DRAFT INCEPTION REPORT

For Rural Road Design Preparation and

Supervision Work for Erer Weldya(Abdolo) –
Weldya Kebele and Ahmedsidiq – Kile Project

Client: Harari Transport and Road Development Bureau

Rural Road Design Preparation and Supervision Work for Erer Weldya (Abdolo) – Weldya Kebele and Ahmed

1. Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................................................

1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................

1.1 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE INCEPTION REPORT..................................................................................

2. CONTRACT DATA AND MANAGEMENT................................................................................................

2.1 CONTRACT DATA............................................................................................................................

2.2 PAYMENT SCHEDULE.....................................................................................................................

2.3 CONSULTANT’S MOBILIZATION OF PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT..........................................

2.4 CONSULTANT’S CONTACT.............................................................................................................

2.5 INFORMATION AND FACILITIES REQUIRED..................................................................................

3. SCOPE OF SERVICES AND OBJECTIVES............................................................................................

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................................

4.1 Geographical Context........................................................................................................................

4.2 Route Description............................................................................................................................

5. INITIAL FINDINGS.................................................................................................................................

5.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................................

5.1.1 Tasks Identified in the TOR......................................................................................................

5.1.2 TASK GROUP NO.1: Inception and Work Initiation..................................................................

5.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ROUTE.................................................................

5.3 TOWNS, VILLAGES, AND JUNCTIONS ALONG THE ROAD........................................................

5.4 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE.......................................................................................................

5.5 ROAD ALIGNMENT AND CROSS-SECTION.................................................................................

5.6 RIGHT-OF-WAY..............................................................................................................................

5.7 LAND USE AND LAND COVER......................................................................................................

6 SOIL, MATERIALS, AND SITE INVESTIGATION...................................................................................

6.1 GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA............................................................................................

6.2. Road Condition Survey...................................................................................................................

[Link] Investigations..................................................................................................................

6.3.1 Soil Extension Survey..............................................................................................................

6.4. Construction Materials Survey........................................................................................................

Rural Road Design Preparation and Supervision Work for Erer Weldya (Abdolo) – Weldya Kebele and Ahmed

6.5 Investigation of Crossing Structure..................................................................................................

7. Methodology..........................................................................................................................................

7.1. Subgrade Soil Investigation and Pavement Condition Survey........................................................

7.1.1 General....................................................................................................................................

7.1.2 Desk Study...............................................................................................................................

7.1.3 Preliminary Study.....................................................................................................................

7.1.4 Detail Soil and Pavement Investigations..................................................................................

7.2 Construction Materials Investigations..............................................................................................

8. Hydrology and Drainage Inception.........................................................................................................

8.1 General............................................................................................................................................

8.2 Field Investigation and Desktop Study............................................................................................

8.3 Watershed Characteristics...............................................................................................................

8.4 Existing Major and Minor Structures................................................................................................

8.5 Medium Existing structures found on the road section....................................................................

8.6 Minor existing structures found on the road section........................................................................

8.7 Swampy and Waterlogged section found on the roads...................................................................

8.8 Eroded section due to lack of proper drainage management..........................................................

8.9 Land use Land Cover of the Project Roads.....................................................................................

8.10 Soil Type of the Project Roads......................................................................................................

8.11 Climate condition of the project......................................................................................................

8.12 Rainfall and Temperature Characteristics of the Project Area.......................................................

9. OUTPUTS AND DELIVERABLES SCHEDULE.....................................................................................

10 .CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................................
Rural Road Design Preparation and Supervision Work for Erer Weldya (Abdolo) – Weldya Kebele and Ahmed

2. ABBREVIATIONS
This report mentions many abbreviations of technical words and
agencies/organizations for clarity and precision in presentation. Below, they are
listed, abbreviated, and defined as follows:

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

RSDP Road Sector Development Program
ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority
EMA Ethiopian Mapping Agency
EMSA Ethiopian Meteorological Services Agency
AASHTO American Association of State Highways & Transportation Officials
GPS Global positioning System
GIS Geographical Information System
DTM Digital Terrain Model
DEM Digital Elevation Model
LHS Left Hand Side
ADT Average Daily Traffic
AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic
CBR California Bearing Ratio
LAA Los Angeles Abrasion Test
LL Liquid limit
PI Plasticity Index
DCP Dynamic Cone Penetration
ESAL Equivalent Standard Axle Load
OD Origin Destination
ROW Right of Way
TOR Terms of Reference
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
BRDG Bridge
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

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a.m.s.l Above Mean Sea Level

BM Bench Mark
BOQ Bill of Quantities
CC Community Conversation
CL Centerline
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
EIRR Economical Internal Rate Of Return
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GWC Gravel Wearing Course
HW Head Wall
LCCA Life cost Cycle Analysis
LRFD Load Resistance and Factor Design
MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPV Net Present Value
OD Origin Destination
OVC Orphan Vulnerable Children
PAP Project Affected Persons
PIA Project Influence Area
PMTCT Presentation of Mother to Child Transmission Treatment
PRDI Personal Real Disposal Income
QA Quality Assurance
QAP Quality Assurance Plan
QC Quality Control
STD Sexual Transmitted Disease
Stn. Station
VCT Volunteer Counselling and Testing
VOC Vehicle Operating Cost

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VPD Vehicle per Day

WPI Wholesale Price Index
WW Wing Wall

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The proposed rural road development initiative in Sofi Woreda focuses on two
strategic corridors that are vital for improving mobility and socio-economic integration
in the area. The first corridor, the Erer Weldya (Abdulo) to Weldya Kebele road,
originates from the elevated highlands of Abdulo, descends across a local river
basin, and connects to Weldya Kebele where it links with the main Erer road. The
second corridor, the Ahmedsidiq to Kile road, provides a key linkage between the
Gemshu access road and the main road to Babile via Upper Harewe and Kile.
Together, these routes form approximately 14km of existing track road that currently
serves as a basic access route for surrounding rural communities, agricultural lands,
and local economic activities.
Despite their importance, the existing roads are in a deteriorated condition and are
no longer suitable for routine maintenance or minor rehabilitation in several sections.
Field assessments indicate excessive longitudinal gradients, substandard horizontal
and vertical alignment, poor drainage provisions, and localized geotechnical
instability, especially in sloping terrain and near river crossings. These deficiencies
result in erosion, seasonal inaccessibility, and safety risks for users. Consequently,
the project requires substantial engineering intervention, including partial realignment
of the route, lengthening of road sections to achieve gentler gradients, and geometric
improvements that conform to rural road design standards and ensure long-term
serviceability.
The primary objective of the project is to deliver safe, reliable, and all-weather road
access that strengthens connectivity between rural kebeles and the main road
network while supporting local economic development. The project will ensure
proper gradient control, improved drainage systems, and environmentally
sustainable construction practices that minimize erosion and protect the surrounding
river basin. By enhancing accessibility to markets, schools, health facilities, and
administrative centers, the project is expected to significantly improve the livelihoods
of the local population and reduce travel time and vehicle operating costs.
To achieve these outcomes, the project will undertake a comprehensive program of
engineering services, beginning with stakeholder consultations and community
engagement to incorporate local needs and environmental considerations. This will
be followed by detailed topographic surveying, geotechnical and geological

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investigations, and hydrological assessments to inform the design process. The

detailed engineering design will cover road geometry, pavement structure using
locally available materials, drainage structures, and slope stabilization measures.
Finally, the project includes construction supervision and contract administration to
ensure quality control, adherence to specifications, and timely delivery of a resilient
and sustainable rural road network for Sofi Woreda.

2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. BACKGROUND
The inception report outlines the project's scope, objectives, and methodologies,
guiding its successful planning and execution. The consultancy services for the Rural
Road Design Preparation and Supervision Work for Erer Weldya (Abdolo) – Weldya
Kebele and Ahmedsidiq – Kile road have been initiated. Revero Consulting and
Construction PLC have been contracted to provide these services.
The primary aim of this consultancy is to undertake detailed topographic surveys,
carry out detailed engineering investigations of the road, perform detailed
engineering design, prepare Resettlement Action Plans (RAP), and prepare EMP
documents. Additionally, quality control, inspection of works, and monitoring the
progress of the project will be conducted during the construction phase.
The rural road improvement initiative in Sofi Woreda is a strategically prioritized
infrastructure program funded by the World Bank, aimed at addressing long-standing
accessibility challenges in remote and underserved communities. The project targets
key rural link roads that serve as the primary means of mobility for local residents,
agricultural producers, and service providers. These routes are essential
components of the woreda’s transport network, linking scattered settlements with
administrative centers and the regional road system, and thereby supporting
inclusive development and territorial integration.
The background to the project is rooted in the current poor condition of the road
infrastructure, which has deteriorated to a level that significantly limits functionality.
Extensive surface degradation, severe erosion, and inadequate or failed drainage
systems have rendered large sections of the roads impassable. In several locations,
the alignment has been compromised by steep gradients and unstable subgrade
conditions, resulting in physical breaches along the route. As a consequence,

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transport services are disrupted, and it is currently not possible for vehicles to travel
safely and continuously from the beginning to the end of the corridors, particularly
during the rainy season.
The proposed intervention is therefore essential to restore reliable access and
ensure the safety and continuity of transport operations. By improving the road
geometry, rehabilitating or reconstructing critical segments, and introducing
appropriate drainage and slope stabilization measures, the project will transform the
existing tracks into all-weather rural roads. This will significantly enhance the
operational performance of the routes, reduce travel risks, and ensure year-round
accessibility for both motorized and non-motorized users.
The socio-economic importance of the roads is substantial. The upgraded corridors
will provide improved connectivity to schools, health centers, and local markets,
enabling residents to access essential services more efficiently. Farmers will benefit
from the ability to transport and present their agricultural products to markets in a
timely and organized manner, which will help reduce post-harvest losses and
increase income-generating opportunities. In addition, the improved roads will
facilitate easier access to villages that are currently difficult to reach, thereby
strengthening social inclusion and enabling better delivery of administrative and
emergency services.
A particularly significant benefit is associated with the Abdulo corridor, which
functions as a strategic shortcut linking two major roads that are otherwise far apart.
Once improved, this route will reduce travel distance and time, enhance regional
mobility, and create a more efficient transport linkage within and beyond the woreda.
This improved connectivity will encourage trade, stimulate local economic activity,
and provide a more resilient transport alternative for the surrounding communities.
At the regional level, the project contributes directly to the government’s rural road
development program by expanding all-weather access and strengthening the
overall transport network in Sofi Woreda. It supports broader development
objectives, including improved service delivery, economic growth, and balanced
regional development. By addressing both the immediate infrastructure deficiencies
and the long-term mobility needs of rural populations, the project represents a
sustainable and impactful investment in the social and economic well-being of the
area.

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2.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION

The proposed rural road development project is located in the Harari Regional State
of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, specifically within Sofi Woreda, in
the vicinity of Harar. The project comprises two gravel road segments designed to
improve rural accessibility and connectivity between dispersed kebeles and the
urban service center of Harar town. The first road section, commonly referred to as
the Abdulo road, extends from Erer to Waldiya with an approximate length of 8 km,
while the second section, the Ahmedsidik road, runs from Ahmedsidik to Kile over an
estimated length of 6 km. These alignments traverse predominantly rural terrain
characterized by agricultural land, scattered settlements, and natural drainage
features, requiring careful engineering consideration to ensure durability, safety, and
climate resilience.
In terms of geographic positioning, the Abdulo road is situated approximately 12 km
from Harar town, whereas the Ahmedsidik road lies at an estimated distance of 10
km from the same urban center. Harar town itself is located about 516 km from Addis
Ababa, the national capital, and serves as a key economic, administrative, and
cultural hub for the region. The project roads function as feeder links that integrate
rural communities into the broader transport network, facilitating access to markets,
health services, education, and administrative centers. The improved connectivity is
expected to significantly reduce travel time, improve reliability of transport services,
and support local economic activities such as agriculture and small-scale trade.
From an engineering and development perspective, the project is classified as a low-
volume rural road initiative intended to provide all-weather access and enhance
mobility for local populations. The selected alignments and their respective lengths
have been determined based on existing travel patterns, community demand, and
topographic feasibility. The road corridors will be developed in accordance with the
design standards of the Ethiopian Roads Authority for DC-2 gravel roads, ensuring
appropriate geometric design, drainage provisions, and pavement structure suitable
for the anticipated traffic and environmental conditions. Overall, the project is
expected to contribute to improved socio-economic conditions, better service
delivery, and strengthened rural-urban linkages within Sofi Woreda and the wider
Harari region.

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Erer weldya (Abdollo)-Weldya kebele location map

Ahmedsidiq – Kile Road Project location map

Key Project Details

Parameter Details

Project Name Rural Road Design Preparation and

Supervision Work

Road Functional Classification Access Road

Length of the Road Approximately 14. km (Erer

Weldya(Abdolo) – Weldya Kebele and
Ahmedsidiq – Kile road project)

Climate Classification Moderate (Woyna dega)

Elevation (m) Erer weldya: 1,504 m to 1,951 m; Kile:

1,474 m to 1,652 m

Consultant Revero Consulting and Construction

P.L.C

Employer Harari Transport and Road Development

Bureau

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2.2.1 Geographical Context

The project road corridor is situated in a region with diverse topography, ranging
from highlands to lowlands. The highlands are characterized by mild and pleasant
temperatures, while the lowlands experience hotter conditions.
4.2 Route Description
The road passes through rural areas, farmlands, and residential zones. Generally,
the right-of-way (R.O.W) is narrow, posing challenges for accommodating typical
cross-sections. The route alignment has been studied using special tracker software,
Google Earth maps, 1:50,000 scale topographic maps, and field surveys.
Key Features Along the Route
1. Villages: The road connects villages, improving access to essential services
such as healthcare, education, and markets.
2. Junctions: The road intersects with existing roads at various points, enhancing
regional connectivity.
Challenges Identified
 Right-of-Way Issues: The project corridor is constrained by a limited right-of-
way, which is insufficient to accommodate the standard road cross-section
required under the design specifications. This spatial limitation poses
significant challenges for the proper formation of carriageway width,
shoulders, drainage structures, and slope protection works. The situation is
particularly critical within village sections, where residential houses are
located in close proximity to the existing road alignment. In the open field
areas, the road is bordered on both the right and left sides by cultivated land,
including chat and mango tree farms. These developments further restrict the
available working space and may necessitate careful alignment adjustment
and stakeholder consultation.
 Terrain Difficulty: Both project areas are characterized by steep terrain, which
presents considerable technical and operational challenges during
construction. The Abdullo site, in particular, is marked by the presence of
numerous large boulders, very sharp horizontal curves, and extensive
sections of hard rock formation. These conditions significantly complicate
excavation, alignment improvement, and earthwork activities, requiring
specialized equipment and careful construction planning. Similarly, the
Ahmedsidiq–Kile site is predominantly composed of very hard rock strata and
is situated within a confined corridor. The restricted working space, combined
with the rock formation, makes excavation and grading difficult and poses
particular challenges for the effective drainage of surface runoff to the sides.
Consequently, additional engineering measures and careful design

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considerations are required to ensure stability, safety, and proper stormwater

management in both locations.
 Material Availability: While some material sources have been identified, their
quality and quantity need further evaluation.

2.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE INCEPTION REPORT

The primary objective of the project is to improve rural accessibility and mobility
through the provision of a well-engineered road corridor designed in accordance with
DC-2 rural road standards. This includes establishing appropriate horizontal and
vertical alignment, with particular emphasis on achieving acceptable longitudinal
gradients that suit the terrain while ensuring safety and durability. By introducing
proper geometric design, slope treatment, and stable earthworks, the project will
transform the existing deteriorated track into a reliable and serviceable rural road
that supports continuous movement of people and goods throughout the year.
A further key objective is to provide all-weather road access that ensures year-round
connectivity regardless of seasonal conditions. The improved road will significantly
reduce travel time, vehicle operating costs, and routine maintenance expenses by
providing a smoother running surface, improved drainage systems, and structurally
sound layers. This will enhance transport efficiency for public services, commercial
activities, and agricultural logistics, allowing users to move safely and predictably
between rural settlements and main road networks.
In addition, the project aims to contribute to the improvement of socio-economic
conditions and the long-term resilience of the community. By enabling better access
to markets, schools, and healthcare facilities, the road will directly support livelihood
enhancement and social development. The design and construction approach will
incorporate climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable engineering measures,
including effective drainage, erosion control, and slope stabilization, to ensure the
infrastructure remains safe and functional under varying climatic conditions.
Ultimately, the project will deliver a safe, resilient, and economically beneficial rural
transport link that supports sustainable development in Sofi Woreda.

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3. CONTRACT DATA AND MANAGEMENT

3.1. CONTRACT DATA
The consultancy services for the Rural Road Design Preparation and Supervision
Work for Erer Weldya (Abdolo) – Weldya Kebele and Ahmedsidiq – Kile Project have
been contracted to Revero Consulting and Constrction PLC. The contract specifics
are as follows:
 Project Name: Rural Road Design Preparation and Supervision Work
 Region/Zone: Harari region
 Length of the Road: Approximately 14 km
 Road Functional Classification: Access Road
 Planned Phase:
 Phase 1: Detail Engineering Design
 Phase 2: Construction Supervision and Contract Administration

3.2. CONSULTANT’S MOBILIZATION OF PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT

Immediately after the project commencement, the Consultant organized a
mobilization schedule. Key personnel undertook a site visit from February 16, 2026,
until February 21, 2026, for inception, work initiation, and data collection.

CONSULTANT’S MOBILIZATION OF PERSONNEL

Item Name Position Mobilization
No.
1 Yohannes Tademe Team Leader /Resident Engineer February, 2026
2 Amir Abdullahi Structural Engineer “
3 Kebede Midekssa Material/Geotechnical Engineer “
4 Murad Abdusemed Senior Quantity Surveyor “
5 Abdulmenan Jemal Senior Surveyor “
6 Sami Khalid Contract Engineer/Claim Expert “
7 Yared Gadissa Environmentalist “
8 Restem Solomon Hydrologist/ Hydraulics Engineer “
9 To be named Gender specialist “

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3.3. CONSULTANT’S CONTACT

The project office is set up within the Consultants’ office with the following contact
details:
 Location: Shemeket Commercial Building, Lideta Sub-city, Addis Ababa
 Telephone: +251 930313199 / +251 911239302
 E-mail ID: [Link]@[Link]

3.4. INFORMATION AND FACILITIES REQUIRED

To undertake the Detailed Engineering Design, the Consultants require basic data
such as socio-economic profiles of the project area, topographic maps, rainfall data
along the project road, past traffic count records, and other pertinent data.
Accordingly, the design team members have started gathering the necessary
documents for the execution of this study.

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4. SCOPE OF SERVICES AND OBJECTIVES

The scope of consulting services of the Road Projects is divided into two phases:
Phase I (Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation) and
Phase II (Construction Supervision and Contract Administration). Below is a detailed
breakdown of the tasks under each phase:

Phase I: Detail Engineering Design

a. Survey and Data Collection

The project will commence with comprehensive engineering investigations to
establish an accurate and reliable design basis for the proposed DC-2 rural gravel
road. A detailed topographic survey will be carried out along the entire road corridor
using appropriate surveying instruments and referencing to the national geodetic
control system to capture planimetric and elevation data, natural ground profiles,
drainage paths, existing structures, and utilities. In parallel, a classified traffic survey
of 3 days and 12 hours duration will be conducted to determine the Average Daily
Traffic (ADT), traffic composition, axle loading characteristics, and future traffic
growth projections consistent with Ethiopian Roads Authority requirements for low-
volume roads. These datasets will form the foundation for geometric design, wearing
coarse design, and capacity considerations.
b. Geotechnical and Materials Investigation
A thorough geotechnical investigation will be undertaken to characterize subgrade
conditions and identify suitable construction materials. This will include field sampling
using test pits and/or auger borings, laboratory testing for index and engineering
properties (such as grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, CBR, moisture-density
relationships), and evaluation of subgrade strength and variability along the
alignment. In addition, borrow material investigations will be conducted at approved
quarry or borrow sites to assess the suitability of gravel wearing course and subbase
materials in terms of gradation, plasticity, durability, and compaction characteristics.
The outcomes of these investigations will inform the base coarse structure design,
including the determination of layer thicknesses, material specifications, and
compaction requirements consistent with the ERA Low Volume Roads design
standards.

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c. Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Pavement Design

Hydrological and hydraulic analysis will be performed to determine design storm
events, catchment characteristics, runoff quantities, and peak discharge values for
all water crossings and drainage paths intersecting the road alignment. Based on
these analyses, appropriate drainage structures such as side drains, mitre drains,
culverts, and scour protection work will be designed to ensure adequate conveyance
capacity and long-term resilience of the road. Using the traffic loading data and
geotechnical results, the pavement (wearing course) design will be developed,
including the determination of subbase thickness and gravel wearing course
thickness, compaction level, and layer specifications to meet the expected service
life and performance criteria. The design will ensure adequate structural capacity,
riding quality, and durability under the projected traffic and environmental conditions.
d. Geometric Design Development
Using the combined outputs of topographic survey, traffic analysis, and hydrological
assessments, the full geometric design of the road will be developed in accordance
with ERA standards for DC-2 low-volume roads. This will include horizontal
alignment design (curves, tangents, sight distances), vertical alignment (gradients,
crest and sag curves), cross-section elements (carriageway width, shoulders,
camber, side slopes), and slope stabilization measures where required. Special
attention will be given to minimizing earthwork quantities while ensuring safe and
comfortable vehicle operation, proper drainage, and environmental compatibility. The
final design will include detailed drawings, longitudinal profiles, cross-section, and
setting-out all the information and documentations required for construction work.
e. Environmental and Social Studies
An Environmental and Social Management framework will be prepared in
compliance with national regulations and donor requirements where applicable. This
will include an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or screening study to identify
potential impacts on soil, water, vegetation, wildlife, and community resources, and
to propose mitigation measures. A Social Impact Assessment will evaluate the
project’s effects on local communities, land use, livelihoods, and access to services.
Specific consideration will be given to gender inclusion, vulnerable groups, and
equitable access to the improved road and Right-of-way (ROW) issues, and will be
assessed and documented to ensure socially responsible and legally compliant
implementation.

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Phase II: Construction Supervision and Contract Administration

f. Construction Supervision Plan and Contract Administration

A comprehensive construction supervision and contract administration plan will be
prepared to guide the implementation phase. This will define supervision
methodologies, quality assurance and quality control procedures, materials testing
requirements, reporting formats, and performance monitoring systems. It will also
establish clear roles and responsibilities for the client, consultant, and contractor in
accordance with standard conditions of contract. The plan will include site
management procedures, health and safety provisions, environmental compliance
monitoring, and progress tracking mechanisms to ensure that construction works are
executed in accordance with the approved design, specifications, schedule, and
budget, thereby delivering a safe, durable, and sustainable rural road infrastructure.

Table 3-2: Deliverables and Payment Schedule – Phase II

Item No. Type of Deliverables Percentage of Amount to be
Payment to be Released (Birr)
Released (%)

1 Monthly payment for actual As per monthly As per monthly

inputs and reimbursable progress progress
costs incurred by the
Consultant against invoices
supported by initialized
statements and supporting
documentation

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5. INITIAL FINDINGS
5.1. GENERAL
5.1.1 Tasks Identified in the TOR
The Terms of Reference (TOR) clearly define the principal assignments to be
undertaken for the successful delivery of the project. These assignments are
organized into major activity categories, each supported by a defined methodology
and corresponding weighting as determined by the Consultant to ensure systematic
implementation, quality assurance, and timely completion. The key tasks identified in
the TOR are outlined below:
• Inception and Work Initiation: This phase involves full mobilization of qualified
personnel, equipment, and logistical resources to the project site. It includes initial
site reconnaissance visits, stakeholder consultations where necessary, review of
available secondary data, and comprehensive primary data collection. The objective
is to establish a clear understanding of project conditions, confirm scope, and
develop an actionable work plan.
• Topographic Survey: Execution of detailed and accurate topographic surveys
along the entire project corridor using appropriate surveying instruments and
methodologies. This includes establishment of control points, longitudinal and cross-
sectional profiling, identification of natural and man-made features, and preparation
of survey drawings to support engineering design activities.
• Soil and Material Investigations: Comprehensive geotechnical investigations to
assess subgrade characteristics, availability and suitability of construction materials,
and existing pavement conditions (where applicable). Laboratory and field testing
shall be conducted in accordance with relevant standards to determine engineering
properties essential for pavement and structural design.
• Hydrological and Hydraulic Studies: Systematic evaluation of catchment areas,
rainfall data, runoff characteristics, and existing drainage patterns. Based on the
analysis, appropriate hydraulic designs for culverts, drainage channels, and other
cross-drainage structures shall be prepared to ensure adequate flood handling
capacity and long-term infrastructure performance.
• Detailed Engineering Design: Preparation of complete engineering designs
derived from survey data, geotechnical findings, and hydrological analyses. This
includes geometric design, pavement design, structural detailing, quantity take-offs,

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cost estimation, technical specifications, and preparation of construction drawings in

compliance with applicable standards and guidelines.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Identification and assessment of
potential environmental and social impacts associated with the project. The study will
propose practical mitigation measures, environmental management plans, and
monitoring frameworks to ensure regulatory compliance and sustainable project
implementation.
These activity components collectively form the technical foundation of the
assignment and are structured to ensure an integrated, technically sound, and
professionally executed project outcome.

5.2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ROUTES

The project route is situated in the eastern part of Ethiopia within the Harari Regional
State, traversing predominantly rural settings characterized by agricultural lands and
dispersed residential settlements. The alignment serves as a strategic corridor
connecting multiple villages and facilitating access to socio-economic services.
Topographically, the route passes through diverse terrain conditions, including
mountainous sections, rolling landscapes, escarpments, and river crossings, all of
which require careful engineering consideration during planning and design.
Key features along the project route include:
• Villages: The road links several rural villages, significantly improving accessibility
to essential public services such as healthcare facilities, educational institutions,
administrative centers, and local markets. These settlements function as vital socio-
economic hubs, supporting agricultural production, small-scale trade, and community
interaction. Enhanced road connectivity is therefore expected to strengthen local
economic activities and improve overall livelihoods.
• Junctions: The alignment intersects with existing road networks at selected
locations, forming important junctions that enhance regional mobility. These
intersections contribute to improved traffic circulation, facilitate movement of goods
and services, and integrate the project corridor into the broader transportation
network of the region.

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Overall, the project route plays a critical role in strengthening rural connectivity,
promoting regional integration, and supporting sustainable socio-economic
development within the Harari Regional State.

5.3. TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

The project area is characterized by moderately varied topography and distinct
climatic conditions that influence both design considerations and construction
methodologies. Elevation differences across the alignment contribute to variations in
drainage patterns, slope stability, and material behavior, all of which require careful
technical evaluation.
• Elevation Range:
 Abdulo Kebele Section: The elevation varies from approximately 1,504
meters to 1,951 meters above sea level. This significant variation indicates
the presence of sloping and elevated terrain, which may require slope
stabilization measures, controlled earthworks, and properly designed drainage
systems.
 Kile Section: The elevation ranges between approximately 1,474 meters and
1,652 meters above sea level. Compared to the Abdulo kebele section, this
area exhibits relatively moderate elevation variation but still demands
appropriate geometric design and erosion control measures.

Rainfall Patterns:
The region generally experiences a bimodal rainfall regime, which has direct
implications for hydrological design, construction scheduling, and erosion
management.
 Highland Areas: These sections receive comparatively higher rainfall,
typically concentrated between July and September. Sustained precipitation
during this period increases surface runoff and requires adequately sized
drainage structures and slope protection systems.
 Lowland Areas ( Kebele Area): These areas receive relatively low annual
rainfall; however, the distribution is often erratic and uneven. Rainfall events
tend to be short in duration but high in intensity, frequently resulting in flash

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floods. Such conditions necessitate robust hydraulic design, particularly for

cross-drainage structures, side drains, and erosion protection measures.
In summary, the combined influence of elevation variability and bimodal rainfall
patterns underscores the need for integrated topographic, hydrological, and
geotechnical considerations in the overall project design and implementation
strategy.

5.4. ROAD ALIGNMENT AND CROSS-SECTION

The road alignment has been comprehensively assessed through the integration of
route-tracking software, satellite imagery interpretation using Google Earth maps,
1:50,000 scale topographic maps, and detailed field reconnaissance surveys. This
multi-source evaluation approach has enabled accurate alignment verification,
identification of constraints, and validation of geometric design requirements.
Key observations derived from the alignment study include:
• Alignment Challenges: In several village sections, the available right-of-way
(R.O.W) is notably narrow, creating constraints in accommodating the standard
roadway cross-section without affecting adjacent properties. Additionally, certain
open-field segments are densely bordered on both the right and left sides by chat
(khat) and mango plantations. These cultivated areas extend close to the existing
roadway, further intensifying right-of-way limitations. Such conditions require careful
geometric optimization, stakeholder coordination, and, where feasible, context-
sensitive design solutions.
• Cross-Section Details: The proposed design adopts standard cross-sectional
elements consistent with applicable road design standards. The cross-section
includes defined traffic lanes, appropriately sized shoulders for safety and structural
support, and engineered drainage provisions such as side drains to ensure effective
runoff management. Adjustments may be introduced in constrained areas to balance
safety, functionality, and right-of-way availability while maintaining compliance with
technical requirements.
Overall, the alignment study confirms the technical feasibility of the corridor while
highlighting localized constraints that require thoughtful engineering and coordinated
implementation strategies.

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Road Alignment Cross-Section/ ROW

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5.5 LAND USE AND LAND COVER

The project corridor traverses areas characterized by varied land use and land cover
patterns, reflecting both settlement development and agricultural activity.
Understanding these land use dynamics is essential for informed design decisions,
right-of-way planning, and environmental management considerations.
Key land use and land cover features within the project area include:
• Residential Zones: The alignment passes through dispersed rural settlements
composed primarily of low-density housing and community facilities. These
residential areas require careful consideration in terms of traffic safety, pedestrian
movement, access management, and potential social impacts during construction
and operation phases.
• Natural Vegetation and Agricultural Plantations: Significant portions of the
corridor are bordered by cultivated vegetation, predominantly chat (khat) and mango
plantations. These plantations represent important sources of livelihood for local
communities and may extend close to the existing roadway. As such, they present
right-of-way constraints and necessitate appropriate mitigation measures, including
minimization of vegetation clearance, compensation planning (where applicable),
and environmentally responsible construction practices.
In summary, the mix of rural residential settlements and productive agricultural
plantations highlights the need for a balanced engineering approach that safeguards
community interests while ensuring technical compliance and project sustainability.

0-2 land use and land cover

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6. Road condition inception

6.1. Subgrade Investigations

The subgrade soil investigation was conducted to assess the actual condition
of the alignment materials, including a soil extension survey. The purposes of
the subgrade soil investigation along the road corridor are:
✓ To assess the depth and nature of the centerline materials along the route
corridor.
✓ To characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the centerline materials
along the route alignment.
✓ To suggest possible remedial measures that would support the pavement design.
The subgrade field investigation conducted along each road corridor is presented in
the following subsection.
6.2.1 Soil Extension Survey
In order to determine the lateral extent and physical properties of the alignment soils,
a detailed soil extension survey was conducted along the entire road section. The
soil extension survey along the road corridors was carried out through visual
observation of the color, texture, moisture condition, and general appearance of
the soil along the roadside.
The subgrade soil extension survey was conducted by walking along the alignment
to identify and demarcate the boundaries between different soil types.
During the reconnaissance site visit, a visual subgrade soil extension survey was
carried out to determine the extent of the subgrade materials along the accessible
sections of the project route corridor.
The general subgrade soil conditions observed along the route corridor are
summarized as follows:
1. Abdulo to Weldiya Kebele: Presence of boulders, sandy clay, and silt.
2. Ahmedsidiq to Kile: Presence of hard rock strata, loam, sandy clay, and silt.
6.2. Construction Materials Survey
The construction materials investigation undertaken for the upgrading of the road
involved searching for and identification of suitable borrow pits, quarries, Sand and
Water which could provide an adequate quality and quantity of road construction
materials within the vicinity of road project. Detailed investigation of material sources

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plays an important role in assisting the design of cost-effective pavements thereby

enhancing efficient use of the locally available construction materials.
Approximate quantity of natural gravel sources; borrow sources and rock sources
have been calculated as per their natural geometric shapes. In estimating the
quantities, first the geometric shape was determined and as per its geometric shapes
and after reducing the approximate overburden volumes, the approximate volume of
the material is estimated.
Material engineer inspected the road to be constructed and assessed the materials
requirements for the expected works. After identifying the potential material sources
test holes will be excavated and representative samples will be taken for laboratory
testing to establish the quality and suitability of the locally available road construction
materials.
The potential sources of construction materials on vicinity the project area will be
investigated through the following activities:
 A desk study of available information: The information that was studied
includes geological maps, geological reports and topographical maps.
 Interaction with local people: Local people on the vicinity of the route were
enquired about the existence of potential sources of construction material.
 Field survey for potential sources: All potential sources were visually
inspected and evaluated. Samples will be taken if the material was
considered suitable for intended purpose.
In general, before locating each kind of construction materials the following factors
were considered:
 Performance of the materials to be used for the construction;
 Accessibility;
 Quantity and Quality;
 Type and thickness of overburden materials;
 Availability of ample space for production
 Environmental and social aspects
Taking into account these factors potential sources of construction materials were
located, which include possible sources of rock, natural gravel sources, natural sand
and water. Moreover, considering similarity of material, representative samples will
be collected from the sources for further investigation of their quality in the
laboratory.

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6.3. Geotechnical study and investigations

The road project is likely to be susceptible to localized soil sliding and erosion,
particularly in the Abdulo section, due to the presence of steep escarpments and
hilly terrain.
Although the Ahmedsidiq–Kile section is comparatively more stable than the
Abdulo section, the road alignment in the mid-section passes through a steep area
characterized by very hard rock formations. This condition makes road formation
works difficult and poses challenges for proper drainage of surface runoff.
These features are mainly associated with the topography and geological conditions
of the project area. As a result, they may have implications for the road design,
construction activities, and the long-term sustainability of the road.
6.4. General recommendations of cut-back slopes
The stability of deep cut sections depends on the type of material to be excavated,
the amount and vertical position of the different materials, the presence of ground
water, the cut back slope angle, and the type of remedial measures employed for
drainage and erosion protection. Considering these, ERA Low Volume Road Design
Manual Part D. recommends different ranges of stable back slopes for different types
of soils and rocks as indicated below:
Table 6.1: Slope Ratio Table –Vertical to Horizontal
Material Height of Side Slop (V:H) Back Slope
Slope (m) Fill Cut
Earth Soil 0.0-1.0 1:3 1:3
1.0-2.0 1:2 1:2
>2.0 2:3 2:3
Strong Rock 0.0-2.0 4:5 1:2 2:1
>2.0 1:1 4:1
Weathered 0.0-2.0 2:3 2:1
Rock >2.0 1:1 3:1
Decomposed 0.0-1.0 1:3 1:3
Rock 1.0-2.0 1:2 1:2
>2.0 2:3 2:3
Black Cotton 0.0-2.0 1:6 -
Soil (expansive >2.0 1:4

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clay)

Based on the above general recommendation ranges of slopes for each category of soil
and/or rocks extension will be selected on the project route based on the site investigation in
detail.
6.5. Investigation of Crossing Structure
The field investigations were conducted to examine the crossing sites of the
drainage structures and to assess the potential geotechnical hazards associated with
the project.
The investigation of the crossing sites was undertaken to determine their engineering
characteristics, which are essential for estimating the bearing capacity of the
foundation soils. The crossing site investigations included test pit excavation, sample
retrieval, in-situ field testing (DCP), and visual description of the underlying soil and
rock materials.
The purposes of the investigation are as follows:
a) To determine the type and extent of the geological layers at the crossing structure
sites and to investigate the presence of groundwater, including identification of its
level if encountered.
b) To determine the engineering properties of the geotechnical layers constituting the
subsurface geology at the crossing structure sites.
c) To develop engineering recommendations to guide the design and construction of
the crossing structures.
d) To provide guidance for safe and economical foundation design, including the type
of foundation, bearing layer, depth and width of foundation, and the allowable
bearing capacity.
.

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7. Hydrology and Drainage Inception

7.1. General
A preliminary inception report has been done based on the site visit and respective
desk study to assess the drainage context and requirements of the project routes
along From Abdulo- Weldiya Kebele and Ahmedsidiq – Kile Road Projects. The
main objectives of the desk review and field reconnaissance are:
 Assessment of Drainage Structures – conducting a condition survey of the
existing drainage structures on the existing road with respect to
Hydrology /Hydraulic and drainage context.
 Identification of potential flooding problem areas & peculiarity of the project
area with regards to hydrology & drainage structures
 Identification of possible major and minor drainage crossing structure
location section of the road.
 Land use and land cover of the route corridor
 Soil type of the route corridor
 Climate of the area and other site observation data were collected.
7.2. Field Investigation and Desk Study
A site visit was conducted together with other technical experts for inception and
detailed assessment purposes. During the visit, field observations and preliminary
data collection were carried out to support the planning and design activities of the
project.
The road alignment passes through several minor drainage crossing locations.
During the site visit, relevant data regarding the topographical features of the area,
including the locations of existing streams, streamlets, and natural drainage
channels, were collected with the support of tracking and location application
software.
The streams encountered along the road section have well-defined catchment areas
and cross the project road at relatively flatter terrain. These streams are generally
wide and transport significant bed loads consisting of materials ranging from fine silts
to pebbles and boulders.
Based on the site observations, most sections of the road corridor pass through
rolling and hilly terrain in the Kile section, while the Abdullo section contains short

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intermittent steep segments. Due to these terrain conditions, the management of

surface runoff may become challenging in certain locations and may require
additional drainage provisions, such as secondary drains and protective measures,
particularly in areas with mountainous and escarpment characteristics.
7.3. Watershed Characteristics
During the visit and Inception Desk study it was also possible to ascertain
catchments characteristics: topography, land use, vegetation cover and soil type of
the catchments of the route.
7.4. Existing Minor Structures
Along the project route, several minor drainage structures, including fords and pipe
culverts, were observed during the field assessment. Most of these existing
structures are in poor and deteriorated condition, indicating significant wear and
damage over time.
Based on the site observations, the majority of these drainage structures require
serious maintenance, rehabilitation, or complete reconstruction. Any reconstruction
works should be carried out based on proper engineering design and hydrological
assessment to ensure adequate drainage capacity and long-term serviceability of the
road infrastructure.

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Fig 7.1. Pipe culvert

7.5. Eroded section due to lack of proper drainage management

Due to the terrain condition of the project roads, in which they are predominantly
rolling and are found on ridge sections; there is no significant water logging or
identified swampy section.

Fig [Link] 7.3 Eroded sections due to lack of side drains

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8. OUTPUTS AND DELIVERABLES SCHEDULE

Key Deliverables
The following are the key deliverables expected from the Consultant during the
project lifecycle:

1. Final Inception Report: Outlines the initial findings

2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report: Identifies potential

environmental impacts and proposes mitigation measures.

3. Specific Design Standards Report: Provides detailed engineering standards

and specifications.

4. Material and Site Investigation Report: Summarizes findings from soil,

material, and site investigations.

5. Engineering Design Report: Includes detailed designs for road alignment,

drainage, and structures.

6. Tender Documents: Comprehensive documents for contractor bidding,

including drawings, bills of quantities, and cost estimates.( if applicable)

7. Engineering Report: Comprehensive documents for contractor bidding,

including drawings, bills of quantities, and cost estimates.

8. Monthly Progress Reports (Phase II): Tracks progress, identifies challenges,

and provides recommendations.

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CONCLUSIONS
The Inception Report for the Weldiya Abdulo – Weldiya Kebele and Ahmedsidiq –
Kile Projects serves as a foundational document outlining the project objectives,
methodologies, and preliminary findings. The report highlights the key steps required
to ensure the successful implementation of both phases of the consultancy services:
Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation (Phase I) and
Construction Supervision and Contract Administration (Phase II).
Key Highlights
1. Project Scope and Objectives:
The project aims to improve road infrastructure within the Harari Regional State by
conducting detailed engineering investigations, designing sustainable road
alignments, preparing tender documents, and ensuring effective quality control
during construction. The project deliverables are prepared in accordance with the
Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) standards and the requirements outlined in the
Terms of Reference (TOR).
2. Initial Findings:
Preliminary assessments indicate the presence of diverse topographical and climatic
conditions along the project route, which require carefully tailored design solutions.
Several challenges have been identified, including narrow right-of-way (R.O.W) in
populated areas, rock formations and boulders, and inadequate drainage structures.
These issues will be further analyzed and addressed during the detailed design
phase.
3. Hydrological and HydraulicStudies:
The preliminary hydrological and hydraulic assessment indicates significant seasonal
variations in surface runoff, particularly during the rainy season. Existing drainage
structures, including culverts and side drains, require rehabilitation or replacement to
effectively manage peak flow conditions. Detailed rainfall data analysis and
watershed delineation will be carried out to guide the design of appropriate and
efficient drainage systems.
[Link]:
Potential sources of construction materials, including gravel, sand, and rock quarries,
have been identified and preliminarily evaluated for their suitability. These materials
will be utilized for pavement layers, concrete works, and masonry construction,
ensuring compliance with the project specifications and technical standards.

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5. Mobilization and Execution:

The Consultant has successfully mobilized key personnel and the required
equipment to commence the consultancy services. The project team comprises
specialists in highway engineering, geotechnical investigations, environmental
assessment, and hydrology, ensuring comprehensive coverage of all technical
aspects of the project.
6. Payment Schedule:
A structured payment schedule has been established, with payments linked to the
submission and approval of deliverables for Phase I, and monthly progress-based
payments during Phase II. This arrangement ensures accountability, transparency,
and the timely delivery of project outputs.
Recommendations
Based on the initial findings, the following recommendations are proposed:
• Cutback Slopes: General recommendations for cutback slopes have been
provided based on the type of material and slope height. For example, in areas with
black cotton soil, a cut slope ratio of 1:6 for depths up to 2 meters and 1:4 for
greater depths is recommended to ensure slope stability.
• Drainage Improvements: The drainage system design should incorporate
adequate hydraulic capacity to safely convey peak flows during periods of heavy
rainfall. Existing drainage structures should be upgraded or redesigned where
necessary to improve overall drainage performance.
• Material Utilization: The identified sources of construction materials should
undergo detailed laboratory testing to verify their compliance with the required
project specifications. In addition, alternative material sources should be identified
and evaluated to serve as backup options if the primary sources prove unsuitable.
• Environmental Mitigation: The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should address
potential social and economic impacts on affected communities and ensure that
mitigation measures comply with the applicable environmental and social safeguard
requirements.
 .

Next Steps
The next steps will involve the completion of the detailed engineering design, the
conduct of site-specific investigations, and the preparation of tender documents.
Continuous monitoring and effective coordination between the Consultant and the

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Employer will be essential to promptly address any emerging challenges and to

ensure that all project activities are implemented in accordance with the established
schedule and project requirements.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Weldiya Abdulo – Weldiya Kebele and Ahmedsidiq – Kile Road
Projects represent an important initiative aimed at improving connectivity,
accessibility, and socio-economic development within the Harari Regional State. The
findings presented in this Inception Report provide an initial understanding of the
topographical, geotechnical, hydrological, and environmental conditions along the
project corridors, which will guide the subsequent stages of the consultancy services.
Preliminary assessments have identified several key considerations, including
challenging terrain conditions, rock formations, narrow right-of-way sections, and the
need for improved drainage structures. Addressing these issues through careful
engineering design, appropriate material utilization, and well-planned drainage
systems will be essential to ensure the durability and long-term sustainability of the
road infrastructure.
The successful mobilization of the Consultant’s team and the commencement of
preliminary investigations demonstrate the project’s readiness to proceed to the next
stages, including detailed engineering design, site-specific investigations, and the
preparation of tender documents. Continuous coordination between the Consultant
and the Employer, along with adherence to Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA)
standards and the Terms of Reference (TOR), will be critical for achieving the project
objectives.
With meticulous planning, sound engineering methodologies, and effective
stakeholder collaboration, the project is well positioned to deliver safe, resilient, and
sustainable road infrastructure that will significantly benefit local communities and
support the long-term development of the region.

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