4.1.
Notes
Site: Eduvos LMS Printed by: Melokuhle Sibiya
Course: Mathematics 1B Date: Friday, 24 April 2026, 8:17 AM
Book: 4.1. Notes
Table of contents
1. Learning outcomes
2. Collaborative Project / Case Study / Relevance Connection
3. Indefinite Integrals
3.1. Activity
4. Net Change Theorem
4.1. Activity
1. Learning outcomes
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Apply knowledge and skills relating to integration to solve problems.
Prescribed Reading
James Stewart; Daniel K. Clegg; Saleem Watson. Calculus, Early Transcendentals, International Metric Edition 9th
Edition, Cengage Learning EMEA, 2021. ISBN: Print ISBN: 9780357113516, 0357113519. eText
ISBN:9780357439197, 0357439198
Chapter 5, Section 5.4
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2. Collaborative Project / Case Study / Relevance Connection
The following illustration shows how a given function can be used to
model the cost of producing a product. The problem is later solved using
the substitution rule.
In 2010 the head of a department of a finance corporation claimed that
the cost of producing solar cell panels would drop at the rate of
58
2
where (0 ≤ t ≤ 10)
(3t+2)
rands per peak watt for the next years, with corresponding to the
beginning of 2010. A peak watt is the power produced at noon on a sunny
day. In 2010 the panels, which are used for photovoltaic power systems,
cost R10 per peak watt. Questions that could be posed would be to
1. Find an expression giving the cost per peak watt of producing solar
cell panels at the beginning of year t.
2. What was the cost at the beginning of 2020?
Solution
Let C(t) denote the cost per peak watt for producing solar cell panels at
the beginning of year t. Then,
′ 58
C (t) = −
2
(3t+2)
Integrating, we find that
′ 58 −2
C (t) = − 2
= −58 ∮ (3t + 2)
(3t+2)
Let u = 3t + 2 so that
du = 3dt or dt = 1
3
du
Then,
1 −2
C(t) = −58( )u du
3
58 −1
− (−1)u + k
3
58
= + k
3(3t+2)
where is an arbitrary constant. To determine the value of , note that the
cost
per peak watt of producing solar cell panels at the beginning of 2010 (
t = 0 ) was
10, or C(0) = 10 . This gives
58 1
C(0) = + K = 10or k =
3(2) 3
Therefore, the required expression is given by
58 58+(3t+2) 3t+60 t+20
1
C(t) = + = = =
3(3t+2) 3 3(3t+2) 3(3t+2) 3t+2
The cost per peak watt for producing solar cell panels at the beginning of
2020 is
given by
10+20
C(10) = ≃ 0.94
3(10)+2
or approximately R0.94 per peak watt.
3. Indefinite Integrals
In calculus, integration is a fundamental concept that is the reverse
process of differentiation. The indefinite integral of a function represents
a family of functions whose derivatives yield the original function. It is also
called the antiderivative.
The indefinite integral of a function, f (x) with respect to x is written as
∫ f (x)
This represents the antiderivative of f (x) and the result is:
F (x) + C
where
F (x) is the antiderivative of f (x) and
C is the constant of integration, accounting for all possible vertical shifts
of f (x)
We use basic rules (like power rule, constant multiple rule, and sum/difference
rule) to simplify integrals (Refer to Table 1 - Page 410 of the prescribed
textbook).
Examples of Indefinite Integration
1. Using the Power Rule integrate, ∫ (3x
2
+ 5x + 2) dx .
2
Answer : x 3
+
5x
2
+ 2x + C
2. Evaluate the integral, ∫ (sin(x) − 2 cos(x)) dx
Answer : − cos(x) − 2 sin(x) + C
3.1. Activity
Calculate the following indefinite integrals
a. ∫ (2e
x
+
1
x
) dx
b. 3 −
∫ (√x +
3
1
) dx
√x
Memo:
a. 2e
x
+ ln |x| + C
4 2
b. 3
4
x 3 +
3
2
x 3 + C
4. Net Change Theorem
The Net Change Theorem states that the integral of a rate of change of a
quantity over an interval ([a, b]) gives the net change in that quantity over
the interval. Mathematically, if (F (x) = f (x)), then ′
b
∫ (f (x) dx) = F (b) − F (a)
a
f (x)represents the rate of change of some quantity, and
(f (x) dx) represents the total or accumulated change of that
b
∫
a
quantity over [a, b]
Thus, the net change theorem states that the definite integral of a rate of
change function gives the total change in the quantity between two points.
The net change theorem provides a direct way to calculate the
accumulated change of a quantity using its rate of change. It is widely
used in physics, economics, biology, and engineering.
Example
A particle moves along a straight line such that its velocity is given by
v(t) = t − 6t + 9t (in meters per second).
3 2
(a) Find the displacement of the particle during the time interval,
0 ≤ t ≤ 4
(b) Find the total distance travelled during this time interval.
Answer :
(a) The displacement is the definite integral of the velocity function:
4 3 2
∫ (t − 6t + 9t) dt
0
Find the antiderivative and evaluate at t = 4 and t = 0:
4 2
3 2 t 3 9t
∫ (t − 6t + 9t) dt = − 2t + + C
4 2
4
4 3 2
F (4) = − 2 (4 ) + 9 (4 ) /2 = 8
4
4
0 3 2
F (0) = − 2 (0 ) + 9 (0 ) /2 = 0
4
Displacement is F (4) − F (0) = 8 − 0 = 8
(b) To find the total distance, identify where v(t) = 0
3 2 2 2
v(t) = t − 6t + 9t = t(t − 6t + 9) = t(t − 3)
The velocity changes sign at t = 0 and t = 3 .
Split the integral into intervals:
v(t) > 0 on [0, 3]
v(t) < 0 on [3, 4] take the negative of the integral
Distance = ∫
3 4
(v(t) dt) − ∫ (v(t) dt)
0 3
3
3 4 2 ∣
t 3 9t 81 81 27
∫ v(t) dt = [ − 2t + ]∣ = ( − 54 + ) =
0 4 2 4 2 4
∣
0
4
4 4 2 ∣
t 3 9t 27
∫ v(t) dt = [ − 2t + ]∣ = (8 − ) = 5.25
3 4 2 4
∣
3
27
+ 5.25 = 11.25
4
4.1. Activity
A particle moves such that its velocity is v(t) = 4t 2
− 8t + 3 (in meters per
second).
(a) Find the displacement of the particle during 1 ≤ t ≤ 3 .
(b) Find the total distance travelled during 1 ≤ t ≤ 3 .
Memo:
a. 26
3
metres
b. 28
3
metres