Introduction

Water is valuable natural resources that essential to human survive and the ecosystems health. Water comprising
of coastal water bodies and fresh water bodies (lakes, river and groundwater). Since the past few decades, the
increasing of anthropogenic activities especially in industrial area has effects to water bodies. This is the global
issues which happening throughout the world. World will face a major fresh water crisis in the coming decades
due to high contaminants in surface and subsurface water. Groundwater is ultimate and most suitable fresh water
resource for human consumption in both urban as well as rural areas. The groundwater quality reflects the
information about the natural and anthropogenic source of pollution. Geographical Information System is taken
into account for the enhanced interpolation of the area in terms of pollution status and mapping. The use of
remote sensing and GIS in water monitoring and management has been long recognized.

The domestic’s sewage, factories effluents, and agriculture waste can lead to deterioration of river water quality.
Because of that the river water quality monitoring program are needed in order to raise awareness of public by
address the consequences of present and future threats of contamination to water resources. The characteristic of
water can be categorized into three namely physical, biological and chemical. The monitoring and assessment
may be useful for research and policy making purposes. In situ measurements and collection of water samples
for subsequent laboratory analyses are currently used to evaluate water quality. These measurements are
accurate for a point in time and space but do not give either the spatial or temporal view of water quality in wide
space.

A major factor in the degradation of water quality in streams and rivers has been the heavy application of
agricultural chemicals and fertilizers commonly used to increase crop yields. Because water quality is so
strongly affected by people’s use of the land, and because human health is so dependent upon clean water,
assessing the condition of aquatic resources is perhaps one of the most important areas of interdisciplinary
environmental research (Wear et al., 1998). In addition, since land use and land cover (LULC) are such strong
determinants of water quality, methods are needed to efficiently and cost-effectively monitor regional landscape
conditions. Despite this need, there is a paucity of programs that monitor LULC-water quality at the regional
scale. Remote sensing technology can be of great utility for this type of monitoring.

An estimated $70 billion is spent annually in the U.S.A. on environmental regulatory programs to protect
ecological resource. In particular, the quality and condition of the nation’s water resources have be-come a
prime concern over the past few decades. Yet, documentation of regional stream conditions has been
problematic. While aquatic regulatory programs have historically used a site-specific approach to protecting and
improving water quality, difficulties in assessing less well-defined impacts and effects from non-point source
pollution, habitat degradation, and cumulative effects of long-term sub lethal levels of contaminants still remain
unresolved.

This study discusses the application of remote sensing and GIS specifically in monitoring water quality
parameter such as suspended matter, phytoplankton, turbidity, and dissolved organic matter. In fact, the
capability of this technology offers great tools of how the water quality monitoring and managing can be
operationalised in this country. Potential application and management is identified in promoting concept of
sustainable water resource management. With the increasing feasibility of using remotely-sensed data,
landscape-water quality studies can now be more easily performed on regional, multi-state scales. The
traditional method of relating land use and land cover to water quality has been extended to include landscape
pattern and other landscape information derived from satellite data

Three items are focused: 1) the increasing recognition of the importance of larger-scale studies of regional water
quality that require a landscape perspective; 2) the increasing importance of remotely sensed data, 3) landscape
pattern.

The usefulness of remote sensing techniques in stream condition/water-quality analyses relates to the
geographically widespread nature of non-point source pollution (NPSP) problems, in particular. This
characteristic, and the resultant effects on streams of NPSP, necessitate the assessment of watershed condition
and water quality on a regional scale and increases the importance of developing landscape-scale studies. For
example, impacts from non-point source pollution are of special interest in a predominantly agricultural region
such as the U.S. Midwest and Great Plains. Reasons for this derive from the physical changes to streams that
occur when native grassland is changed to pasture or cropland, such as: 1) the pattern of discharge; 2) the
physical nature of the channel; 3) the bed disturbance regime; 4) temperature and light regimes; 5) chemistry;
and 6) input of dissolved and particulate terrestrial organic matter. These physical changes in turn can impact
stream biota. Due to these impacts from agriculture as well as other land use activities, nutrients, sediment and
pesticides reportedly affect 55% of impaired stream miles in the U.S. (Wells, 1992).

The following are the important aspects of regional landscape and water quality monitoring including: 1) the
increased recognition of the importance of landscape-scale approaches to water quality studies; 2) the increased
recognition of the role of landscape ecology and landscape pattern in studying human-environment relationships
3) the application of remote sensing technologies to the study of aquatic ecosystems; and 4) landscape-water
quality studies in the context of ecological monitoring programs and indicators of ecological condition. Because
water quality integrates geomorphic, hydrologic, and biological processes, it is a fundamental component of a
healthy watershed.

The importance of these interrelationships between LULC and water quality is reflected by the increased
recognition over the past two decades of NPSP as a major environmental concern. In addition to affecting
physical and chemical aspects of water quality, LULC has been shown to affect stream habitat, which, when in
concert with water quality, affects stream biological community composition, including fish and
macroinvertebrate communities (Schlosser, 1991). While many studies address the general relationship of
LULC to water quality, another avenue of research compares the relative influence of entire catchments versus
riparian buffers or other smaller portions of the catchment in determining water quality.

Complex ecological models are used to predict the consequences of anticipated future changes in climate and
nutrient loading for lake water quality. These models may, however, suffer from non-uniqueness in that various
sets of model parameter values may yield equally satisfactory representations of the system being modelled, but
when applied in future scenarios these sets of values may divert considerably in their simulated outcomes.
Compilation of an ensemble of model runs allows us to account for simulation variability arising from model
parameter estimates. Thus, we propose a new approach for aquatic ecological models creating a more robust
prediction of future water quality.

Ecological lake models have been developed for decades for management and research purposes and several
complex dynamic lake models are presently available. These models can be used as experimental tools for both
managers and scientists and facilitate ways to assess impacts on lake water quality under various scenario
forcing. Thus, models can be potent tools for assessing potential synergistic effects of nutrient loading and
climate change on lakes. Lake water quality across the world has deteriorated in recent decades, and many lakes
have become eutrophic as a result of excessive nutrient input from anthropogenic activities with detrimental
consequences for biological diversity and human use of water resources. Climate changes may amplify the
impacts of hamper restoration attempts and lead to dominance of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria.
Observed changes in climate include pronounced increases in air temperature since the 1970s, and emissions of
greenhouse gasses are continuously narrowing the gap between the current climate and the internationally
agreed targets for tolerable warming. Hence, we are already facing deteriorated aquatic ecosystems under
additional stress from climate change, at a time when aquatic ecosystems are becoming increasingly important
sources of freshwater needed to support a growing global population with increasing wealth.