting creative problem-solving behaviors.

This fear-based mindset hinders creativity, making it impossible even for simple tasks.

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203. Indian peasants debt V2 / 印度农民债务（版本二） #4484 中频

音频原文
Today a hundred and fifty thousand farmers in India have committed suicide in areas where
seed has been destroyed, where they have to buy the seed from Monsanto, and buy it every
year very very high cost and that high-cost seed is getting them into debt and that debt is
pushing them to suicide. What we've done is create community seed banks, places where
we collect and save seeds, rescue them from disappearance, multiply them and then
distribute them according to farmers needs. About 40 community seed banks have been
created across the length and breadth of India, places where these have been created
farmers are not in distress because the biggest cost today is seeds and chemicals. These
seed banks have now been a new place where we can respond to the new crises of
globalization on the one hand and climate change on the other. Globalization has led to
farmers suicides. We are able to take seeds to these suicide zones and distribute the seeds
so that farmers can break out of that dependency, grow food crops, get out of debts. We've
been able to create community seed banks to deal with climate change with the extreme
flooding, the new droughts, the cyclones, the hurricanes that lead to salinization, and today,
for us, the work on seed has become the place from where we are responding to the worst
tragedies and the worst crises of our times.

参考答案
Thousands of Indian peasants committed suicide because of expensive seeds and
chemicals which contribute to their debts.

The community seed banks are created, working on the increase of seeds and distributing
seeds to farmers, to release their economic stress.

Furthermore, these banks help we respond to the globalization and climate change.

In conclusion, the seed banks help us respond to the worst tragedies and crises of our times.

204. Theater / 剧院 #4440 低频

回忆要点：开始speaker总结了一个词，没有听清（现在回想可能说的是一个效果）整体停
下来感觉应该是如何做好theatre，it will be difficult for xxx(我写的making good theatre)
because it cannot be experimental, 他说theatre should shows pure life, although there
will be new actors or directors. 他又说good theatre 包含心理学，物理学还有哲学，he
has a project and has been study this field since xxxx year(long period) 本人听力不高，
求大神补充
205. Safe drinking water / 安全饮用水 #4438 高频

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音频原文
Today I want to talk about water and the law that surrounds drinking water, to talk about its
quality, talk about what your rights are to clean water, to also give you a sense of what key
threats are to drinking water, what your exposure might be, and what we might to do about
it, both legally but also personally. Water is a critical component of our environment and our
bodies. Your body is close to 70 percent water. You can go for several weeks, two or three on
average, without food. You can only go for about four minutes without air. And you can go for
maybe four or five days without water before you die. So water is absolutely critical. And one
of the key arguments I want to make today is that it’s a largely neglected area of
environmental law, given the rapid increase in our knowledge about chemical threats to water
quality and where those threats come from.

参考答案
The lecture is about water and law. Water is a critical component of our environment and our
bodies.

Another thing is that there is a largely neglected area of environmental law, given the rapid
increase in our knowledge about chemical threats to water quality and where those threats
come from.

In conclusion, it is necessary to protect the quality of water legally but also personally. (65)

206. Non-verbal communication / 非语言沟通 #4397 低频

回忆要点：nonverbal communication plays an important role in communicating with
others. Facial expression; gestures, postures, presentation; job interview,

207. Music record / 唱片 #4387 高频

音频原文
The invention of the music recorder revolutionized the way music was preserved and
enjoyed. Similar to paintings, which captured images for posterity, the music recorder
allowed the capturing and playback of music for future generations. Through the use of disks
and phonographs, music could be recorded and played back repeatedly, providing a means
to preserve and education [Link] the past, it was difficult to imagine how people educated
themselves in music. There was a heavy reliance on live performances, with music only
accessible to those who could attend concerts or performances. However, with the advent of
the music recorder, music became more accessible to a wider audience. People could now
listen to music at their leisure, at any time and in the comfort of their own homes. The music
recorder also became a form of memory. It allowed people to create a personal collection of
their favorite songs, creating a soundtrack to their lives. With the ability to record and play
back music, people could relive special moments and memories associated with certain

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[Link], the invention of the music recorder had a profound impact on the way music
was preserved and experienced. It democratized music, making it accessible to all and
provided a form of memory that could be cherished and revisited.

参考答案
The invention of the music recorder had a similar function as paintings - to help preserve
music for the future generation.

Music was recorded on a disk and can be played in phonographs over and over again.

This changed the state of music. It is hard to imagine how people educated music in the
past.

Now people can learn music and music record is a form of existence of memory.

208. Different spectacles / 不同的眼镜 #4386 中频

音频原文
Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall look.
In fashion terms, they are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewelry, handbags or
watches. But in healthcare terms, they are called a medical device and, in many languages,
other than English, they are often described as a prosthesis, an artificial part of the body, part
of you, making you who you are and choosing your spectacles is therefore your major
decision. Increasingly, people own two or more pairs for different occasions or times of the
day and there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called lifestyle dispensing. And it dates
back to the 1950s. The idea is that you wear one type of spectacles in the workplace and
quite other at leisure or on the beach.

参考答案
Spectacles are both fashion accessories and medical devices , often referred to as
prostheses in many languages . Choosing the right pair is a major decision , and people now
own multiple pairs for different occasions , known as lifestyle dispensing . This trend has
existed since the 1950s , where individuals wear specific glasses at work and leisure .

209. Education purpose / 教育的目的 #4375 低频

回忆要点：3 education purposes for school-age students:[Link] contents to
students in their study fields [Link] students to practice what they've learnt [Link]
situations, community for learners to learn together and learn from peers If talking about
adults education, the purposes are the same.

210. Moon / 月亮的形成 #4374 高频

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回忆要点：讲的是月亮形成（原因collision），以及对于地球和人类进化的作用，前半部
分没有完全听出来，后半部分讲月亮的作用倒是听的很清晰也都记下来了
211. Overestimate height / 被高估的身高 #4373 低频
回忆要点：
回忆1.最后一句是people overestimate their height purely based on their reputation.文章
中提到的字有height，shorten，Oxford university，expect English department，列举了
lecturer students professors。大概是讲地位高的人觉得自己很高，求大神补充回忆！
回忆2.是有个lecturer请一个男的穿the same outfit并且保持everything the same去到不同
class去见不同学生。发现如果introduce他是普通人，学生会estimate and judge他的
height short，如果介绍他是professor or lecturer，大家觉得他个子高。最后一句就是
judge height purely based on the reputation
回忆[Link] estimate the height of a person based on his reputation. A gentle wearing
same cloth with same height is brought to different lectures and introduced to students
as different personal status such a professor or a student. Students estimate his height
to be taller if he is introduced as a professor than a student. 身高顺序 professor > senior
lecturer > lecturer > student

212. Energy consumption / 能源消耗 #4372 低频

音频原文
This is a 40-watt light bulb. If you leave it on all the time, it uses one kilowatt everyday. And
it’s possible to express all forms of power consumption using this unit of the light bulb. I
started measuring everything around my house, around my office. And I found some
surprising things. First, I plug in a phone charger. And it didn’t even register on this power
meter. It uses one hundredth of a light bulb of power. So I don’t think the phone chargers can
be our NO.1 phone energy consumption. Just taking one hot bath everyday uses the same
energy, same power of five light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. And I found I’ve been
steadily using 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating, making hot air or hot water. And that
surprises me. Transport is one of the biggest forms of energy consumption, and it uses about
a third about our energy. If you drive an average car 50 kilometers a day, that corresponds to
adding 40 light bulbs on all the time. Today, the average British person is using 125 light
bulbs of power. That’s 125 light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. That’s huge.

参考答案
It is possible to express all forms of power consumption using a 40-watt light bulb, and it is
surprising that 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating, making hot air or hot water, in addition,
transport is one of the biggest forms of energy consumption, and it uses about a third about
our energy, moreover, today the energy used by average British person is very huge.

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213. Face recognition / 人脸识别 #4371 超高频

音频原文
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really how well people
recognize objects, given how difficult the problem is, given how objects can be seen in all
different sorts of illumination, in different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to
extract that information, we are able to take the visual stuff out there, interpret it in a way that
allows us to recognize all the different things that we can in our environment. Today we’re
gonna kind of carry on looking at that, but we gonna look at what’s really a special class of
objects. That’s the human face. So we gonna look at how we recognize human faces and
how we do it quite as well as we do. We’re really expert at recognizing faces. So again we
can think about how do we take that visual information and how do we transform it into a
form which allows us to put a name to a face, and to do all the other clever things that we
can do with faces. So I’m gonna start off again by just pointing out that it’s a hard problem.
Face recognition is a hard problem, and it’s a clever thing we do. If you think about all the
different types of faces you can recognize, and all the different types of information you can
get from the face, you kind of start to appreciate how well we can do face recognition.

参考答案
The topic is mainly about face recognition. Firstly, the speaker mentions that we can
recognize objects from different positions and different environments. Secondly, he
mentioned the processes of how to recognize people's faces. How do we take visual
information from people's faces? And how do we put names on different faces? So face
recognition is a very hard problem.

214. Parenting baby / 育儿 #4370 低频

回忆要点：考了，parenting baby, do conversation, promote baby's development,
support and make parents enjoy it..女声且很短~状态不好，没听出来太多

215. Motivation / 激励 #4369 低频

回忆要点：This lecture describes about motivation with the concept and examples. The
professor says motivation means to move to action. There are lots of factors can affect
motivation such as interests, value and [Link] professor says, when people grow
older, there are more things they have done. 我的答案应该只有全文的2/5，文章不难没有
难词 ……

216. Living things / 生物 #4368 中频

音频原文
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Far too many people often say things like animals do this but we don't. Or this animal does
this and that animal does this, but the humans don't do things like that. Those statements
have some hidden assumptions like we are not animals. When we say animals do this,
animals do that, we often assume they are not animals. If we are not animals, what are we?
Are we plants or trees or flowers? No, we are not. Then okay we are not plants? And are we
microorganisms, really tiny microscopic things? No, we are not. Then the natural conclusion
must be we are not living things. That's not true. Yes, we are animals and I see animals in us
and I see humans in animals. So I'm going to talk about the animal behavior and human
nature. In order to understand human nature, we can look into animals eyes and animal
behavior and find something about what made us, who we are.

参考答案
When people usually say things like animals do these but we do not, these statements have
some assumptions like we are not animals, actually, we are animals, and if we want to
understand human nature, we can look into animals eyes and animal behaviors and find
something about what made us, who we are.

217. Translator and interpreter / 笔译员与同声传译员 #4360 中频

音频原文
Hello, it's Megan. This week I'm going to talk about the difference between translators and
interpreters. It's a common misconception that translators and interpreters do the same
thing. So I just like to highlight a few similarities and differences between the two. Firstly,
translation refers to written communication whereas interpreting refers to verbal
communication. So, for example, a translator will not attend a court hearing to verbally
translate between the parties involved. But would translate the written evidence used in the
case. Secondly, both jobs require different skills. I translate to require the ability to write well
and comprehensively into a target language. This means that they need to have an excellent
command of their native language. For example, although I can speak French to a good
standard. I cannot translate from English to French although I could translate from French to
English, which means I'm only halfway there to being an international player. An interpreter
needs to be able to speak both languages proficiently. Thirdly, the qualifications and
experience required to become either a professional translator or interpreter do differ. Both
roles acquire years of training, the resulting qualification. But what they can learn from the
training will be completely different. So just to be clear, translators will translate written texts
and interpreters will translate a verbal communication.

参考答案
This lecture is about the difference between translators and interpreters.

Firstly, translation refers to written communication whereas interpreting refers to verbal

communication.

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Secondly, both jobs require different skills.

Thirdly, the qualifications and experience required to become either a professional translator
or interpreter do differ.

In short, translators will translate written texts and interpreters will translate a verbal
communication.

218. Cooperation in sports industry / 体育领域的合作 #4329 中频

回忆要点：
回忆1.讲了cooperation 在三个领域中 一个是sport 然后解释了一下这也是为啥teamwork
sport这么多的原因 然后说在商业中 举例子说有两个firms 合作拍了movie 最后说在
industry中
回忆[Link] industry needs cooperation, but competition is the most important in most
of other industries. For companies like Telstra and Optus, there is always competition
between them and customers can be better off from the competition. But for companies
in sports, there is an unusual cooperation between companies. For instance, they need
to cooperate to use the stadium on Friday nights. ( 还有提到
antitrust legislation)

219. Money / 金钱 #4326 低频

回忆要点：
回忆[Link] is valuable nature of human beings Community decides it is valuable gold
coins Money is more valuable than gold, silver, ... cause it is precious metal. It has to be
durable.
回忆2.我听力不好，供参考。Speaking of the history and culture of human, we might
also think about the nature of human beings. We use anything for money. In the last
century, we saw money as time or a piece of paper. But now anything valuable and
anything can be interchanged or traded are considered as money. For example, if the
government decides to use something for commence, it will become the money ( 意思说
只要是用于商业交易的都会被当作money). 后面的一句话说到the gold coin, 但是跟前后的
关系不知道是什么, 还有...throughout the centuries and millenniums. Now there are more
valuable types of money, such as gold, silver, precious metal and ... (好像有一个没听到).
But they are hard to be gotten hold of. One thing to be mentioned is that they must be
durable.

220. Time traveling / 时光机 #4325 中频

音频原文

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Time travel has been a fascinating concept for centuries, but the main problem with this idea
is the elusive nature of time itself. While people understand the concept of time in everyday
conversation, no one can truly explain what it is or how it works. This has been a popular
topic of discussion in modern society, but the exploration of time is not a new concept. In
fact, it dates back to around 600 years ago. The mystery of time continues to intrigue and
perplex us, as we grapple with its fluidity and the possibility of traversing through it. Despite
the inability to define time, the concept of time travel remains a persistent curiosity, as we
continue to explore the potential of bending and manipulating the confines of time.

参考答案
The main problem of time traveling/traveling is that people need to understand what time is,
but nobody can explain it. People know what time means when they talk about it, but no one
can explain it in specific. Talking about what time is has been a popular topic in modern
society. However, time is not a new subject because it started around 600 years ago.

221. Mary Mallon V2 / 玛丽马龙 版本二 #4320 低频

音频原文
In 1906 in New York City, the Warren family got sick with the disease called "typhoid fever".
Typhoid fever was a scary disease without a cure. First a person would feel tired and
feverish, and then they would have muscle aches, weight loss, rash and a swollen abdomen.
Quite often typhoid fever would lead to death. A government worker came to the Warren
home to investigate and see where the typhoid fever could have come from. As the worker
investigated, he took notice of the cook Mary Mallon. Mallon had worked as a cook for many
families in the early 1900s and each of them had contracted typhoid fever. It was soon
realized that Mary Mallon was an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever. That meant that she
had the disease all the time but she never felt any symptoms of it. She was spreading the
disease without even knowing it. Mallon was given the nickname Typhoid Mary. Doctors and
scientists were very intrigued by Mallon and wanted to examine her, but she would always
refuse. There was even an instance that she chased away doctors with a carving fork.
Eventually she was arrested and sent to a prison. Doctors were finally able to determine that
her gallbladder was where the dangerous bacteria was and they offered to remove it, but she
refused. Mallon was sent to live in a quarantine hospital on North Brother Island in New York.
She lived there for three years before she was released. At that point she had to agree to
change occupations and not be a cook anymore. Mallon did that for a time but later changed
her name to Mary Brown and began working as a cook again. Of course, families became
sick and Typhoid Mary was to blame. Mallon kept running from authorities as she went from
job to job and people became sick. She was finally stopped after she started an outbreak at
the Sloane Hospital for Women in New York City. Mallon was quarantined for the remainder
of her life. When she died in 1938, an autopsy revealed that she did in fact have live a
typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. Typhoid Mary's body was cremated and her remains were
buried at the st. Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx.

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参考答案
In 1906, Warren family got a disease called typhoid fever, which could not be cured, then
there was a woman called Mary Mallon, she was an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever,
and therefore was called Typhoid Marry.

However, she refused to be examined and changed her name and jobs.

Finally, she died in 1938, an autopsy revealed that she did in fact have lived a typhoid
bacteria in her gallbladder.

222. Ugly building / 难看的建筑 #4255 超高频

音频原文
It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and
trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets are, where I live
are really really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk to a
tube. I think why did they built that and with terribly without architecture. It last so long, and if
you write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked when it be showed and
then no one would suffer. A bad building has a serious impact for, could be hundreds of
years on the people around it. And suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration,
almost anger than there is so much bad architecture around. And then I realize if you talk
about architecture, you will say why building are not more beautiful. Then you will say I can
use such work as "beauty", that's a really arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful
is. It's all in the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well, you know that we
all attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milkykings, and San Francisco has the edge on
Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they are somethings we can say
about why a building work or why it doesn't. So the books really attempt to suggest why
architecture works when it does and what might going to be wrong when it doesn't work.

参考答案
Architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and trouble.

I think many of the streets in London are really ugly.

A bad building has a serious impact on the people around it.

And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of beholder.

People can make that sort of generalization about different cities.

The books really attempt to suggest why architecture works.

223. Adam Smith / 亚当斯密的国富论 #4074 超高频

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音频原文
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing belief among British economists was that a
nation's wealth was purely a measure of the amount of money that individuals could amass.
However, in a groundbreaking shift of perspective, Adam Smith challenged this notion in
1776. Smith argued that a nation's wealth should not be limited to just agricultural activities
but should also include manufacturing, noting that a nation's true riches lay in its ability to
produce goods and services. According to Smith, national wealth is synonymous with
national income, which is a direct reflection of the nation's total output. This shift in thinking
introduced the foundational concepts that continue to shape modern views on wealth and
national economic indicators

参考答案
Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists previously believed a nation’s wealth was
how much money people can pile up, but Adam Smith in 1776 believed that a nation’s
wealth included not onlyagriculture but also manufacture, and the nation’s wealth was the
ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal to the nation’s income since
national income measures and equals national output.

224. Global Warming / 全球变暖 #4062 超高频

音频原文
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality of global climate
change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing emission of so-called
"greenhouse" gases - primarily carbon dioxide - into the atmosphere. As these effects
become increasingly more obvious worldwide, so commercial interests, groups of concerned
individuals and national governments have been gripped by what amounts to mass panic
about what to do about it. To many, Paul Ehrlich's Malthusian "Population Bomb" of 1968
appears about to explode in the world's face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of
population growth which outpaces agricultural production capacity - with predictably
catastrophic results for humanity. And his three-part crisis scenario does indeed seem now
to be present: a rapid rate of change, a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving that limit.
Ehrlich's work was roundly criticized at the time, and later, from many quarters, and much of
what he predicted did not come about. Nevertheless, can the world afford to take the risk
that the climate scientists have got it wrong? Is it not in everyone's interests to apply the
Precautionary Principle in attempting to avoid the worst of their predictions - now, rather than
at some future time? As the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Mr. Rajendra Pachauri, has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since
instrumental records began have occurred in the past twelve, while major precipitation
changes are taking place on a global scale.

参考答案

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There is no reasonable and scientific doubt about the reality of global climate change effects
brought on by the growing emission, while many stake holders feel mass panic about
solution because of the increasingly obvious effects worldwide.

Nevertheless, the climate scientists have got it wrong probably risking the world due to
everyone’s interest now or future.

Finally, the warmest records are recent, while major precipitation changes occur globally. (69)

225. Endangered Language / 濒危的语言 #3921 超高频

音频原文
Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine
Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the mindsets of most people that they have
difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about, because they are not used to thinking more
about language as an issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets. We need
to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more intimately, more enthusiastically.
Interest in language is certainly there, in the general population – most people are fascinated
by such topics as where words come from, or what the origin of their town’s name is, or
whether their baby’s name means anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and
a host of other language games ad infinitum; and language games are often found on radio
and television, too – but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a
preparedness to take on board the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language
endangerment, is not something that happens much.

参考答案
This lecture is about language death. It is not mainstream anything, and people are not used
to thinking more about language as an issue in itself.

Besides, it seems that people do not have enough willingness to focus on general issues or
recognize the situation of language endangerment.

Since interest in language is still certainly in the general population, it is our responsibility to
change those mindsets. (67)

226. HTML / 超文本标记语言 #3803 超高频

音频原文
Well, the 90s came around and finally it clicked that normal people could get online, which
hadn't really clicked before. And the little trick that finally put it together was Tim Berners Lee
HTML, so thank you to the UK for providing the fellow who finally put the missing chink in
place. And then what happened in the 90s was this extraordinary outpouring of creativity and
constructiveness from millions and millions of [Link] were millions of people making

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Web pages, creating content online, creating social experiments, creating lessons - all sorts
of [Link] the first decade of the web took place without much of a profit motive, without
any particular charismatic figures driving it, without fear, without a desire for an afterlife or
any other religious gambits, without advertising, without any of the traditional motivational
[Link] simply happened because people enjoyed it and it was a good idea.

参考答案
In the 90s, the realization that normal people could get online came about with the
development of Tim Berners Lee's HTML. This led to a surge of creativity and constructive
contributions from millions of people. Web pages, online content, social experiments, and
various lessons were created. This initial decade of the web was driven by enjoyment and the
idea itself, without profit motives, charismatic figures, fear, religious motivations, or
advertising.

227. Misuse of Drugs / 药物的滥用 #3634 高频

音频原文
“But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home?” “There are a number of
dangers. Parents should know that leftover drugs are dangerous because they may be
accidentally ingested by children. Either adults don’t keep the bottles properly closed and
stored or because even many kids can sometimes open childproof lids. Patients may use the
drugs after their expiration date. The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. For
example, someone may have a viral infection and self-prescribed to left over into microbial
that was prescribed for a bacterial infection. But that drug will have no effect as the viral
infections. Drugs that are left over might be given to or taken by someone else who may
have a serious allergy to the medicine and who for that reason would not be prescribed to
medicine under the supervision of a physician. Finally, inappropriate use of drugs promotes
drug resistance if the drug is taken for the wrong indication, the wrong duration, or in the
wrong dosage. “Todd, what can people do about this how can the situation be improved?” “I
think physicians, patients and parents of patients can take steps to improve the situation.
First of all, physicians should prescribe the drug only when appropriate, only in the correct
amount and only for the correct duration. Also, the physician must stress to the patient that
the full course of the drug must be taken. This is recommended even if symptoms resolved
before the end of the prescription and parents of children on antibiotics need to ensure they
complete their course as well.”

参考答案
There are a number of dangers of keeping drugs at home.

Children may accidentally ingest leftover drugs, and patients may use the expired drugs.

The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons.

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Inappropriate use of drugs may develop an allergy to the medicine and promote drug
resistance.

Therefore, physicians should provide essential medication-related information for patients

and stress the full course of the drug must be taken.

228. Water Purification / 水的净化 #3600 中频

This topic is described as water purification.
We all want to learn science to deal with global problems.
A huge global problem we are all facing is how to purify water.
CBAM is a foundation working on this problem and focusing on human health.
In developed countries, people are lucky to have bottled water and water from the tap to
drink, but water purification is still a major global problem that needs to be solved.
Nanotechnology would be used to find corresponding solutions, and it’s promising that
the problem can be solved.
回忆要点：
回忆[Link] science to solve the problems，there are 2 main problems like how to Pure
water and how to improve health. 然后举例一个机构（好像叫 CBAM） working on water
problem in countries have sufficient water resources and countries don’t. 最后说一个啥
科技 is the great way to solve this problem.
回忆[Link]有一道记得比较清楚是我们学习science 是为了解决global problem，现在非常需
要解决的是水净化，虽然我们能买瓶装水，有tap water，但是仍需要解决
229. Prevention of pandemic Transmitting / 传染病的预防 #3586 中频
音频原文
What we know is that the impact of the pandemic would be catastrophic if it is similar to
what we had in 1918. In the United States, there has been unprecedented amount of
preparation so far. It’s ..um, affects every aspect of public health. We have efforts for
treatment, efforts for better prevention, clinical management, key communications, the
domestic and international responses, and also efforts to try to prevent transmission within
community. The federal government has had tremendous amount of resources that they have
put into development of the new antiviral drugs, antiviral drugs stock piles; development of
new vaccines and manufacturing facilities for vaccines. So, there’s quite a lot that’s
happening in the United States. However, developing countries do not have the level of
resources found in more developed countries. That’s the real challenge.

参考答案
This topic is described as prevention of pandemic transmitting.

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United States uses some methods to prevent pandemic transmitting, such as antiviral drugs.

In developing countries, it is more difficult for the government to make efforts to prevent
disease because the lack of resources will be a big challenge.

230. Sign language / 手语 #3583 超高频

音频原文
So the topic for today is abstraction. And this is a very important layer of computers because
you can't do anything with a computer unless you have a symbolic system in place. Right.
So we're talking about the origin of symbolic systems. Language is a classic symbolic
system. Apparently, one theory for why language evolved is that people communicated with
sign language and with movement quite well for a long time. And it turned out that they
wanted to communicate even while they were doing things. So, while they were trying to
strangle the dinosaur, not the dinosaurs, the rhinoceros, they wanted to say "Come help me"
and they use sign language to do it. They had to let go the rhinoceros and the rhinoceros ran
away. So you can see that it's a good idea to be able to do something with your hands and
be able to communicate at the same time. Hence, words and language.

参考答案
Abstraction is a vital layer in computers , enabling symbolic systems necessary for their
functioning . The origin of symbolic systems can be traced back to the evolution of language
. It is believed that early humans communicated effectively through sign language and
movement , but desired to communicate while engaged in activities . This led to the
development of words and language , allowing them to communicate while performing tasks
.

231. Industrialization / 工业化 #3578 超高频

音频原文
Within most developed countries, notions of pragmatism, notions of the fact that we have
democracies, have succeeded in tempering the market economy. In the 19th century, 18th
century, the Industrial Revolution has a very negative effect on people, particularly working
classes all over the world. We see data where life expectancy was reduced, hikes we were
reduced, we were looking at the medical record. We can see that actually, living standards,
much among large fractions of population, actually went down. But eventually, we pass the
legislation about working conditions. And eventually, we circumscribe some of the worst
kinds of behavior. We eventually, in the 20th century, we put regulations that composed
better environmental conditions. And so some of the damage was reversed, and that we
have made the market economy work and ways that the benefits of the all is far more what
we shared in the world a hundred years ago.

参考答案
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In most developed countries, pragmatism and democracy successfully tempering the market
economy.

In the past, the Industrial Revolution had negative effects on people, including reducing life
expectancy and living standards going down.

However, we pass the legislation about working conditions, circumscribe worst behavior and
put regulations that composed better environmental conditions.

Therefore, some damage was reversed, and we make the market economy work and better
benefits for everybody.

232. Genetic Impact / 基因 #3568 超高频

音频原文
Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact only
on people's physical structure. However, the study of mapping of genes in 2001 found that
there is a genetic responsibility to human's physical and psychological behaviors, which has
changed the way we understand our behaviors. Findings from behavioral genetic research
have broadly impacted modern understanding of the role of genetic and environmental
influences on behavior. The research on genes has provided integrating information, and the
findings can benefit biologists, psychologists and neuroscientists. Qualitative research has
fostered arguments that behavioral genetics is an ungovernable field without scientific norms
or consensus, which fosters controversy.

参考答案
Since the discovery of DNA structure, genes have an impact only on people's physical
structure;

The study found that there is a genetic responsibility to human's physical and psychological
behaviors;

It has changed the way we understand our behaviors;

The research on genes has provided integrating information;

The findings can benefit biologists, psychologists, and neuroscientists.

233. Australian housing / 澳洲住房 #3539 超高频

音频原文
Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s showing of how well
the Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more
or less of an uninterrupted economic growth during which average earning has been raised

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by close to 90 percent. While over the course of that period, the standard variable mortgage
rate has roughly halved. That meant that the amount which a typical home buying household
can afford to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly applied as they used to be had more
than doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling average household size has
meant that the number of households looking for accommodation has risen by about one
and a half million. That’s around 200 thousand more than the number of dwellings has
increased by. So you have had a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households.
No net increase in the supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing power has
gone into pushing up the price of housing.

参考答案
The reason why the Australian housing is so expensive is that it’s showing of how well the
Australian economy has been doing.

During this period, the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly halved.

Also, number of households looking for accommodation has risen.

Therefore, there is a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households.

No net increase in the supply of housing enhances purchasing power.

234. Memories / 记忆 #3538 高频

This topic is described as different systems of memories, including implicit memory and
explicit memory.
Implicit memory is also called procedural memory, which cannot be consciously
recalled. It is an experimental or functional form of memory.
With implicit memory, behavior is automatic, and we do not know when we use it.
Examples of implicit memory include using language naturally, driving and reading.
When people try to describe the behavior of driving, they may even mislead themselves.
Explicit memory consists of a great deal of highly personal memories related to time
space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory.
Examples of explicit memory include remembering people’s birthdays and answering
multiple questions on the test.
回忆要点：
回忆1.主要讲Differences of memories. 形成了people’s behavior， Procedure of memory
, 又说了Using Language naturally, reading and riding are automatically, try to describe,
conscious, 最后一句话是 consist a lot of highly personal memories.
回忆[Link] system of memory，人require记忆和语言一样naturally，然后有了记忆就
automatically 运用出来，所以don't know when we use it。举例子学会开车后就回来，
answering multiple question in the test等等很自然的就会了！

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回忆3.讲system of memory 分implicit 和 explicit, people are not aware of it called

implicit, implicit relates cultural and social background, 然后听到的是 language is
automatic, reading and riding can be动词没听清楚 only once，接着说 explicit is
different, it relates space and time and is more personnel, e.g. Birthday many years ago
and questions on the test
回忆4.考到 和回忆3差不多 考试原文和62楼同学说的2:03的视频不一样 但是后半段可以稍
微参考下他的表达 上来讲 talk about memory，什么hinden information （不重要） 先讲
implicit memory，also known as procedural memory，its about culture and social，开始
举例子，driving automatically，speak language naturally，reading，but cannot describe
it 后讲explicit momory，known as episodic memory，its different from implicit
memory，more about time and space，related to personal life experience，举例子
remembering birthday，answer MQC（在开始讲explicit memory之前，很快速的说了一
句 我们所谓的bad memory 是指explicit memory 感觉像是在两个memory 之间过渡一下）
考试是女声，语速我觉得还是偏快的 但key words 应该就都是这些了
235. Political Words / 政治词语 #3534 中频
This topic is described as political words.
Socialism started in 1880s, while communism started in 1840s. But both of them were
not worded until French revolution.
The political words “left” and “right” originated from the national assembly during the
French revolution. Political left referred to the left side of the speaker podium, while
political right referred to the right side.
Political left means progressive while right conserves to the old regime.
回忆要点：
一个什么在19xx年，另一个在1840年，但是都were not words，直到french revolution。
然后开始讲political left and political right. Right means progressive while left represents
conserving elements of the old.
political left and right, left aggressive, right conserve to the old regime , after the French
revolution
Socialism 起源于1880s，communism起源于1840s，直到French Revolution后才成为意识
形态，left和right这两个political word就来源于法国革命是national assembly的会议，left
指left side of the speaker podium, right指right side of the speaker podium.
236. The Free Human Rights / 自由人的权利 #3533 超高频
音频原文
The Human Rights Act can be seen as far-reaching, some would argue controversial in the
UK’s history of rights. At the same time, it can be described as a somewhat cautious
document that provides the starting point for a wider application of law to rights. In many

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ways, the freedom protections contained in the Human Rights Act were not new to people in
the UK. The Act puts into UK law most of the clauses of the European Convention on Human
Rights. The convention itself was devised following the end of the Second World War by the
Council of Europe. UK law has played a significant role in the drafting of the Convention and
the UK was among the first governments to ratify the convention in 1951. Rights are
sometimes described as being of a positive or a negative nature. That’s to say some can be
expressed as a right to and others as freedom from. The 1998 act puts into place 15 specific
rights and freedoms which include rights to liberty and security, a free trial, free expression,
free elections and the right to marry and found a family. There are also freedoms from torture,
from slavery or forced labor and from discrimination on grounds such as race, sex, religion,
political opinion or social origin. The Human Rights Act has been described as the start of a
process. The act itself does not expand on the provisions made by the European Convention
which some would consider is following a baseline or a minimum standard for human rights.

参考答案
The Human Rights Act is controversial in the UK’s history of rights and is the beginning to
apply rights in law.

UK law plays a significant role in drafting the European Convention and UK ratifies the
convention.

Rights can be positive and negative in terms of rights and freedom.

So, the act is the start of a process, which is the minimum standard for human rights.

237. An Advertisement / 一则广告 #3531 中频

音频原文
Consumers are the core section of any business. In fact, the whole concept of any business
is surrounded by the behavior of consumers. And the value of the consumer is a crucial
factor. Now, we have to understand a consumer is not to be taken likely. He knows what
product he wants. Consumers are extremely smart. They could make decisions about price
and value of products in minutes or sometimes in a few seconds. So, a business, therefore,
needs to uplift its brand image. Consumers are willing to pay 15 more for quality products.
However, the conflict starts when manufacturers fail to meet the expectations. This lies in the
basic fundamental of engineering in designing a product. Consumers want products to be
the softest. But at the same time, they also want products like toilet paper to be light and
strong, something which can easily be torn. The brand Tide is a really good example. There
was a problem of shaking the washing powder before being put into the machine as it calls
damage to the material of the clothes. Tide had to make up to a lot of expectations for
consumers.

参考答案

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Consumers are crucial to any business, and their behavior shapes the entire business
[Link] are smart and make quick decisions about price and value. Businesses must
enhance their brand image to meet consumer expectations. However, conflicts arise when
manufacturers fail to meet these expectations due to design constraints. For example,
consumers want soft yet tear-resistant products like toilet paper, creating challenges for
brands like Tide to meet diverse consumer needs.

238. The Big Bang Theory / 宇宙大爆炸理论 #3528 中频

音频原文
One of the most amazing things that have happened even in my lifetime is the prediction of
cosmology. When I started out forty-odd years ago, we thought we knew that the universe
began a big bang, some people doubted even then. We thought the universe was about ten
or twenty billion years old. But now for really very sound scientific reasons, we can say that
the universe did start in a big bang and it’s 13.8 billion years old. So it’s not 14, it's not 13
because a decimal point in there and that’s a stunning achievement to know that. And we
also know that the laws of physics that apply to tiny particles inside atoms also explain what
happened in the big bang, you can’t have one without the other. A very neat example of this
is that when you apply nuclear physics, that kind of physics to understand how stars work,
you find out that the oldest star in the universe is about 13 billion years old. So their universe
is just a little bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if we had done it and counted in the other
way around and said that the stars were older than the universe, we would say science was
in deep trouble. But it’s not, everything fits together and we know how the universe began,
we got to know how the way it is. The future that it'll suspect we don't know quite well
what's going, but we got some ideas, which are as good as those ideas we had 40 years ago
about how big bang happened.

参考答案
In cosmology scientists used to think the Big Bang happened about 10 to 20 billion years
[Link], the universe started in a Big Bang over 13.8 billion years [Link] laws of
physics can explain how the stars work. lt fits well because the universe is older than the
oldest star. We know how the universe began,but we don't know what will happen in the
future.

239. Food and Income / 食物与收入 #3527 超高频

音频原文
In my view, it's impossible to talk about wildlife, and not think about its role in livelihood. And
I guess part of that is my own view, part of the research that I do in Africa. In most eastern-
west Africa. I look a role, all the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food, and also the
source of income. And we talk about our wildlife, it seems we talk about fish, we are talking
about what probably the single most important source of protein for human that across the

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globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion of people rely on fish as their primary source
of animal protein, and most of these people living in poverty. So the management of fish
resource of wildlife in that sense causing incredibly important to livelihoods and health. And
also, wildlife tourism is the multiple billion dollar industry, and in many places, such as Africa,
south America, it can be the No.1 source of income, it can be the No.1 source of foreign
income for economies.

参考答案
The lecture is about the role of wildlife in [Link] rely on wildlife as the source of
food and income in Africa. Fish is the primary source of animal protein for poor [Link]
management of fish resources is important to livelihoods and [Link] ，wildlife
tourism is the top source of income in many countries.

240. History and journalism / 历史与新闻 #3524 中频

This topic is described as good quality of history.
Qualities of history and journal are similar because they all need resource and evidence,
attention of logic, style and writing.
These factors are crucial for academic and journal papers.
There is no clear line between them.
回忆要点：
，就说了一些rules关于怎么判定是好的quality，比如说logic，
[Link] quality of history
style，writings, 最后他说这些rules对academic and journal papers也很重要
[Link] of history and journal are similar because they all need resource and
evidence, attention of logic, style and writing which is quite crucial for academic and
journal papers. Hence, there is no clear line between them.
The quality of good journalism is like the quality of a good academic history. Firstly, they
both need the determination to look for all available sources and the collection of
evidence. Secondly, they both need universal sympathy for all sides of the story. Thirdly,
they both need detailed attention to logic and literary style, which means the articles
should be vivid, interesting and have a clear writing style.

241. A Survey on Happiness / 一项关于幸福的调查 #3523 高频

音频原文
So happiness economics can help us get to these questions, and I'll try to give you some
examples of this. Now, even though there's a lot of skepticism, originally about using this
survey - surveys what people say make them happy. The number of reason that we are
getting increasingly confident in doing so. One is that their consistent pattern - remarkable
consistent pattern, that determines well-being across large samples of people, across

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countries, across the world, and over time. Some of the basic things that make people
happy, and I will show you some of these income health, marital status, employment status.
Some of these very basic things are remarkably consistent across countries across world. So
that gives us some sense that these surveys are picking up consistent patterns. And when
we know what consistent patterns are, we can look how other things that very much more,
affect people's well-being. The environment and equality, the natures institution raging on
living, and all kinds of other things that very much more.

参考答案
Happiness economics uses surveys to identify factors that impact well-being and happiness.
Despite skepticism, consistent patterns have emerged across large samples of people and
countries. Basic factors like income, health, marital and employment status consistently
affect happiness globally. This knowledge helps researchers study how other factors such as
the environment, equality, and societal institutions influence well-being.

242. The Definition of Risk / 关于危险的定义 #3515 超高频

音频原文
What's the literal definition of "risk"? Business schools use risk analysis. So, what do you
mean by "risk", and we need a dictionary. When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal
definition of risk. What it says is, the definition for example, the possibility of injury, a
dangerous element or factor, chance of, degree or possibility of such loss, and so on. So,
risk has two parts, as you look at the literal definition of risk. One part is the consequence of
some kind of particular danger, hazard loss. And the other is about the probability, of it:
chance and consequence, OK? And then at least just as English language concerns, when
you look up the word of safe and safety, which you'll earn as, it's a little bit of a loop, a little
circular argument that free from harm or risks, secure from danger, harm or loss, the
condition of being safe and so on for all. And why we take out of it? At least when we talk
about safe at least in English language, we are talking absolute something is safe, or it
sounds safe.

参考答案
The literal definition of "risk" refers to the possibility of injury, a dangerous element or factor,
and the chance or degree of loss. It has two parts: the consequence of a particular danger or
hazard, and the probability of it occurring. On the other hand, "safe" means being free from
harm or risks, secure from danger or loss. In English language, when something is
considered safe, it implies absolute safety.

243. Experiment on Body Fat Change / 观察体脂变化的实验 #3510 超高频

音频原文

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I would like to look at a recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers on diet. Total
thirty-one women volunteered in the survey. They've been told to participate in the exercise
program without changing their diet. After careful observation, the researchers actually found
that some volunteers experienced a body fat change after six months from the day they've
started the experiment. The finding further stated that some actually lost a significant amount
of fat, which led to a decrease in body mass. On the other hand, there were others who did
not lose fat at all. So, I guess, the study concludes that there must be two explanations.
Those who did not lose weight must have eaten more. And another factor is that it is
because there are psychological reasons - not to believe in losing fat.

参考答案
A study by Canadian researchers involved 31 women in an exercise program with no diet
changes. After six months, some volunteers experienced significant weight loss and reduced
body fat, while others did not. The study suggests that those who didn't lose weight may
have consumed more calories or had psychological factors impacting their belief in fat loss.

244. Faults and Earthquake / 断层与地震 #3509 高频

音频原文
So faults are breaks in the earth crust, we can identify them because of the discontinuity in
the structure within the earth crust across fault. And earthquake occur on these faults, so
vary processes by which these faults moves to a large extent is due to earthquakes. So we
have a fault plane and the earthquake is so focus on this fault plane and the earthquake
starts at the particular point on the fault plane and we call that the focus of the earthquake.
The rock propagates out from that point on the rupture plain to cover the entire fault plane.
The rupture is in that particular earthquake. We talked about the epicenter of the earthquake
a lot. The epicenter is just the surface projection of the focus of the earthquake. So if you
wanted to looking at map view where the earthquake was located we would be able to look
that into the earth. We would see the focus down some depth in the earth or the epicenter
just a point vertically above that focus at the surface of the earth. So this is the focus
between the faults and the earthquakes.

参考答案
Faults are breaks in the earth's crust, identified by discontinuity in its structure. Earthquakes
occur on faults, starting at the focus on the fault plane and propagating along the rupture
plane. The rock covered the entire fault plane during the earthquake. The epicenter is the
surface projection of the focus, allowing us to locate earthquakes on a map. Understanding
the fault and earthquake relationship helps determine earthquake locations.

245. Decline of bees / 蜜蜂数量减少 #3505 超高频

音频原文

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So, various conclusions. Yes, bees are in decline. These declines are well documented. They
are supported by the strong scientific evidence. It is the only evidence that accounts. The
drives to decline are various depending on species. The loss of pollinator may be huge. So is
it a catastrophe? Not yet, but it could be. On the positive side, we're aware of the problem
and people are taking actions. Before fixing the problem, we can recognize it.

参考答案
This lecture mainly talks about bees are in [Link] declines are well documented and
reported by strong scientific evidence, which is the only evidence that [Link] drives to
the decline are many depending on different [Link] loss of pollinators may be
[Link] not yet a catastrophe, the positive side is people are aware of the problem and
are taking actions to fix it.

246. Children’s depression / 儿童抑郁症 #3504 中频

音频原文
A depression in a child dates back as far as the 16th century when the first concept of
children's depression was discovered. A research was taken at that time to find out what
happened to children who suffer from depression. The study revealed that a dramatic
increase in children's depression can increase the risk of life. For example, long-term illness
such as diabetes and heart disease are caused by depression. One of the studies shows
children with depression behave differently and respond differently to medical treatment. This
is why many specialists respond differently to medical treatment. This is why many
specialists have tried bringing a cure but no one found a perfect medicine. It is quite rare that
children suffer from depression but in the recent study the number has dramatically
increased. Nowadays no one doubt about children's depression. It has become a common
sickness in a child. Children's depression is still a puzzle for scientists and specialists that
needs to be resolved sooner than later.

参考答案
This topic is described as children depression.

In the past, children rarely have depression.

A research showed a dramatic increase in children depression, which change the way people
think about children depression.

Now, no one doubt about children depression. In conclusion, the study shows children with
depression behave differently and respond differently to medical treatment.

回忆要点：
回忆1：The topic taken into consideration is children's depression, back to 16th century.
There are following studies to find out what happened to children with depression, which

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increases the risks of life, such as diabetes and heart disease. To scientist interest, it is very
different as they though before, also the medicine. Children's depression is still a puzzle
needs to be resolved.

In the past, children rarely have depression. A research showed a dramatic increase in
children depression, which change the way people think about children depression. Now, no
one doubt about children depression. The study shows children with depression behave
differently and respond differently to medical treatment.

补充几个细节，Childhood Depression先是说in the 16th century, it is rare that child have

depression but the in a recent study the number is significantly increasing, nowadays no one
will doubt the child will get depression in their childhood. 然后说，the ways child shows
depression is different and the medicine they used is different. 最后是the puzzles still need to
be solved. 有个细节说是increasing risks of children depression对他们长大成人后也让大家改
变想法，不确定是不是发病率risks都让大家改变了，所以我都写了……除了no doubts以外，
还leading to more studies for further research
回忆2.过去 rarely depression occurred in childhood if it occurred，there was no much to do
做了很多研究 the result shows that a huge increase in childhood depression 现在no one
doubt children depression 研究表明 children behave differently，responds to medicine
differently which remains a puzzle to resolve

247. Krebs / 克雷布斯 #2484 中频

音频原文
This is Hans Krebs, who in 1937 published a paper showing the sequence of chemical
reactions, by which energy is released in individual cells. It is called the Krebs cycle, which
some of you may remember from your chemistry course in your high school. Krebs is a
wonderful example to me of how a scientist who is determined can overcome all kinds of
human obstacles. Krebs’s father constantly discouraged him and told him that he had just
mediocre intelligence whenever to anything important in his life, as a teenager. What Krebs
remembers in his memoir, his father said to him "you can’t make a silk purse at a sow's ear".
And later on, when Krebs studied with the great biochemist Otto Warburg, Warburg also told
him the same thing. Not the same quote but that he had only mediocre ability and would
never be a great scientist. And we all hear about how important it is for parents to encourage
their children, but sometimes the children will go on to do great things no matter what we say
to them.

参考答案
Hans Krebs is a person who published a paper showing the sequence of chemical reactions.

His invention is called the Krebs cycle. Although he was discouraged by his father and his
teacher, his experience indicated that determination can overcome all human obstacles.

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It is important for parents to encourage their children, but sometimes the children will go on
to do great things no matter what we say to them.

248. Fossil Fuels / 化石燃料 #1795 高频

音频原文
This is a talk about visualizing life without fossil fuels, we have an addiction to fossil fuels and
it’s not sustainable. When I say we, I’m talking about the so-called developed world. The
developed world gets 80 or 90% of all its energy from fossil fuels and living on fossil fuels for
energy in this way is not sustainable for three fairly obvious reasons. First, on the left, easily-
accessible fossil fuels are a finite resource and so some point that resource will be exploited
and humanity will have to do something else. Second, setting fire to fossil fuels puts carbon
dioxide upstairs. So we have the climate motivation. The clear consensus of the climate
science community is with substantial arable still on exactly what might happen. Their advice
is this is a geoengineering experiment that was well advised to stop as soon as possible.
And third, even if you don’t believe in climate change and even if global fossil fuels aren’t
running out today, it might be the case that your fossil fuels are our fossil fuels in a particular
country or state have run out. And you might depend on other countries or states for fossil
fuels in the future. So you have a security of supply motivation for saying let’s look into really
getting off fossil fuels in a serious way. I find all three of these motivations are equally
compelling and I’m just going to take it as given now that we are interested in discussing life
after fossil fuels.

参考答案
We have an addiction to fossil fuels in the developed world.

It’s not sustainable for three fairly obvious reasons.

First, on the left easily-accessible fossil fuels are a finite resource.

Second, setting fire to fossil fuels puts carbon dioxide upstairs.

And third, you might depend on other countries or states for fossil fuels in the future.

All three of these motivations are equally compelling.

249. Three Major Developments of Physics /

高频
物理的三大主要发展 #1766

There are three major developments of physics in 19th-century.

Firstly, the energy conservation law indicates that total energy of isolated system
remains constant.

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Secondly, the four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantity

(temperature, energy and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermal
equilibrium.
The third one is Kinetic theory. The work is needed to accelerate a body of given mass
from the rest to its stated velocity.

250. Magic Natural Color / 奇妙的三原色 #1668 中频

This topic is described as magic natural color.
Three primary colors can be used to explain where the natural colours come from.
Yellow comes from many plants.
Red comes from the ground and some insects can provide as well.
The only source of blue is indigo.

251. Kids museum / 儿童博物馆 #1667 超高频

音频原文
So, we were founded just over ten years ago, when I was in the Royal Academy, a Museum
in the center of London, with my three children, at the Aztec exhibition. I don’t know if any of
you saw it. I had an older child and two younger children, twins, strapped in a pushchair, and
one of my children, three years old, shouted – and I’ve never denied he shouted – he
shouted, ‘Monster, monster!’ at this statue which looked just like a monster, had snakes for
hair, a big beak for a nose. And, I thought, this is fantastic – I’ve got a three-year old that’s
appreciating pre-Hispanic art – how good can it get? So, I bent down and I said, ‘Yes, it
looks just like a monster’. And, at that moment, a room warden came over, a gallery assistant
came over and said we were being too noisy, and threw us out. Wrong family. I was, at that
time, a journalist with The Guardian newspaper, and two days later wrote a big piece in The
Guardian about being thrown out of the Royal Academy. What was really interesting was, by
the end of that day, we had had, at the paper, over 500 emails from other families saying,
‘Museums aren’t working for us. Let’s try and make it work’. So, that’s what we did. In The
Guardian, we set up a campaign. We called it the Kids in Museums campaign, but it didn’t
really exist. It was just a few pages. We ran loads of stories on it; I began touring the country
talking about how to make your museum family friendly; I was a journalist. I was called in to
see the then director of the National Gallery in London, and I’ll never forget this moment,
when he called me in and said, ‘We really like this Kids in Museums campaign, and we’ve
been talking on our board about it, and we have some ideas of how we might work together,
and I’d like you to take them back to your team.

参考答案
This topic is described as the kids in Museum Campaign.

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A journalist was in a British Museum with her three kids and they were kicked out for being
too noisy.

She wrote about her experience in Guardian and she received a lot of emails from other
families.

Therefore, she started a campaign on family friendly museums and finally obtained the
support of the director of the National Gallery in London.

252. Music and language / 音乐和语言 #1666 超高频

音频原文
Both music and language have a lot of similarities: They involve complex sequences that
unfold in time. They are both forms of communication. This has interested all the world's best
philosophers from Plato going back over 2000 years ago. Scientists like Darwin wrote about
possible evolutionary links between music and language in his book the Descent of Man and
so did artists like Leonard Bernstein who gave a series of lectures at Harvard in the 70s. He
spoke about the grammar of language and the grammar of music from Noam Chomsky's
theories. So it's a persistent question. It keeps drawing interest from scientists today but
there are some basic obvious similarities. For example, both music and language have
rhythmic systematic patterns of timing accent and grouping. Both language and music have
melody-structured patterns of pitch, over time. Both have syntax. Discrete elements like
words or notes and principles for combining those elements into sequences. Sentences are
just random sequences of words. Both convey affect which means emotion using sound. You
can make out a lot of emotion from a persons voice and music has the characteristic of
providing emotions like happiness or sadness.

参考答案
Both music and language, involving complex sequences, serve as forms of communication
with numerous similarities. The similarities between music and language keep drawing
interest from the world's best philosophers, scientists and artists. This topic is described as
the similarities between music and language. Some obvious similarities include having
rhythmic systematic patterns and melody-structured patterns of pitch, having syntax, and
having the characteristic of providing emotions like happiness or sadness.

253. Language and Convention / 语言与传统 #1665 高频

This topic is described as language and convention.
The rules of languages are reflected by convention, which represent the ways that
people think and understand.
Each language is unique, valuable and not translatable, since the meaning of a word in
different languages is not exactly the same.

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Even some simple languages let us understand the world and are important.
All the languages are important for document review purpose and human heritage.
回忆要点：
大意是the rules of language are reflected by convention 因为每个人表达的方式是受传统
影响的.
Language is not translatable because the meaning in different language is not exactly
the same.
要document不同的language due to human heritage.
254. Social Contract Concept / 社会契约观 #1664 超高频
This topic is described as the social contract concept.
This concept started from 17-18 century.
In the past, the concept was that humans came from the nature and acted like animals,
which were neither peaceful nor fierce and depending on personal beliefs.
Nowadays, the concept is used to describe a situation where people join together to
work on a project, agreeing not to fight and trusting each other to resolve their disputes.
回忆要点：
说它是一个concept源自17-18世纪,最开始是描述人们come out of nature, acting like
animals, which are either peaceful or fierce, depending on personal beliefs.
现在它是在用来说people join together to work on a project, agree not to fight, and trust
each other to resolve their disputes.

255. ATM / 取款机 #1663 高频

音频原文
People often forget their cards after taking money from the ATM. Occasionally, this is the
common reason, because they get the money and walk away. In the UK, it becomes less
common because people take their money after they’ve taken their card. In the past, people
made the error by forgetting to get their cards after their money. UK has restructured the new
ATM system. You have to get your card before you get your cash. Although you would forget
to get your money, it is more catastrophic if you lose your card because it can access your
bank account.

参考答案
This topic is described as the task structure.

In the past, the ATM gave money first before it gave cards, and people sometimes forgot to
take cards because money is the task they focus on.

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Nowadays, the situation happened less in the UK because the ATM is restructured and gives
card first.

In conclusion, it is more catastrophic to lose your card because it can access your bank
account.

256. Development of VR / 虚拟现实的发展 #1662 高频

This topic is described as the development of VR.
A company started the research and the development, experiencing a lot of difficulties.
Nowadays a few companies and universities use the technology to train their employees
and help their students to understand the courses better.
回忆要点：
开始说了VR的发展历程. 2003年 一个名字爆长的公司开始研发,历经种种困难. 2003年 一
个名字爆长的公司开始研发,历经种种困难.
257. The colors of flowers #1661 超高频
音频原文
Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a while
that flower’s color can be a signal. Color in short hand that says to a bee: hey, I get some
good quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show that bees also
use color to get clues about a flower’s temperature. And according to a study from a British
research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot. Bees use up a lot of energy
just stay in warm on some days. In fact, they can’t even fly if they are too cold. So if one
flower is warmer than another, a bee can save some of its fuel by basking on that flower
while it’s doing its pollinating business. And it turns out that bumble bees consistently do
choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when the two flowers offer up the same
quantity and quality of nectar. Some plants seem to be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly
warmer because the warmer ones get visited more by the chilly bees. When it comes to
getting pollinated, apparently the heat is on, and that is the buzz.

参考答案
The colors of flowers correlate with the quality of their nectar, which influences insects'
choices, and also nexus to their temperature. Partial insects prefer to inhabit hotter flowers,
such as bees, as they seek for energy infusion while [Link] the same quality and
quantity of nectar, bumble bees will choose warmer ones over cooler ones, so flowers evolve
to warmer colors to attract bees.

258. An Interview of a Science Professor /

中频
一次对科学家的采访 #1660

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This topic is described as an interview of a science professor.

The most important thing is to confirm why young people get involved into this course.
Technicians in classrooms are important.
If there is no technician, there is no support.
The importance of the need for teachers with expert skills.
Students with a right teacher can do magical things.
回忆要点：
Science experiment course 采访的形式 一个人采访professor, professor 说最重要的其中
一点是confirm why young people get involved into this course.
另外一点 element and equipment是 technician, technicians in classroom are important, if
no technician, no support, the need for teachers with experts skills, students with a right
teacher can do magical things.

259. Importance of Tea / 茶的重要性 #1659 高频

This topic is described as the importance of tea in England.
Drinking tea in England was a symbol of social freedom.
Men talked about business and trades when they drank tea in the coffee house.
Women drank tea in private places. Men took a pack of tea back home for their wives.
There were four favourite drinks in England including coffee, tea and chocolate.
回忆要点：
Tea, 男的 drink tea, 提到了 social freedom, 谈论 business,trade 时在 coffee house drink
tea.
Women 在 private 地方 drink tea, men took a pack of tea back home for wife.
谈及 England 当时 4 大 DRINK 吧 有 COFFEE, TEA, CHOCOLATE, 最后还说 3 个
England favorites. coffee house, private 出现好几次.

260. Marshmallow Test / 棉花糖实验 #1657 中频

音频原文
They call it the marshmallow test. A four to six year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table
facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: "If you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes
you can have both it and a second one. Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before
eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with
higher general competency later in life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation
isn't strictly innate-it also highly influenced by environment. Researchers gave five-year-old
used crayons and one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group was promised a new
set of art supplies for the project-but then never received it. But the other group did receive

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new crayons and better stickers. Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The
children who had been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the
marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted an average of 12 minutes.
Thus, the researchers note that experience factors into a child's ability to delay gratification.
When previous promises have been hollow, why believe the next one?

参考答案
This topic is described as marshmallow tests.

The marshmallow experiment shows that children that can resist treats for a longer time have
a higher general competency later in life.

However, a study shows that the ability isn’t strictly innate but highly influenced by
environment.

In conclusion, researchers note that experience factors into a child's ability to delay
gratification.

261. Sound receptors / 声音受体 #1653 超高频

音频原文
You've got sound receptors in your ear, and they are beautiful. We're not going to talk about
them at any length, but there's little floppy, these little spiky things going along in your ear
and they can translate vibrational energy coming from your ear, hurting your eardrum, being
translated into a vibration into the fluid in your ear into a physical motion of these little
receptors there into an electrical motion, into an electrical signal that goes into your ear. So,
all of that, all of that's pretty impressive stuff. We are not going to talk about the details of it,
but I invite some of you who want to learn more about this, particularly MIT students I think
to find receptors really quite remarkable kinds of devices.

参考答案
Sound receptors in the ear are remarkable devices that convert vibrational energy into
electrical signals. These receptors, comprised of little floppy and spiky structures , transmit
vibrations from the ear to the fluid, causing physical motion. This motion is then translated
into an electrical signal that travels into the ear. Though we won't delve into the specifics,
those interested, especially MIT students, can explore the fascinating intricacies of these
receptors further.

262. Welsh Language / 威尔士语言 #1650 高频

音频原文
Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 740,000 people, and in the Welsh
colony in Patagonia, Argentina by several hundred people. There are also Welsh speakers in

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England, Scotland, Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. At the beginning of the
20th century, about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an everyday language.
Towards the end of the century, the proportion of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%.
According to the 2001 census 582,368 people can speak Welsh, 659,301 people can either
speak, read or write Welsh, and 797,717 people, 28% of the population, claimed to have
some knowledge of the language. According to a survey carried out by S4C, the Welsh
language TV channel, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales is around 750,000, and about
1.5 million people can 'understand' Welsh. In addition, there are an estimated 133,000
Welsh-speakers living in England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area.

参考答案
Around 740,000 people speak Welsh in Wales, with a few hundred speakers in Patagonia,
Argentina. Welsh is also spoken in other countries such as England, Scotland, Canada, the
USA, Australia, and New Zealand. The number of Welsh speakers in Wales is estimated to be
around 750,000, and about 1.5 million people can understand Welsh. In England, there are
approximately 133,000 Welsh speakers, with 50,000 residing in the Greater London area.

263. Dendrochronology / 树木年代学 #1626 超高频

This topic depicts dendrochronology, tree rings and the year of the tree.
Dendrochronology can be used to date the year of the tree by cutting down and
counting the rings inward, but the year of the tree cut could be ambiguous.
Furthermore, the sequence message of narrow and wide is like Morse Code, and the
information provided is more abundant and more diagnosable.
In conclusion, tree rings allow people to reconstruct the climate.

264. Management and Leadership / 管理能力和领导力 #942 中频

音频原文
The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford Graduate
School of Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education leadership. Education
leaders need to be dynamic and entrepreneurial change agents. Managing is not enough --
increasingly leaders must rise to the challenge of changing their organizations through
innovative, problem-solving strategies. So we are combining forces from our School of
Education and School of Business to support the development of management skills and
leadership capacity for current superintendents and other central office leaders. The School
of Education will focus on learning while the School of Business will focus on management.
Now many institutes are providing education leadership learning opportunities, for profit or
non-profit. We want to make sure that here at Stanford, we are not only delivering the
services but with good quality. The program incorporates case-studies and research-based
presentations, discussions, and exercises. Participants also collaborate and build

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relationships through group work. However, they must realize that it is their own
responsibility to achieve and accomplish – what others can do does not indicate what you
are capable of.

参考答案
A lecture held by Stanford University Business School stressed the importance of
management and leadership.

The speaker further discussed the relationship between business school and education
school.

The purpose of business school is management while the purpose of education school is
learning.

Meanwhile, students should realize that the responsibility and accomplishment achieved by
others do not indicate what you are capable of.

265. Biology / 生物学 #940 高频

音频原文
Now, the study of biology is responsible for some of the most profound insights that humans
have, about the world around them. So, take a look at these four panoramas. In the upper
left, you see some bacteria. This happens to be an equal line, you obviously see a butterfly, a
flower, a dolphin. If you see that in outer space, just look these different forms and structures.
You have no idea that they were all related to one another. So one of the most profound
things that biology told us is that all life on earth is exceptionally related similar to one
another. So, for example, all of these life forms rely on DNA and RNA for storing and
transmitting in using their genetic and inherited information. They are all based on cells. The
cell is the fundamental building block of all life. All of these organisms consist of cells, and
the cells essentially have the same chemicals inside of them - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen, and the whole bunch of other stuff and much smaller amount. All these organisms
conducted metabolism, in other words, chemical reactions that using convert energy from
one form to another. And the basic chemistry is all very similar to one and another. The types
of the molecule are used very similarly to one and another.

参考答案
The study of biology reveals that all life on Earth is interconnected. They rely on DNA and
RNA for storing and transmitting genetic information and are composed of cells, which are
the fundamental building blocks of life. These organisms undergo metabolism, converting
energy from one form to another. Their basic chemistry and use of molecules are also similar
to each other.

266. Animal Survive / 动物生存的条件 #700 中频

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音频原文
We all know that there are some factors for species and animals to survive and reproduce,
including environmental conditions, temperature, tolerance range, body size, weight, diets,
seasonal and daily activity, behavior, and the altitude they live. Animals migrate to find a new
habitat because the change of environment and only species that have the tolerance for the
new environment could survive and reproduce. Human beings are the only organism that
makes extensive use of technology to extend the limits of its natural tolerance range.

参考答案
This topic is described as animal survival and reproduction.

There are many factors for species and animals to survive including environmental
conditions, temperature, tolerance range and body size.

Some animals migrate to new habitats due to changes.

Only the animals with the tolerance of new environment can survive.

In conclusion, only humans use technology extent their limit of tolerance range.

267. Universities' Competition / 大学的竞争 #698 高频

音频原文
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for the
best students, all of whom have choices they can exercise, and many of them choices which
run across national and continental borders. We are in competition, too, for staff. The
academic job market is one of the most global there is. And in the 21 st century English is
the new Latin, so universities in English speaking countries are exposed to more intensive
competition than those elsewhere. We are in competition for government funding, through
the assessment of research quality. We are in competition for research contracts, from public
and private sector sources, and indeed we are in competition for the philanthropic pound.
Many of our own donors were at more than one university, and indeed think of the LSEs
requests alongside those of other charities to which they are committed. That is a
competitive environment which is particularly visible to a Vice-Chancellor.

参考答案
In today's competitive environment, universities like the LSE need to acknowledge that they
are in competition for the best students and staff, both nationally and globally. English-
speaking universities face even more intense competition due to the global academic job
market and the prominence of English as a [Link] also compete for government
funding based on research quality, research contracts, and philanthropic [Link]
competitive environment is particularly evident to a Vice-Chancellor.

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268. Agriculture and Urbanization / 农业与城市化 #697 中频

音频原文
I am trying here to capture the dynamics that is conventionally being associated with
urbanization developments. And get back once again, to this question of agriculture. Once
you have cities and you also the reverse of the cities, you have countryside. You have rural
areas and have this relationship with urban areas and it needs to developed agricultural
goods. And you trade with increasing industrial goods. Increasing agriculture productivity,
reduces labor needs and opportunities in the rural areas, pushing people towards to the
cities. There is this notion that in order to have progress and development in cities, you need
people. If everybody is busing growing to crops, growing food that exists, you can't have
people all going into the city. You need to increased productivity in the countryside. You need
to have one farmer producing enough food for more than one family. And then you will have
growth and productivity in the countryside, which will free of people move to the cities. In
fact, in many ways, it will compel it. They will go to the cities and search for jobs and provide
labor force for the production of all kinds of things.

参考答案
V1:

Trading of agricultural products forms the relationship between urban and rural areas.

Urbanization requires increasing supply of workforce for urban development.

Less people are needed for agricultural industry.

One method to push farmers into city is to increase the productivity of agricultural sector.
This will compel farmers to go to cities because there are more jobs and opportunities in the
cities.

People moving to cities are more likely to lose their jobs and farmers can serve as labour
supply for the cities.

V2( 少部分同学听到此版本）：
This lecture talks about the relationship between the agriculture and urbanization.

One farmer grow food can benefit many families in the city. And the food trade in city also
can benefit people in countryside.

However more and more people don't want to live in countryside anymore, a lot of people
move to urban area, as there are more opportunities in the city.

If all people are move to city, then they start losing jobs, increasing unemployment rate.

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269. Citizenship curriculum / 公民教育的现状 #695 中频

音频原文
Last month I published alongside my annual report a subject report on the development of
citizenship in schools. The report celebrates the success of some schools in implementing
the citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools where there have been substantial
developments in the subject, and which now go a long way towards fulfilling national
curriculum requirements. In the report, we are critical of schools which have not taken
citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make appropriate
provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one-fifth of
schools. It is less well established in the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught,
and some critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to step back from supporting it.
Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed schools suggests that the reasons for
introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the time and resources.
Indeed, those reasons are given added weight by national and global events of the past few
months. While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills, attitudes, and
values that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a changing world. The
main problems standing in the way of implementation of citizenship continue to be: the lack
of commitment on the part of many school leaders; and insufficient amount of initial and in-
service training provision to ensure that every school can call upon teachers with subject
expertise; and its uncertain place in the curriculum.

参考答案
The topic focuses on the development of citizenship curriculum.

Some schools have implemented the citizenship curriculum successfully, while some schools
have not taken citizenship seriously.

However, it is worth introducing citizenship in schools, and it can be achieved.

The citizenship curriculum can provide young people with core skills and values.

Therefore, the problems of implementation of citizenship need to be considered.

270. Amory Lovins / 卢安武 #694 中频

音频原文
Who knows who Amory Lovins is? Nobody. Amory Lovins is an unusual character. He is
something of polymath. Just to say, he is sort of him of knowledge across a wide range of
fields. He’s not an academic. He has a consulting company which he runs off until huge
recently out of his home in Colorado. He is outside Snowmass in a house built into the side
of the mountain that has no furnace. For that 30 years, he has been kind of iconic plastic

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oddball genius, thinking of ways to save energy, thinking of ways to solve problems using
technology that already exists. And he has demonstrated several of them. He also offers he
is something that he is such of oddballs that people tend to think he is kind of crazy. Anyway,
Elizabeth Kolbert, went to spend some time with Amory Lovins. And so he has written his
pieces called Mr. Green.

参考答案
This topic is described as Amory Lovins.

He is an environmentalist with a wide range of knowledge but not from the academic world.

He runs a consulting company and is regarded a genius.

He is dedicated himself to saving energy and resource problems, building a house by himself
at the top of a mountain.

In conclusion, a writer called him Mr Green, but other people call him crazy Amory Lovins.

271. Einstein / 爱因斯坦 #693 超高频

音频原文
For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers and thinkers of all sorts have
imagined that the universe, the space around us, was rather like this floor in front of us. It
was fixed and unchangeable, and things happen on it, just as people walk around. So the
stars, the comets, and the planets, and the other heavenly bodies moved around and traced
down their parts on this completely unchanging stage of space. In the 20th century, as the
result of Einstein’s work, that view of the universe was completely transformed. We began to
understand that there was no absolutely fixed stage of space at all on which all celestial
notions were played out. But in some sense, on the larger scale in the universe, the space
itself was in this state of a continuous dynamic change. That was a prediction made by
Einstein. But it was the astronomer Edwin Hubble who is the owner of the honor of making
the discovery that our universe was really like that.

参考答案
For centuries, people believed that the universe was a fixed and unchangeable stage on
which celestial bodies moved. However, in the 20th century, Einstein's work revolutionized
this perception. It was discovered that there is no fixed stage of space, and instead, the
universe itself is in a constant state of dynamic change. This prediction by Einstein was later
confirmed by astronomer Edwin Hubble, who discovered that our universe is continuously
evolving.

272. International environmental law / 国际环境保护法 #692 超高频

音频原文
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Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to consider
domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into
practice. This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally act locally.' United
Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of man's activity on the environment is not new.
As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from
the burning of sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed
legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by 'self-regulation' in the form
of guilds, which regulated both supply and methods of production. However, the measures
implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and
standards without providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions
but were of little practical effect. The next stage was prompted by the Industrial Revolution
with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the environment. Local
industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, but this was
to the detriment of the local environment with the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the
bad drives out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of
their employees or the local environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The
result was the need for increasingly comprehensive statutory controls on the discharge of
pollutants into various receiving media.

参考答案
In UK, the environmental law is not new.

During the reign of Charles the Second, UK has posed legislative controls to regulate
pollution caused by smoke.

Unfortunately, due to inappropriate enforcement, the measures implemented were ineffective

and of little practical effect.

However, the government prompted the laws were prompted during the Industrial
Revolution, because some industrialists used Adam Smith model to maximize benefits,
leading to detriments of the local environment.

273. Development of Genes / 基因的发展 #691 超高频

音频原文
The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half million
years and more recently the last 200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the
evolution of cognitive function and perception in different ways, can only happen to the
actions of a small number of genes. If one needed to adapt a dozen of genes changes and
concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now have, which our ancestors
500,000 years ago didn't have, the evolution could not have taken, could not have occurred
so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic differences
between people who lived 500,000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours are not

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so large. Therefore, a rather small number of genes, maybe responsible for comforting us
that powerful minds which we now, which the most of us now processed.

参考答案
The pace that the human minds evolved has been frighteningly rapid.

If we needed to adapt to a dozen of genes changes and concert, the evolution could not
have taken and occurred so quickly.

Therefore, we begin to suspect that the genetic differences between us and the people living
long time ago are not so large.

Therefore, a rather small number of genes are most powerful we now process.

274. Drug Ads / 药物广告的影响 #690 高频

音频原文
The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And
it's no wonder: studies show the commercials' work: consumers go to their doctors with a
suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals of
Family Medicine raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPR's Patty
Neighmond reports. You're most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially around
the news. Researchers analyzed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension,
herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads
arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though the information was
technically accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch headed
the study." What we would see in these ads is that before taking the prescription drug, the
character's life was out of control and the loss of control really extended beyond just the
impact of the health condition," For example, herpes patients were portrayed as being
incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and depressed patients
friendless and boring at parties. "When the character is then shown taking the drug, he then
magically regains complete control of his life." None of the ads, of course, mentioned lifestyle
changes that could also help treat the condition. After all, it's mass marketing. But in this
case, Frosch says, prescription medications are not soap.

参考答案
Drug companies have doubled investment in advertisements because they worked.

Many people consult doctors or buy prescription drugs with suggestions from drug
advertisements.

Researchers found that commercial information is technically accurate but the tone is
misleading.

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In drug ads, patient characters magically regain complete control of life after administering
medicines but changing lifestyle, which is beneficial for treatment, is not mentioned in any
advertisement.

It is marketing after all.

275. Vitamin D / 维生素D #689 高频

音频原文
So today we're going to finish talking about the fat-soluble vitamins. I'm going to start with
Vitamin D. And I think probably most of you know that Vitamin D is called the “sunshine
vitamin”. And it's called that because there's absolutely no dietary need for vitamin D if you
get adequate sunshine. And the real important word there is “it” because it turns out that in
climates which aren't near the equator there's a big question as to whether or not using
these you get adequate sunshine. And that's important because foods are not naturally
abundant in vitamin D. And that's why milk is fortified but the fortification may not be
enough. So again just exposure to sunlight is adequate, no need for vitamin D. So Vitamin D
really isn't the Vitamin, it's a prohormone when human beings evolve, we evolved in tropical
climates and ran around naked. There was plenty of skin exposure to sunlight and so there
was no dietary need for Vitamin D. As humans migrated away from that tropical regions, they
actually created a need for Vitamin D in food because sunlight was inadequate, particularly
during the winter.

参考答案
Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, is only needed if adequate sunlight exposure
is not available. Foods do not naturally contain enough vitamin D, hence fortification is
necessary. Sunlight is the primary source of vitamin D for humans, but migration to less
sunny regions created a need for dietary supplementation.

276. Devolution of Power / 下放的权力 #688 高频

音频原文
Well, that’s one aspect of what’s called, reducing government — modifying government, to
be more precise. Another aspect of it is what’s called “devolution” — reducing — moving
governmental power from the Federal to the State level. And that has a kind of a rationale
which you hear all over the time — place. For example, there was an op-ed a couple of
weeks ago in the New York Times by John Cogan — Hoover Institute at Stanford, who has
pointed out what he called a philosophical issue that divides the Democrats from the
Republicans. The philosophical issue is that the Democrats believe in big government and
entitlements, and the Republicans believe in getting power down closer to the people, to the
States, because they’re kind of populist types. Well, it takes about maybe three seconds’
thought to realize that moving power down to the States, in funding and so on, is just moving

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it away from the people, for a perfectly elementary reason: there’s a hidden part of the
system — of the power system that you’re not supposed to know about, or think about, and
that’s private power.

参考答案
Devolution is about reducing and moving governmental power from federal to the state level.

The philosophical issue is that democrats believe in big government and big entitlements.

The Republicans believe in getting power down closer to the people.

There’s a hidden part of the system for the power system, the United States is supposed to
know about and think about and that’s private power.

277. A Female Novelist / 女性小说家成长经历 #687 高频

音频原文
I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, but secretly wanting to be a novelist. When
I first started writing at the age of 30, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but I took a
little detour for 10 or 12 years, and write non-fiction which I absolutely have no regret about
at all. I think it's exactly the right thing for me to do. But there's this dream tucked away
inside of me to do this. Now I was remembering reading something that wrote, who is a great
novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said, "no art ever came
out of not risking your neck." And I think she's absolutely right about that. It felt that way to
me at the time; it actually feels that way every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in
the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time
to do that. And one of the very first things that I wrote was, what I thought was going to be
the first chapter of a novel, called "The Secret Life of Bees." I wrote it in 1992, and it is
actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now.

参考答案
This topic is described as a female novelist.

She started writing at 30, and her initial intention was to write fiction novels.

However, she took some detours but she never regretted it.

She spends 10 to 12 years figuring out what is fiction.

.A great novelist inspired her to take some risks.

In conclusion, she literally started writing in 1951 with the first chapter the secret life of
bees."

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278. Globalization / 全球化产业变革 #685 超高频

音频原文
Globalization, what is globalization? I think that it takes on a few different definitions in one
sense of the word. Globalization means proliferation of transactions across country. So, one
way of thinking about globalization is a way to describe, increase international
communications, more trade happening between countries and be less self-sufficient in
providing goods and services to their people and more companies that have offices in
multiple countries, which we call multinationals. So, the source of growth in travel and
communication and corporate trade across borders. And this way of thinking about
globalization is the continuation of thinking that has been around for a long time, such as
when the Europeans went to the Orient, to find spices, which was also an example of global
trade and communication. Another way to think of globalization though, is an economic
system. It is a system in which countries become integrated in a way that never had been
before. In this system, we see a global split in the process between consuming and
producing goods. Some countries produce goods, some countries consume goods, and
then these countries in different areas of the globe depend on each other in a kind of organic
solidarity rather than having an economic system being just inside your country. The system
is the way economy in your country functions depends on economy of another country. And
in fact this way of thinking about globalizations represents a new area of economic
progression. The past industrialist economy has been a global issue.

参考答案
Globalization means a proliferation and transactions across countries.

One way of think about globalization is a way to describe increased international

communication.

It is a sort of growth in travel and communication and corporate grows across boards.

Another way to think globalization though is as an economic system.

The global is split in the process between consuming and producing goods, and this
represents a new era of economic progression.

279. A mother’s loan / 一位母亲的贷款 #683 高频

音频原文
I'm 43 years old, and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student loans. Oh sure, I knew the
loans were piling up as I went through school. But with one loan coming from here, another
from there, I had no idea of the rock slide that was building. Fifteen years later, I still
experience moments of sheer horror regarding my families financial situation. My monthly

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student loan payment is more than triple my car payment. OK, so without my college degree,
I would not have been able to get my current job. For that I'm grateful but at what cost? My
loans have been accruing at a rate of 10 percent, and now they have burgeoned to well. I'm
an English major; you do the math. I don't think they'll ever get paid off. Were in debt way
past our eyeballs, and there's no hope in sight. I'm being kept in class a financial class of
graduates whose only hope for attending college meant borrowing money from the
government. Because of our mounting credit card debt and monthly payments that far
exceed our families income, my kids will also join the class of citizens who can rely on their
parents for college support. Do I wish I'd chosen another educational route? You bet.

参考答案
A 43 - year - old reflects on the mounting student loan debt they acquired during college.
Despite being grateful for their degree and job, the burden of debt surpassing their car
payment and accruing at a high interest rate leaves them feeling hopeless. They fear their
children will also face this predicament and regret not choosing a different educational route.

280. Governments use tricks / 政府使用技巧 #682 高频

音频原文
I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well-informed. Maybe it's
something we take for granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be plenty of
societies, well, that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of the world still
suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information. Governments, especially the
unelected ones, but also some elected ones, have denied the events that have ever taken
place. They pretend that other events did take place. They would help spin what they cannot
deny. Ensure they've used every trick of the book, to pull the eyes of the world, and in an
attempt to cover up their mistakes.

参考答案
The lecture was about government [Link],the speaker mentioned that citizens need to
be well- informed,and we take it for

granted in western [Link] areas still suffer from the deliberate missing information.
Governments, either elected or unelected ones,have denied some events that have taken
place. Finally, governments will use every trick in the book to cover up their mistakes.

281. Mary Mallon / 玛丽马龙 #681 中频

音频原文
Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States identified
as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was
presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a
cook.1 She was twice forcibly isolated by public health authorities and died after a total of

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nearly three decades in isolation.23From 1900 to 1907, Mallon worked as a cook in the New
York City area for seven families.7 In 1900, she worked in Mamaroneck, New York, where,
within two weeks of her employment, residents developed typhoid fever. In 1901, she moved
to Manhattan, where members of the family for whom she worked developed fevers and
diarrhea, and the laundress died. Mallon then went to work for a lawyer; she left after seven
of the eight people in that household became ill. In 1906, she took a position in Oyster Bay,
Long Island, and within two weeks 10 of the 11 family members were hospitalized with
typhoid. She changed jobs again, and similar occurrences happened in three more
households. She worked as a cook for the family of a wealthy New York banker, Charles
Henry Warren. When the Warrens rented a house in Oyster Bay for the summer of 1906,
Mallon went along too. From August 27 to September 3, six of the 11 people in the family
came down with typhoid fever. The disease at that time was "unusual" in Oyster Bay,
according to three medical doctors who practiced there

参考答案
This topic is described as Mary Mallon.

She was the first person identified as a carrier of typhoid fever in the US.

She was an excellent cook and proud of her work.

She infected 22 people, one of which died.

She denied she had the disease and was isolated for three years before she died.

In conclusion, the disease was unusual at that time.

282. Indian peasants debt / 印度农民的债务 #680 高频

音频原文
The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees
of peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when they accumulate
that kind of debt. Where is the debt coming from? It's coming from a seed that is costing a
hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram, depending on what you
got. Seeds that used to be free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, the more they use,
the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last
five years in the land areas of India has shown up by 2000 percent. That’s why the free
market and globalization have brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have
no money, who have no capital, they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive pesticides
by borrowing. And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which
are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.

参考答案

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Peasants in India have accumulated high levels of debt, with the cost of seeds and
pesticides being major contributors. Previously free seeds now cost up to 200,000 rupees
per kilogram, forcing farmers to borrow money. Pesticide usage has increased by 2000% in
the last five years. Seed and pesticide companies, which are the same entities, are the main
lenders to these farmers.

283. Benefits of Laugh / 大笑的益处 #678 低频

音频原文
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity; and whole communities and
nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through their bleakest times. On august
13,1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin wall. For nearly 30
years, until it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated - especially among those living in the
east. Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who rule you - and sometimes those
who tyrannize you - are a form of folklore that has existed in societies as seemingly different
as communist eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12-century Persia, and
modern day Iran. Humour can also be wonderfully subversive. It can protect self-respect and
identity.

参考答案
This topic is described as the importance of laughing.

Laughing has many benefits, especially in adversity.

Laughing is not only a kind of humor but also great therapy.

The war jokes about the Berlin Wall helped people recover from the pain caused by the
Second World War.

In conclusion, laughing can also protect self-respect and identity.

284. Talent war / 人才争夺战 #677 低频

音频原文
The war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape for recruiting and retaining
talented employees. In the book, Michaels et al., describe not a set of superior Human
Resources processes, but a mindset that emphasizes the importance of talent to the
success of organizations. The war for talent is intensified by demographic shifts (primarily in
the United States and Europe). This is characterized by increasing demand along with
decreasing supply (demographically). There are simply fewer post-baby-boom workers to
replace the baby boom retirement in the US and Europe (though this is not the case in most
of East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Central America, South America, or the Middle
East Eastern Europe also tends to have similar demographics, namely an aging and shrinking

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labor force). While talent is vague or ill-defined, the underlying assumption is that for
knowledge-intensive industries, the knowledge worker is the key competitive resource.
Knowledge-based theories of organizations consistently place knowledge workers as a
primary', competitive resource. Talent is never explicitly defined in the book, though the
Preface notes, "A certain part of talent elude description: You simply know it when you see
it." After several further caveats, the authors go on: "We can say, however, that managerial
talent is some combination of a sharp strategic mind, leadership ability, emotional maturity,
communications skills, the ability to attract and inspire other talented people, entrepreneurial
instincts, functional skills, and the ability to deliver results." The authors offer no outside
support for this assertion. A 2006 article in The Economist, which mentions the book, notes
that "companies do not even know how to define "talent," let alone how to manage it. Some
use it to mean people like Aldous Huxley's alphas in Brave New World those at the top of the
bell curve. Others employ it as a synonym for the entire workforce, a definition so broad as to
be meaningless." The 'War for talent is seen by various sources as becoming irrelevant
during economic downturns. However, there have been highly visible talent poaching by
solvent firms of others who have economic hardship.

参考答案
男声版：
This topic is described as talent war.

The intensive competition for talented people is not only within a country but also between
countries.

The changes of the nature of economy lead to an increase in talent demand.

The aging of baby boomer generation causes decreased supply of skilled workers.

Some countries attract talent by attracting young people to go to university in their countries.

In conclusion, talent is at premium.

285. Computers and AI / 电脑与人工智能 #676 超高频

音频原文
We are living through one of the greatest of scientific endeavours – the attempt to
understand the most complex object in the universe, the brain. Scientists are accumulating
vast amounts of data about structure and function in a huge array of brains, from the tiniest
to our own. Tens of thousands of researchers are devoting massive amounts of time and
energy to thinking about what brains do, and astonishing new technology, including
computers and artificial intelligence, is enabling us to both describe and manipulate that
activity. Humans can tell computers what to do and how to do, by giving the meaning of the
certain words. Computers can operate as programed, and develop systems and symbols.

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Computers work by analyzing messages into bytes, and this function is similar to human
brains. Both human brains and computers are symbol processors, so computers have
potential to bring artificial intelligence.

参考答案
This topic is described as computers and artificial intelligence.

Humans can tell the computers what and how to do by giving the meaning of the certain
word, and computers can operate, and they have systems and symbols.

Computers rely on analyzing messages into bytes, which is similar to human brains.

In conclusion, both human brains and computers are symbol processors, so the computer
has potential to bring artificial intelligence.

286. Sea creature / 海洋生物与模拟 #675 中频

音频原文
Sea creatures are inspiring the latest devices that harness wave power. This one called the
Oyster sits on the sea floor and opens and closes as waves pass over it. Cables attach it to
generators on the shore. Since November 2009, it's been powering 9000 homes in the
Orkney Islands. Another device looks like a snake. The anaconda is made from a rubber tube
filled with water that floats just below the surface. When the swell hits the front of it, the tube
squeezed above ripples done its links and powers a turbine in its tail. Prototypes are
currently being tested, but the full-scale version will be 200 meters long. This system also
looks like a snake. But this one is made of steel. It floats near the surface, where waves
make its joints move, this drives hydraulic systems that power electrical generators, like the
anaconda. It's still being tested. Results will prove that these devices are up to the job of
supplying viable sources of green energy.

参考答案
The topic is described as the devices that harness wave power and are inspired by sea
creatures.

An oyster like device has powered 9000 families.

A snake-like device has a rubber-made tube that can squeeze and power the turbine.

Another snake-like device is made of steel and can power electrical generators.

In conclusion, the two snake-like devices are still being tested but results have shown they
can provide green energy.

287. Cocoa / 可可 #674 中频

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音频原文
During the time of the Aztecs, cocoa was mainly used as a beverage. Wines and drinks were
made from white pulp around the seeds of the cocoa pod. The beans themselves were used
to make hot or cold chocolate drinks. Both the Maya and the Aztec secular drinks used
roasted cocoa beans, a foaming agent sugar, toasted corn, and water. Vanilla and chili were
also used as an ingredient in the drinks. Cocoa beans were also used as a currency and as a
tribute tax from peoples ruled by Aztecs. The oily layer floating in the chocolate drink cocoa
butter was used to protect the skin against the sun. For the Aztecs cocoa had a religious
significance. Cocoa was believed to be of divine origin: the cocoa tree was a bridge between
earth and heaven. Human sacrifices to propitiate God or sun were first sanctified by giving
him chocolate. Cocoa beans were given to priest’s assistants at children’s coming of age
ceremonies. During marriage ceremonies, the couple drank a symbolic cup of chocolate and
exchanged cocoa beans. Aztecs believed that drinking chocolate gave mortals some of
Quetzalcoatl wisdom. God of learning and the wind.

参考答案
This topic is described as the importance of cocoa in Aztecs times.

Cocoa was mainly used as beverage, and the beans were also used as currency and as a
tribute tax.

The oily layer could be used to protect the skin against the sun.

In conclusion, cocoa also had a religious significance since it was believed to have a divine
origin

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