ROCK FORMATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
◼ identify the three types of rocks;
◼ classify rocks as to igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks;
and
◼ appreciate the importance of rocks in
our daily life.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
◼ What
are the three types of
ROCKS?
◼ Howare ROCKS classified as
IGNEOUS ,SEDIMENTARY and
METAMORPHIC ?
RECALL:
MINERALS AND ROCKS
What are Rocks?
AGRREGATION OF MINERALS
◼ A rock is a naturally occurring
solid mixture of one or more
minerals, or organic matter
◼ Rocks are classified by how they
are formed, their composition,
and texture
◼ Rocks change over time
through the rock cycle
Types of Rock /Classification of Rocks
ROCKS TRIVIA ( ADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE)
◼ PETROLOGY: is the scientific study of
ROCK.
◼ PETROLOGIST : a person (GEOLOGIST)
specializes in Petrology
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAGMA AND LAVA
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAGMA
AND LAVA
LAVA IN ACTION
IGNEOU
Igneous Rocks
◼ Igneous rock begins as magma.
◼ Magma can form:
▪When rock is heated
▪When pressure is released
▪When rock changes composition
◼ Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
◼ Magma is a mixture of
many minerals
Types of Igneous Rocks
Extrusive /Volcanic Rocks:
LAVA that cools.
FINE GRAINED CRYSTALS since
the cooling process is fast.
Intrusive /Plutonic Igneous Rocks:
magma that cools slowly . Pushes
into surrounding rock below the
Earth’s surface
COURSE GRAINED CRYSTALS
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Based on Composition
◼ Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in elements
such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium
◼ Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium,
iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
◼ Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving
mineral crystals more time to grow
◼ Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals
◼ Intermediate: between Mafic and Felsic
◼ Ultramafic: very dark
Igneous Rocks
Coarse-Grained Fine-Grained
Felsic
Granite Rhyolite
Mafic
Gabbro Basalt
Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. Texture describes
the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. This relates to the
cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. Composition refers to
the rockʼs specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Cooling history is also
related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks.
BASED ON TEXTURES
Igneous Rocks
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid
cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic or
Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive or
Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
Sedimentary Rocks
◼ Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion
◼ Sediments are moved from
one place to another
◼ Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older ones
on the bottom
▪ The layers become compacted
and cemented together
▪ FORMED FROM PREEXSISTING ROCKS or
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pieces of once living organisms.
Sedimentary Rock
▪ Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the
Earth’s surface
▪ No heat and pressure involved
▪ Strata – layers of rock
▪ Stratification – the process in
which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
Types of Sedimentary Rock
Clastic – FORMED from accumulation of clasts:
little pieces of broken and shells
Breccia is a term most often used for clastic
sedimentary rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments (over two
millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular
fragments can be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral cement that
binds the rock together.
Sedimentary Rock
Chemical sedimentary – minerals crystallize out of
solution to become rock. Formed when dissolve
minerals precipitate from a solution.
Limestone is a sedimentary
rock composed primarily of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in
the form of the mineral
calcite. It most commonly
forms in clear, warm, shallow
marine waters.
It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of
shell, coral, algal and fecal
debris.
Sedimentary Rock
Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and animals.
Rocks formed from the accumulation of materials from
living things or product of living things.
METAMORPHISM
Metamorphic Rock
▪ Meaning to change shape
▪ Changes with temperature
and pressure, but remains
solid
▪ Usually takes place deep in
the Earth
[Link]
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
▪ Regional Metamorphism –
pressure builds up in rocks that is
deep within the Earth. Happens
over large region of the crust where
high temperature and pressure is
present
▪ Large pieces of the Earth’s
crust collide and the rock is
deformed and chemically
changed by heat and pressure
[Link]
Regional Metamorphic
◼ Big part of the soil or rocks that are being
involved.
◼ Presence of heat and pressure
◼ Enough pressure and heat in order to convert
or change the composition but not enough in
melting to form a magma.
Metamorphic Rocks
happens on layers of rock having contact
with heat ( magma)
◼ Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
◼ Increased temperature changes the composition of
the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals
Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated
metamorphic rock produced by
contact metamorphism
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Metamorphic Rock
◼ Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat
minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and is
made up of granular
mineral grains.
It typically contains
abundant quartz or
feldspar minerals.
Metamorphic Rock
◼ Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a
non-foliated
metamorphic rock
that is produced from
the metamorphism of
limestone.
It is composed
primarily of calcium
carbonate.
Metamorphic Rock
◼ Determine if the following rock samples are
foliated or non-foliated:
Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite
Foliated
End of Types of Rocks PPT
◼ Be sure to complete your “Types of Rocks”
notes as you view this presentation.