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Writing Research Methodology Experimental

- Establishes a relationship between the
Research Methodology cause and effect of a situation.
- It is the systematic strategy that is used - A causal design where one observes the
to solve the scientific problem tackled impact caused by the independent
by the researcher. variable on the dependent variable.
- It provides the overall schematic Correlational Research
outline of the researcher in providing a - It helps researchers establish a
discrete solution for the research project. relationship between two closely
- Involves the specific research tools connected variables.
needed for the collection of data, - There is no assumption while evaluating
analysis of the gathered information, up a relationship between two other
to the detailed plan on how the research variables.
is envisioned to summarize and present - Statistical analysis techniques calculate
the data. the relationship between them
- To explain the overall approach you - This type of research requires two
will use in answering the primary different groups.
research questions - A correlation coefficient determines the
- To justify the need for using these correlation between two variables whose
methods by citing relevant sources to values range between -1 and +1.
- If the correlation coefficient is towards
support your choices
+1, it indicates a positive relationship
between the variables, and -1 means a
Methodology Components negative relationship between the
1. Research Design
- Refers to the overall strategy Explanatory Research
that you choose to integrate the - Method developed to investigate a
different components of the phenomenon that has not been studied
study in a coherent and logical before or had not been well explained
way, thereby ensuring you will previously in a proper way.
- Main intention is to provide details
effectively address the research
about where to find a small amount of
problem information.
Types of Research Design
Descriptive
2. Research Locale
- a researcher is solely interested in
- This discusses the place or
describing the situation or case under
setting of the study
their research study.
- Describes in brief the place
- It is a theory-based design method
where the study is conducted.
created by gathering, analyzing, and
Only important features which
presenting collected data.
have the bearing on the present
- It also allows a researcher to provide
study are included
insights into the why and how of
- Shows the target population.
research.

3. Participants of the Study

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- also called a human subject or - The process of gathering and

an experiment, trial, or study quantifying information on the target
participant or subject variables set in the research project.
- A person who voluntarily - During the process, it is important to
participates in human subject establish a highly systematic procedure
research after giving informed in collecting data to enable the
consent to be subject of the researcher to fully answer all the stated
research. research questions and validate their
4. Research Instrument hypotheses.
- The process of constructing Note:
research instruments that could The process of data collection involves methods
be used appropriately in like interviews, observation, research, and more.
gathering data on the study. The - Emphasizes the importance of ensuring
questionnaire, interview, and accurate and honest data collection
observation are the most procedures.
commonly used tools in
gathering data. Consequences of Inaccurate and Improper
- The questionnaire is a set of Data Collection
orderly arranged questions 1. Inability to Answer Research Questions
carefully prepared to answer the 2. Effect on the Repeatability and Validity
specific problems of the study. of Research
5. Data Gathering Procedure 3. Distorted Findings
- The technique used to obtain the 4. Misleading Other Researchers
information used in research 5. Compromising Decisions for Public
- To get the perfect outcome, you Policy
should use the best procedure.
6. Ethics Statement (required for Note:
research using humans) Maintaining the Integrity of Data Collection
- Set of principles that guide your - Making sure that the data comes with
research designs and practices high integrity mainly aims to avoid any
- Research must always adhere to possible source of errors in the data
a certain code of conduct when collection process.
collecting data from people.
Quality Assurance
Introduction to Data Collection - May refer to the activities that can be
done before data collection begins.
Data Collection - Aims to prevent any possible problems
- After crafting the research design and during data collection
finalizing the details of the researcher - Emphasizes that prevention is the most
methodology, the researcher must then cost - effective activity to ensure the
proceed with the data collection. integrity of data collection.
- Must be conducted with extra care and - Encourages researchers to conduct a
full attention detailed trial plan before the actual
experiment.

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Quality Control forms which contains particular

- Includes the activities that must be done elements.
during and after data collection
- Measures what happens during and after Common Paradigm or Models of the Study
data collection. In this part, the 1. IPO Model (Input-Process-Output)
researchers must ensure the absence of - This model is largely used when
uncertainty about the flow of the overall the researcher attempts to
procedure. isolate the factor or more major
- Tries to identify the needed actions to variable that causes a problem,
correct faulty data collection practices subject, or phenomenon under
and finds ways on how to possibly avoid investigation.
future occurrences. - This model is used when the
statements of the problem are all
Framework of the Study factor-isolating questions.

Theoretical Framework
- “theory” derived from the Greek word,
theoria, which means “vision”
- Theory – is a conceptual idea that is
used to describe, explain, predict, or
understand a certain phenomenon.
- An existing theory/ies serves as the
foundation of the study
- Describes the relationship/s among 2. IV-DV Model (Independent Variable
variables for purposes of explaining a - Dependent Variable)
current state or predicting future events. - This model is used in
- The researcher cites and discusses experiment-based studies. The
related theories to make the study more questions raised are higher order
scientific and understandable. and classified as situation-
- The researcher mentions theories, experiment-based studies.
including the names of the authors, title
of their theories, theoretical principle,
and their explanations.
Conceptual Framework
- Provides an explanation of the scope
and range of a concept or construct and
discusses cases that combine two or
more theories.
Paradigm of the Study
- Is a diagrammatic presentation of the 3. PC Model (Predictor-Criterion
study, Model)
- Merriam - Webster (2006) defines - This model is used when
paradigm as a pattern, model, or set of relating and assessing the

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influence between two or more Instrumentation

variables. Most Frequently Used Data Collection
- Studies that focus on Techniques
relationships, associations, 1. Questionnaire
differences, and impacts will - It is a list of questions about the
benefit from this model. particular topic
- Yields more honest response
- Minimize bias based on
question based on question-
phrasing modes.
2. Interview
- These are narratives or self-
disclosure about an individual’s
life experiences.
- Data obtained from an interview
4. P Model may be recorded on audiotapes
- This model is used in research or videotapes.
studies that propose a program Three Types of Interview
or any intervention measure. Unstructured
- It fits the situation producing a - A form of normal conversations or
level of questioning. freewheeling exchange of ideas
Structured
- Follows a particular sequence and has
well define content
Semi-Structured
- There is a specific questions, but there
are also additional probes that may be
done in an open-ended or close-ended
manner
3. Observation
POM (Proposed Original Model) - Observation Guide or
- This model is used when the researcher Observation Checklist
presents an original paradigm, - Must be done in a quiet and
- The requirement that it must be inconspicuous manner so as to
scientific. get realistic data
Two Types of Observation
Unstructured
- Observes things as they happen.
Conduct the observation without any
preconceived ideas about what will be
observe
Structured

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- The checklist specifies expected 2. Semantic Differential Scale

behaviors of interest and the researcher - The respondents are asked to
records the frequency. rate concepts in a series of
4. Physiological Measures bipolar adjectives.
- Measures involves the
collection of physical data from
the subjects
- It is considered more accurate
and objective instrument
- Examples: Thermometer, Ruler, Validity and Reliability of the
Tape Measure Instrumentation

Characteristics of a Good Data-Collection Validity

Instrument - Is the ability of an instrument to
1. Concise yet able to elicit the needed data measure what it intends to measure
2. Questions must be arranged in sequence, Types of Validity
from the simplest to the complex. 1. Face Validity
3. Arranged according to the statement of - Also known as Logical Validity
the problem - Involves an analysis of whether
4. Pass the validity and reliability the instrument is using a valid
5. Easily tabulated and interpreted scale
- Features of the instrument
Wording of Questions - Includes the size of the font or
1. State questions in affirmative rather than typeface, spacing, size of the
in a negative manner. paper, etc.
2. Avoid ambiguous questions e.g. many, 2. Content Validity
always, usually, few. - Determined by studying the
3. Avoid double negative questions. questions to see whether they
4. Avoid double barreled questions (asking are able to elicit the necessary
two questions in one question) information
- Ex. Do you want to run for the - Measure by subjecting the
Student Council and aim to be instrument to an analysis by a
valedictorian? group of experts who are
knowledgeable about the
Scales Commonly Used in an Instrumentation subject.
1. Likert Scale 3. Construct Validity
- Consists of several declarative - Refers to whether the test
statements that express a corresponds to its theoretical
viewpoint on a topic construct.
- The respondents are asked to - A particular measure relates to
indicate how much they agree or the other measures and its
disagree with the statements consistency with the
theoretically-derived
hypothesis.

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4. Criterion-related Validity correctly answer another item

- Also known as Equivalence that is similar.
Test - Items must be correlated to each
- An expression of how scores other
from the test are correlated with - The test should be internally
an external criterion. consistent.
Types of Criterion Methods in Establishing Internal Consistency
a. Concurrent - It deals with measures 1. Split Half - A test is given only once to
that can be administered and validated at the respondents.
the same time.
b. Predictive - Refers to how well the test
predicts some future behavior of the
examinees.

Reliability
- refers to the consistency of results.
- A reliable instrument yields the same
results for individuals who take the test
more than once
Methods in Establishing Reliability
1. Test-retest or Stability Test
- The same test is given to a 2. Kunder - Richardson Test
group of respondents twice. The - Also called Item-Total
scores in the first test are Correlation
correlated with the score in the - Measures the extent to which
second test. items in one form of a test share
- When there is a high correlation commonalities with one another
index, it means that there is also as do the items of an
a high reliability of the test. equivalence test form
Problems to Consider in Test-retest - Requires one administration of
● That some students may remember the test
some of the items during the first test
administration.
● That the scores may differ not only
because of the reliability of the test, but
also because the students themselves
may have changed in some way.
2. Internal Consistency
- If the test in question is
designed to measure a single
basic concept, it is reasonable to
assume that a respondent who
gets one item right is likely to