VELS MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL

Department of ENT — Otorhinolaryngology

ENT COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE

Question Bank · Highlighted Chapters · Examiner Notes · Clinical Scenarios

Section Content Pages

1 EAR (Otology) — MCQs, Short Notes, Short Answers, Long Essays 2–3

2 NOSE / PNS (Rhinology) — MCQs, Short Notes, Short Answers, Long Essays 4–5

3 LARYNX & TRACHEA — MCQs, Short Notes, Short Answers, Long Essays 6–7

4 ORAL / PHARYNX / TONSILS — All question types 8

5 FACIAL NERVE & VESTIBULAR — All question types 9

6 HIGHLIGHTED TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS — Weightage annotated 10–11

7 EXAMINER'S NOTES — Teacher's handwritten topic list expanded 12

8 CLINICAL SCENARIO KEYS — Diagnosis shortcuts 13

9 HIGH-YIELD MASTER LIST — Ranked by exam priority 14

 1. EAR (Otology)

MCQs — 21 Questions × 1 Mark = 21 Marks

Question / Topic Answer Src

Granulation in EAC + elderly diabetic + severe otalgia C. Malignant otitis externa Lec

Positive fistula test in CSOM — involvement of C. Lateral semicircular canal Lec

Sagging posterosuperior canal wall on otoscopy C. Acute mastoiditis Lec

MC organism in malignant otitis externa D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lec

Intracranial complication of CSOM C. Meningitis Lec

Central perforation of TM — classically seen in C. CSOM tubotympanic type Lec

Sign classically associated with CSOM atticoantral B. Foul-smelling discharge Lec

MC organism causing ASOM in children C. Streptococcus pneumoniae Lec

Pinna develops from C. 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch IA-I

Carhart's notch is seen in C. Otospongiosis (Otosclerosis) IA-I

Low frequency sensorineural hearing loss — seen in A. Meniere's disease IA-I

False regarding BPPV C. Lateral SCC most commonly affected (FALSE — Posterior
IA-I SCC is MC)

MC site of origin of acoustic neuroma C. Internal auditory canal IA-I

Tragal sign is positive in B. Otitis externa IA-III

Fistula test is positive in A. Labyrinthine fistula IA-III

Endolymph has high concentration of D. Potassium IA-III

Test used in screening hearing in newborns C. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) IA-III

Receptor organ for hearing A. Organ of Corti Model

Positive Rinne test indicates B. Air conduction > bone conduction Model

Classical triad of Meniere's disease — EXCEPT D. Persistent otalgia Model

Which causes central vertigo D. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency IA-I

Short Notes — 5 Marks Each

Topic Source

Tympanoplasty and its types IA-III Sec B

Otitis media with effusion (Glue ear) IA-III Sec B

Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) IA-III Sec B

Topodiagnostic tests of facial nerve IA-III Sec B

Otosclerosis — definition, types, diagram Model Exam

Malignant otitis externa Model Exam + Notes #10

Meniere's disease — triad, pathology, management Highlighted Ch 15 (5M)

Acoustic neuroma — features, investigation, management Highlighted Ch 18 (5M)

Facial nerve disorders / Bell's palsy Highlighted Ch 14 (5M)

ASOM — aetiology, stages, management Notes #1

Short Answers — 2 Marks Each

Topic Source

Korner's septum IA-III

Draw and label Organ of Corti IA-III

Ramsay Hunt syndrome IA-III

Noise-induced hearing loss IA-III

Differences between adult and pediatric Eustachian tube IA-III

Types of hearing aid Model

Four vestibular sedative drugs Model

Otalgia (earache) — primary vs referred types Highlighted Ch 21 (2M)

OAE, Impedance audiometry, PTA — differences Notes #11

Middle ear anatomy — walls and contents Notes #15

Long Essays — 10 Marks Each

Question Marks Source

45F — foul smelling, scanty, blood-stained right ear discharge 2 years. Routes of spread of 3+3+4
infection + enumerate
IA-III Sec
intracranial
B complications + short note on mening

ASOM — aetiology, pathology, clinical features, investigations and management. 10 Notes #1 + Ch 10 (10M)

CSOM — classify types. Describe all complications of CSOM (both tubotympanic and atticoantral)
10 in detail. Notes #2 + Ch 11+12

EAR TOTAL: MCQs 21 + Short Ans 20 + Short Notes 50 + Long Essays 30 = ~121 Marks
 2. NOSE & PARANASAL SINUSES (Rhinology)

MCQs — 10 Questions × 1 Mark = 10 Marks

Question / Topic Answer Src

Artery of epistaxis (most common) B. Sphenopalatine artery IA-I

Nasolacrimal duct opens into C. Inferior meatus IA-III

Rhinophyma occurs due to C. Hypertrophy of sebaceous glands IA-III

Ohngren's classification is used in A. Maxillary sinus carcinoma IA-III

Amphotericin B is used in treatment of D. Mucormycosis IA-III

Which sinus is Antrum of Highmore A. Maxillary sinus IA-III

Pott's puffy tumor — complication of B. Frontal sinusitis Other

Sinus most commonly involved in orbital cellulitis C. Ethmoid sinus Model

Strawberry gingivitis is characteristic of C. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Other

Vidian neurectomy is useful in C. Vasomotor rhinitis IA-I

Short Notes — 5 Marks Each

Topic Source

Rhinoscleroma IA-III Sec C

Functions of nose IA-III Sec C

Complications of septoplasty IA-III Sec C

Choanal atresia IA-III Sec C

Ringertz's tumour (Inverted papilloma) Model Exam

Little's area — anatomy and clinical significance Model Exam + Notes #5

Acute retropharyngeal abscess Model Exam

Ethmoidal polyp vs antrochoanal polyp Model Exam + Notes #14

Granulomatous diseases of nose (Wegener GPA, rhinoscleroma, sarcoid) Highlighted Ch 28 (5M)

Nasal polypi — types, Samter triad, management/FESS Highlighted Ch 32 + Notes #14

Epistaxis — causes, anatomy (Little's area + Woodruff plexus), management Highlighted Ch 33 + Notes #5

Rhinosporidiosis — organism, features, treatment Notes #6

Chronic rhinosinusitis — aetiology, features, CT staging, FESS indications Highlighted Ch 37 (10M)

Complications of sinusitis (Pott's puffy tumor, orbital cellulitis, intracranial) Highlighted Ch 38 + Notes #13

Short Answers — 2 Marks Each

Topic Source

Informed written consent IA-III

Little's area IA-III + Model

LeFort's III fracture IA-III

Investigations for CSF Rhinorrhea IA-III

Antrochoanal polyp vs Ethmoidal polyp IA-III + Model

Clinical importance of Danger area of face Model

Topic Source

Components of informed consent for FESS Model

Four causes of referred otalgia Model

DNS (Deviated nasal septum) — types and symptoms Notes #12

Lateral wall of nose anatomy — turbinates and meatus openings Notes #17

Long Essays — 10 Marks Each

Question Marks Source

Allergic rhinitis — etiopathogenesis + clinical features + investigation + management. 2+2+2+4 IA-III Sec C

Epistaxis — enumerate all causes. Describe in detail the management of a patient with epistaxis.
4+6 Include surgical
Notesoptions.
#5 + Ch 33

Chronic rhinosinusitis — aetiology, classification, clinical features, investigations and management.

10 Enumerate
Chcomplications
37 (10M) + Chof38
sinusitis.

NOSE/PNS TOTAL: MCQs 10 + Short Ans 20 + Short Notes 70 + Long Essays 30 = ~130 Marks
 3. LARYNX & TRACHEA

MCQs — 18 Questions × 1 Mark = 18 Marks

Question / Topic Answer Src

Abductor of vocal cord A. Posterior cricoarytenoid IA-II

Reinke's space location C. Glottis IA-II

Steeple sign is seen in B. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) IA-II

Hyponasal voice is seen in A. Adenoid hypertrophy IA-II

Dysphonia plica ventricularis — sound produced by A. False vocal cords IA-II

Guttmann's pressure test done in A. Dysphonia plica ventricularis IA-II

Blom-Singer prosthesis used for A. Voice rehabilitation IA-II

Wind player + neck swelling reduces spontaneously B. Laryngocele IA-II

Turban epiglottis is seen in B. TB larynx IA-II

Bryce's sign is seen in A. Laryngocele IA-II

Cause of congenital stridor B. Laryngomalacia IA-II

Tracheostomy indication in comatose patient C. Tracheobronchial toileting IA-II

"Thumb sign" on lateral neck X-ray B. Epiglottitis IA-I

Only abductor of vocal cords C. Posterior cricoarytenoid IA-I

Standard tracheostomy performed between B. 2nd-3rd tracheal rings IA-I

RLN supplies all laryngeal muscles EXCEPT B. Cricothyroid (superior laryngeal nerve) Other

Laryngeal papillomatosis in children — caused by A. HPV 6 and 11 Other

Myer-Cotton grading used for staging of B. Subglottic stenosis IA-II

Short Notes — 5 Marks Each

Topic Source

Laryngocele IA-II Sec C

Acute epiglottitis IA-II Sec C

Functions of larynx IA-II Sec C

Causes of left RLN palsy IA-II Sec C

Types of abscess related to mastoid infection Model Exam

Laryngeal paralysis — unilateral vs bilateral, causes, management Highlighted Ch 60 (5M)

Benign tumours and lesions of larynx (vocal nodule, polyp, papilloma, Reinke oedema) Highlighted Ch 61 (5M)

Congenital lesions of larynx and stridor — causes by age group Highlighted Ch 59

Stridor — causes (infant/child/adult), inspiratory vs biphasic, management Notes #8

Vocal cord palsy — causes and management Notes #9 + Ch 60 (5M)

Short Answers — 2 Marks Each

Topic Source

Functions of tracheostomy IA-II Sec C

Cartilages of larynx IA-II Sec C

Topic Source

Four causes of stridor in children IA-II Sec C

Four causes of right RLN palsy Model

Medical management of GERD IA-II Sec C

Paterson Brown Kelly syndrome IA-II Sec C

Long Essays — 10 Marks Each

Question Marks Source

40F teacher — voice change. Most probable diagnosis? Differentials? Investigation and treatment.
10 IA-II Sec C

List causes of stridor and describe management. 5+5 Model Sec A

25M — sudden right facial palsy, normal TM, no comorbidities. (a) Diagnosis? (b) Features 2+2+2+4
+ investigation + Model
treatment?
Sec B

Tracheostomy — indications, technique (2nd-3rd ring), types of tubes, complications and postoperative
10 [Link] Ch 64 (10M)

Vocal cord palsy — classify, enumerate causes of unilateral and bilateral palsy, management.
10 Notes #9 + Ch 60

Stridor — classify causes (adult vs child). Management of a child with stridor. 10 Notes #8 + Ch 59

LARYNX TOTAL: MCQs 18 + Short Ans 12 + Short Notes 50 + Long Essays 60 = ~140 Marks
 4. ORAL CAVITY, PHARYNX & TONSILS

MCQs — 15 Questions × 1 Mark = 15 Marks

Question / Topic Answer Src

Zenker's diverticulum is A. Pharyngeal diverticulum IA-II

Contraindications of tonsillectomy EXCEPT D. Acute tonsillitis IA-II

All tongue muscles CN XII EXCEPT C. Palatoglossus (CN X) IA-II

Node of Rouviere is A. Retropharyngeal node IA-II

Oral manifestation of HIV associated with EBV C. Hairy leukoplakia IA-II

Dysphagia lusoria results from C. Abnormal right subclavian artery IA-II

Soft palate muscles CN XI EXCEPT A. Tensor veli palatini (CN V3) IA-II

Vincent's angina caused by C. Fusiform bacilli and spirochetes Other

MC site of origin NPC A. Fossa of Rosenmuller Other

Referred otalgia in acute tonsillitis — nerve involved B. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) IA-I

Eagle's syndrome due to B. Elongated styloid process IA-I

JNA commonly presents with A. Nasal obstruction + epistaxis Model

Referred otalgia — cranial nerve involved C. Trigeminal nerve (CN V) IA-III

Sluder's neuralgia — all features EXCEPT D. Anosmia IA-I

Myer-Cotton grading used in staging of B. Subglottic stenosis IA-II

Short Notes — 5 Marks Each

Topic Source

Pre-malignant conditions of oral cavity IA-II Sec B

Ludwig's angina IA-II Sec B

Physiology of deglutition IA-II Sec B

Complications of tonsillectomy IA-II Sec B

Tumours of oropharynx — classify, carcinoma tonsil features and management Highlighted Ch 53 (10M)

Indications and complications of tonsillectomy + adenoidectomy Notes #7

Acute and chronic tonsillitis — features, management, indications for surgery Notes #12

Acute and chronic sinusitis Notes #13

Short Answers — 2 Marks Each

Topic Source

Adenoid facies IA-II Sec B

Blood supply of tonsil IA-II Sec B

Components of inner Waldeyer's ring IA-II Sec B

Eagle syndrome IA-II Sec B

Surgical management of OSA IA-II Sec B

Draw and label Waldeyer's ring Model

Triad of Plummer-Vinson syndrome Model

Topic Source

Four complications of cortical mastoidectomy Model

Long Essays — 10 Marks Each

Question Marks Source

6-year-old girl — recurrent URI 2 years, throat pain 6 months, mouth breathing and snoring 10
2 months. Diagnosis?
IA-II Sec
Investigations?
B Treatment?

Tumours of oropharynx — classify. Describe clinical features and management of carcinoma

10tonsil. Highlighted Ch 53 (10M)

ORAL/PHARYNX TOTAL: MCQs 15 + Short Ans 16 + Short Notes 40 + Long Essays 20 = ~91 Marks
 5. FACIAL NERVE & VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

MCQs — 5 Questions × 1 Mark = 5 Marks

Question / Topic Answer Source

Shortest and narrowest segment of facial nerve A. Labyrinthine segment IA-I

Which causes central vertigo D. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency IA-I

False regarding BPPV C. Lateral SCC most commonly affected (FALSE — Posterior SCC
IA-I is MC)

CN NOT in superior orbital fissure syndrome C. CN V (as a whole not traversing SOF) IA-I

MC site of origin of acoustic neuroma C. Internal auditory canal IA-I

Short Notes — 5 Marks Each

Topic Source

Topodiagnostic tests of facial nerve IA-III Sec B

Bell's palsy — features, House-Brackmann grading, management Highlighted Ch 14 (5M)

Acoustic neuroma — CPA angle, features, MRI, management Highlighted Ch 18 (5M)

Meniere's disease — endolymphatic hydrops, triad, management Highlighted Ch 15 (5M)

Long Essay — 10 Marks

Question Marks Source

25M — sudden facial palsy right side (cannot close eye, forehead paralysed, mouth deviated).
2+2+2+4
Normal TM, no
Model
comorbidities.
Sec B (a) Probable diagnosis? (b) Clinical fea

FACIAL NERVE/VESTIBULAR TOTAL: MCQs 5 + Short Notes 20 + Long Essay 10 = ~35 Marks
 6. HIGHLIGHTED TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS (Annotated by Examiner)

All chapters highlighted by your teacher in the textbook index, with mark annotations:

Ch Chapter Title Mark Key Exam Points

10 Disorders of Middle Ear 10M ASOM stages, OME/Glue ear, myringotomy indications, Bezold abscess

11 Cholesteatoma and Chronic Otitis Media — Types of CSOM, primary vs secondary cholesteatoma, safe vs unsafe

12 Complications of Suppurative Otitis Media — Intracranial (meningitis, abscess, lateral sinus thrombophlebitis) + extracranial (mastoiditis, facial palsy

13 Otosclerosis 5M Histopathology, Carhart notch at 2kHz, Schwartze sign, Schwartze-Hartmann op, stapedectomy vs sta

14 Facial Nerve and Its Disorders 5M Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt, topodiagnosis, House-Brackmann, Schirmer, ENOG

15 Meniere's Disease 5M Endolymphatic hydrops, triad (vertigo+SNHL+tinnitus), Tullio phenomenon, low-freq SNHL, Betahistine

18 Acoustic Neuroma 5M Vestibular schwannoma, IAC/CPA angle, MRI gadolinium, hearing loss + tinnitus + balance disorder

21 Otalgia (Earache) 2M Primary vs referred; referred via CN V, VII, IX, X; Jacobson nerve, Arnold nerve

28 Granulomatous Diseases of Nose 5M Rhinoscleroma (Klebsiella), Wegener GPA (strawberry gingivitis, c-ANCA), sarcoidosis, lupus vulgaris

32 Nasal Polypi — Ethmoidal (bilateral, pale, allergic), antrochoanal (unilateral, from maxillary), Samter triad, FESS

33 Epistaxis — Little's area (Kiesselbach's plexus), Woodruff plexus, first aid, anterior/posterior packing, cauterization,

37 Chronic Rhinosinusitis 10M CRS >12 weeks, CT Lund-Mackay staging, nasal endoscopy, FESS — indications and technique

38 Complications of Sinusitis — Pott's puffy tumor (frontal), Chandler classification (orbital), intracranial (meningitis, abscess)

53 Tumours of Oropharynx 10M Carcinoma tonsil, soft palate Ca, JNA (adolescent male, nasal bleed), NPC (Fossa of Rosenmuller, EB

59 Congenital Lesions of Larynx and Stridor — Laryngomalacia (MC), subglottic stenosis (Myer-Cotton), laryngeal web, haemangioma

60 Laryngeal Paralysis 5M RLN anatomy, causes of L RLN palsy (longer course), unilateral vs bilateral, Teflon injection, thyroplas

61 Benign Tumours and Lesions of Larynx 5M Vocal nodule (bilateral, 7-5-3 location), polyp (unilateral), papilloma (HPV 6&11), Reinke oedema, laryn

64 Tracheostomy 10M Indications, 2nd-3rd tracheal ring, cuffed vs uncuffed, tracheostomy tube parts, complications (haemor

80 Cortical Mastoidectomy — Indications, MacEwen triangle, steps, complications (facial nerve, sigmoid sinus injury)

88 Septoplasty — Indications, SMR vs septoplasty differences, steps, complications (septal haematoma, perforation)

94 Tonsillectomy — Indications (7-5-3 rule), contraindications, Guillotine vs dissection method, complications

95 Adenoidectomy — Adenoid facies features, indications, St Clair Thomson curette, complications

Red = 10M chapters (highest priority long essay) | Amber = 5M chapters (short note priority)
 7. EXAMINER'S TOPIC LIST (From Teacher's Handwritten Notes)

Your teacher's personally compiled high-yield topic list — extremely exam-relevant:

# Topic System Format Key Points to Cover

1 ASOM Ear LAQ 10M or SN 5M Aetiology ([Link]), 4 stages (hyperaemia, exudation, suppuration, coalescence), man

2 CSOM — all complications of both types

Ear in detail LAQ 10M Tubotympanic (safe, central perf, mucopurulent discharge) vs Atticoantral (unsafe, marginal/a

3 Otosclerosis Ear SN 5M Histopathology (spongy bone replacing endochondral), Carhart notch at 2 kHz on PTA, Schwa

4 Meniere's disease Ear SN 5M Endolymphatic hydrops, classical triad (episodic vertigo + fluctuating SNHL + tinnitus), low-fre

5 Epistaxis — causes and management

Nose LAQ 10M or SN 5M Causes: local (Little's area/Kiesselbach, trauma, tumour) + systemic (HT, haematological, dru

6 Rhinosporidiosis Nose SN 5M Organism: Rhinosporidium seeberi (fungus-like), pond bathing/farmers, pink strawberry-like po

7 Indications & complications of all surgeries

All SAQ 2M each Adenotonsillectomy: 7-5-3 rule, haemorrhage; Septoplasty: DNS, septal haematoma/perforatio

8 Stridor — causes and management Larynx LAQ 10M Inspiratory (supraglottic), biphasic (glottic/subglottic), expiratory (intrathoracic). Infant: laryngom

9 Vocal cord palsy — causes and management

Larynx LAQ 10M or SN 5M Left RLN palsy: aortic aneurysm, Ca bronchus, Ca oesophagus, Ca thyroid, hilar LN. Right RL

10 Malignant otitis externa Ear SN 5M Pseudomonas aeruginosa + elderly immunocompromised diabetic, granulation tissue at bony-

11 OAE, Impedance audiometry, PTA Ear SAQ 2M each OAE: cochlear hair cell function, used in newborn screening (TEOAE/DPOAE), absent in >30d

12 DNS, Acute and chronic tonsillitis Nose + ThroatSAQ or SN DNS: Woakes (C-shaped), spur; nasal obstruction, alternate blocking; septoplasty. Tonsillitis:

13 Acute and chronic sinusitis Nose SN 5M ABRS <12 weeks (amoxicillin + decongestant + saline irrigation); CRS >12 weeks (nasal stero

14 Nasal polyp Nose SAQ 2M or SN 5M Ethmoidal: bilateral, pale/grey, insensate, arises from middle meatus, associated with allergy/a

15 Middle ear anatomy Ear SAQ 2M Ossicles: malleus-incus-stapes. Walls: roof=tegmen tympani (MFO), floor=jugular bulb, media

16 Otitis media with effusion (Glue ear)Ear SN 5M Aetiology: Eustachian tube dysfunction, adenoid hypertrophy, allergies. Type B tympanogram.

17 Lateral wall of nose anatomy Nose SAQ 2M Three turbinates. Inferior meatus: nasolacrimal duct. Middle meatus: maxillary sinus (hiatus se
 8. CLINICAL SCENARIO KEYS (Diagnosis Shortcuts)

Classic exam case vignettes from teacher's notes — recognise the pattern, nail the diagnosis:

Scenario (Keywords) Diagnosis System Quick Clinical Notes

Child + ear pain + ear discharge ± TM perforation

ASOM Ear [Link] MC; 4 stages; amoxicillin; myringotomy if bulging TM; watch for m

Adult + ear discharge + HoH (chronic history)CSOM Ear Central perf = tubotympanic (safe, mucoid); marginal/attic perf = atticoantral (unsa

Elderly diabetic + granulation EAC + severe otalgia

Malignant otitis externa Ear Pseudomonas; skull base osteomyelitis; CN VII palsy = poor prognosis; Tc-99m s

Female + HoH + no ear discharge + no ear pain

Otosclerosis Ear Carhart's notch 2kHz; type As tympanogram; Schwartze sign; stapedectomy

Elderly + HoH + slow progression + bilateral Presbycusis Ear High-frequency SNHL; Organ of Corti degeneration; hearing aid

Young male + fever + ear vesicles + facial palsy

Ramsay Hunt syndrome Ear VZV; CN VII + VIII; Acyclovir + prednisolone; poorer prognosis than Bell palsy

45F CSOM + sudden facial palsy Extracranial complication CSOM

Ear Facial nerve in petrous bone eroded by cholesteatoma; emergency mastoid explo

Voice abuse (teacher/singer/vendor) + hoarseness

Vocal nodule / Polyp Larynx Nodule = bilateral at junction of ant 1/3 and post 2/3 (7-5-3 point); polyp = unilater

Voice change + smoker + male + progressiveCarcinoma

hoarseness
larynx Larynx Glottic (T1a) best prognosis; direct laryngoscopy + biopsy; supraglottic = late pres

Noisy breathing + infant (from birth, worse supine,

Laryngomalacia
improves prone) Larynx MC congenital stridor; omega-shaped epiglottis; inspiratory stridor; self-resolves b

Noisy breathing + child + barking cough + steeple

Croupsign
(ALB)
X-ray Larynx Parainfluenza virus; subglottic; steeple sign; nebulised budesonide + adrenaline;

Child + fever + drooling + tripod position + thumb

Epiglottitis
sign X-ray Larynx [Link] type b; do NOT examine throat; airway first; IV cefotaxime + dexame

Adolescent boy + unilateral nasal obstructionJNA

+ epistaxis Nose Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma; fibrovascular; CT = Holman Miller sign; e

Farmer + nasal bleeding + pond bathing + swelling

Rhinosporidiosis
in nose Nose Rhinosporidium seeberi; strawberry polyp; wide excision + cauterize base; no effe

Child + recurrent URI + snoring + mouth breathing

Adenotonsillar
+ adenoidhypertrophy
facies Throat Adenoidectomy + tonsillectomy; 7-5-3 rule for tonsillectomy; sleep study for OSA

Nasal obstruction + epistaxis + proptosis + trismus

Maxillary sinus carcinoma Nose Ohngren's line divides into suprastructure (bad) vs infrastructure (good); late pres

40F teacher + progressive dysphonia + no smoking

Vocal nodule or Reinke oedema
Larynx Voice rest + therapy first; microlaryngoscopy if persistent; distinguish from Ca lary

Nasal obstruction + pale insensate bilateral polyps

Samter+ triad
aspirin sensitivity + asthma
Nose Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease; avoid NSAIDs; FESS + topical steroids
 9. HIGH-YIELD MASTER LIST

Topics appearing across 2+ sources — question papers, highlighted chapters, and teacher notes:

# Topic Sources Format Priority

1 CSOM — types, perforation, complications Q-paper x4 + Ch 11+12 + Notes #2 MCQ + LAQ + SN CRITICAL

2 Malignant otitis externa Q-paper x3 + Notes #10 MCQ + SN 5M CRITICAL

3 Tracheostomy — indications, technique, complications Q-paper + Ch 64 (10M) LAQ 10M CRITICAL

4 Stridor — causes and management Q-paper + Ch 59 + Notes #8 LAQ 10M + MCQ CRITICAL

5 Otosclerosis Q-paper x2 + Ch 13 (5M) + Notes #3 MCQ + SN 5M CRITICAL

6 Meniere's disease Q-paper + Ch 15 (5M) + Notes #4 MCQ + SN 5M CRITICAL

7 Epistaxis — causes and management Ch 33 + Notes #5 LAQ 10M or SN 5M CRITICAL

8 Chronic rhinosinusitis + complications of sinusitis Ch 37 (10M) + Ch 38 + Notes #13 LAQ 10M + SN CRITICAL

9 ASOM — aetiology, stages, management Q-paper + Ch 10 (10M) + Notes #1 MCQ + LAQ CRITICAL

10 Tumours of oropharynx / JNA / NPC Q-paper + Ch 53 (10M) MCQ + LAQ 10M CRITICAL

11 Vocal cord palsy — causes and management Q-paper + Ch 60 (5M) + Notes #9 LAQ + SN 5M HIGH

12 Bell's palsy / Facial nerve disorders Q-paper + Ch 14 (5M) SN 5M + LAQ HIGH

13 Acoustic neuroma Q-paper + Ch 18 (5M) SN 5M HIGH

14 Laryngeal paralysis Q-paper + Ch 60 + Notes #9 SN 5M + SAQ HIGH

15 Benign laryngeal tumours (nodule, polyp, laryngocele) Q-paper x2 + Ch 61 (5M) MCQ + SN HIGH

16 Tympanoplasty — types Q-paper x2 SN 5M HIGH

17 Granulomatous diseases of nose Q-paper + Ch 28 (5M) MCQ + SN HIGH

18 Rhinosporidiosis Q-paper + Notes #6 SN 5M HIGH

19 Nasal polypi — types Q-paper + Ch 32 + Notes #14 MCQ + SAQ + SN HIGH

20 OAE / Impedance audiometry / PTA Q-paper + Notes #11 MCQ + SAQ MEDIUM

21 Little's area / Epistaxis anatomy Q-paper + Ch 33 + Notes #5 SAQ 2M + SN MEDIUM

22 Lateral wall of nose anatomy Notes #17 SAQ 2M MEDIUM

23 Middle ear anatomy Notes #15 SAQ 2M MEDIUM

24 Indications/complications of all surgeries Notes #7 SAQ 2M each MEDIUM

25 Samter triad / Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease Clinical scenario + Ch 32 MCQ + SN MEDIUM

Source Key: IA-I = IA (04-07-2025) | IA-II = IA (23-10-2025) | IA-III = Internal Assessment III | Lec = Lecture MCQ Session | Model = Model Theory Exam |
Ch = Highlighted Textbook Chapter | Notes = Teacher's Handwritten Notes