)te\e^

Course Notes

haurer 2 - omial

unctions
Learning Goals: We are {earning
The algebraic and geometric structure qfpQfynomial functions of
degree three and higher
Algebraic techniques for dividing one polynomial by another
Techniques for using division to FACTORpotynomials
To solve problems involving polynomial equations and inequaUties
y=(x+l)(x-2){x+3)
IS

10

-15 -10 -5 5 10 15
x

-5

v
-10

-IS
A cubic pol^Tiomial

Aoon
MATH@TD
 - y .. <n

Contentswith suggestedproblems from the Nelson Textbook (Chapter 3)

2.1 Polynomial Functions: An Introduction-Pg30- 32

Pg. 122#1-3 (Review on QuadraticFactoring)
Pg. 127-128 #1, 2, 5, 6

2.2 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions -Pg33- 38

Pg. l36-138#l-5, 7, 8, 10, ll

2.3 Zeros of Polynomial Functions -Pg39- 43

READ ex 3, 4, 5 on Pg 141 -144
Pg. 146 -148 #1 2, 4, 6, 8ab, 10, 12, 13b

2.4 DividingPolyomials-Pg44- 51
Pg. 168 - 170 #2, 5, 6acdef, lOacef, 12, 13

2.5 The Factor Theorem-Pg52- 54

Pg. 176 -177 #1, 2, 5 - 7 abed, 8ac, 9, 12

2.6 Sums and Differences of Cubes -Pg 55- 56

Pgl82#2aei, 3,4
 ^
(// ^'
 2. 1 olynomial Functions: An ntroduction
Learning Goal: We are learning to identify polynomial functions.

Definition 2. 1.1
A Polynomial Function is ofthe fonn

<") -= a^n-»-Q^X""-fO(^A'''+- Q^^-hO^ f-C^A0 I

^ho< CtQ (- = Q f^ Z,.., n ^ o^ c^ft^?^^-

ExamplesofPolynomial Functions
a)/(x) = 8x4 - 5x3 + 2x2 +3x-5
Q^=^ Qs^"^ ao-- -5-

b~)g(x)=7x6-4x}+3x2+2x

a6~' ? ^. Q6=o^ "4=0^ as::-4/ae^^ Q^2, %^0

Notes: The TERM ax" in any polynomial function (where n is the highest power we see)is

calledthe {<^Lio' ^ T^r <rin , andthenwewrite all thefollowing terms

in A?^^^/^ o^er
The ft?%^^ / y^^?^ has two components:
w^

i) /. ^Vy a>e Kcr<?/i± ^^ r^ fQ^ih^ or

n^^y^
2)
n ->-^k^k^- fo^^^ ''^co^^ ^o<-ei/en
30
 The {0^0\f^\ T^-( <Y^ tells usthe end behaviour ofthepolynomial function.

Pictures

^^. ^"3
9-?- 00
^
^ C^3

1 K .=?
y') ^

n ?s eve^t ^Tli^^o4r G n J^ e^(°^

fc ^o0\c{ ^ co
a^ ^>0

x<7
7^
e^ Y. ^' £7<=T
^'7 ^>

^->^=s
^
<f (&0-? -o<=>
r^ Fs c^^ ^ T^(^ o^ Q n tso<^
On >0 lw a, <TQ
31
Definition 2. 1.2
Theorderofa polynomialis f ^ ^ \Jb^<^ (^f- -^
^^^ <^u<^ <y3dS+f^ (?G9/y c^ ^e
le^^ ^er/n,

e<-'9&j--Z<5 ^3AZ-g^L)

^ >^<?r- (rf 9c-<[) /S S

Success Criteria:
. I canjustify whethera functionis polynomial or not
. I canidentifythe degreeofa polynomial function
. I can recognize that the domain of a polynomial is the set of all real numbers
. I can recognize that the range of a polynomial function may be the set of all real numbers,
or it mayhave anupper/lowerbound
. I can identifythe shapeof a polynomial function given its degree

32
2.2 Characteristics (BehaviQurs) of olynomial
FunctiQns
Today we open, and look inside the black box of mystery
I I

LearningGoal: We are learningto determinethe turningpoints and endbehavioursof

polynomial functions.
t

Consider the sketch of the graph of some function, f(x): , -^>

^!
,

C-^/fc-) AK^ /^^te^ia^ ^^^

(^,'9^?

'Z-GDJ
4^^
^
(^0
>^
-< ^-
^ ";
^1

Figure 2. 2.1

Observationsabout f(x):
1)/(x) isa polynomialof \/ ^ order(degree). TW e>'te)^e^ctyb^<s
Sc^m .
2) Theleadingcoefficient is P^^V^.
3) f(x) has3 -ftJTfhny f:Di/l^ (wherethefunctionalbehaviourof
INCREASING/DECREASING switches from one to the other.)

33
4) /(x)has2 zea>s -fr-r) ^O ^ 'P(T^ ==r0
ze/os ^ ^^-$'^-^==5"

5) /(x) isincreasing on ^ ^-( ^e^^ -^) 0 /r '^ L/

/(^) isdecreasingon > ^ C~^ 7~) ^C^ v9.

6) /(x) has a r^?a^nf>^^n functional value. >^ 60

7^ mCl< £XX^$ cj- ^ c "'2

T^^ r^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^ <c)l6^J /mx^w^/>7^^g
^^s ^e cxWoU^e ^»^^^ t/^Ac,

J^ ^ ^^\x>^^^ ^ A^^ ^rc r^ OL lc^S.

/na<K o^ ^o 2'/-^ a /^/^ ^/^ ^ ^ey- /^ ^^s^^^e^

7) Kx) hasa IQC^ A7»'^/^^.n at(2, 1) I

J^-fbi /ie^k^\o^ ^_ ^^ ^/ T^^ rs ^ <<-»^^^

c^^

34
 ({rf-} ^0 ^5^?^ <V^
S£ (^ /] )f\(^f- ^-J uo ^-5^0. ^ c^ > ^9
fj n ^^} ^^^^> ^!^ ^^^ ^
^ ^6 '5

£f^/0s/ ^</j{^ <Zpy: ^ fy^g ^

(b/i ; l-^ ^e^ 0 " ^^ ^ " " ^g
(? /f-^ ^-ry (»^<z^o ^ ^ v<u/^wy ^ ^ ^oG 't
»
(=, ^ t ^=;X ^ 5^32 ^. SOL^ ^G "2
*^q/</P-^to J-^P^"^^ (^ <('^3^w/54<?f/'33J^c)f) p^Q Sl <^)Q w\
. (x)8 ;noqB suoi;BAJ3sqo

Z-Z-Zajngij

-VL ?- tc-
^.o'l)

1.
(^'^-)

(^
: (x)8 uoipury auiosjo qdpjS sql JO qo^s sq; jspi suo^
 General Observations about the Behaviour of Polynomial Functions

1) The Domain of all Polynomial Functions is

^ ^^ or (^-^^ -^)
2) The RangeofODDORDEREDPolynomial Functions is

>^A>^^5 &~ (, - '^/ -"^

3) The RangeofEVENORDEREDPolynomial Functions .
<^^en^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^, <:. -?^ ^i-^ ^ ^
-?rP ^^M^t <-
Z^A° v^Ac^^ gb^ ^W^n
Even Ordered Polynomials

Zeros: A Polynomial Function, /(x) , with an even degree of "n" (i. e. n = 2, 4, 6... ) can

1MVC ^ 1, Z^ '^
n '2^^o^S

e. g. A degree 4 Polynomial Function (with a positive leading coefficient) can look like:

I I

Oz-e ^ I i 2J ^ /3S

3 2JCf ^ ^ z<3^^
36
 Turning Points:
Oz. The minimum number ofturningpoints for an Even OrderedPolynomial

Tpl Functionis ^ Lera^^ y^ ^^^ -^^

The maximum number of turning points for a Polynomial Function of (even)
0*1 ordersis jf^- ^ ^^ fO^-ft)^ -^yn ^ 0^)£C^'K^<0$
^
e<-' F-fortter ^ 6, ^K^ T. f>. ^ ^
1,
.

Odd Ordered Polynomials

Zeros: r^ ^^ ^^ ^Q^ ^ ^^^ j>^^^- 9^ ^^^^

fk ^ -a^ o[f fe^r ^HQ^
Jkrre^*<^- Ze^S 15 /5^
Turning Points:

rot/i ^ ^e 7;^ ^ ^g, ^^

^ "^-r-p. >$ /Q-/
&y ^- ^(w-)C^^^)
^.^^^ 12-\\ 7^1c^ 3 ze^
Example 2.2. 1 (#2, for #lb, from Pg. 136)
Detennine the minimum and maximum number ofzeros and turning points the given
function may have: g(x) = 2x5 -4x3+l0x2-l3x+8

Or^r(^) ^ 5 :^^ ^

37
 Example 2.2. 2 (#4d from Pg. 136)
Describe the end behaviour ofthe polynomial functionjising the order and the sign on the
leading coefficient for the given function: f(x) =f-2x4 -)- 5x3 -
2x2 + 3x -1 \

^CA ^ A^^^J-i^
'0

^ ^^ ^ ^^ f^^ ^ -C?<2>

X -> + ^^ fcc3 ->

Example 2.2.3 (#7cfromPg. 137)

Sketch a graph of a polynomial function that satisfies the given set of conditions:
Degree 4 - positive leading coefficient -1 zero - 3 turning points.
-c?^s Op

^-r

I i

Success Criteria:
. I can differentiatebetween an even andodd degreepolynomial
. I can identify the number ofturning points given the degree of a polynomial function
. I can identifythe number ofzeros given the degreeofa polynomial function
. I candeterminethe symmetry (ifpresent) in polynomial functions

38
 2.3 Zeros of Polynomial unctioiis
(Polynomial Functions in Factored Form}

Today we take a deeper look inside the Box of Mystery, carefully examining Zeros
of Polynomial Functions

Learning Goal: We are learning to detennine the equation of a polynomial function that
describes a particular situationor graphand vice-versa.

We'll beginwith anAlgebraic Perspective: ^ -<.<

Considerthe polynomial functionin actored form. ^ /^>s &0n

f(x)=(2x-3)(x_-^+2)(x+3)

Observations:
(2^>y^) ^-i^ = L^t^ ^-^
)^> fr^ W o<^©< ci (e^e^)
z. L&i^ coe^'^ ^ 2 CPf>s^'ve)
;. 5.^ fce^. '^s ^ ^ ~?1"^.J ^ ^. ^
" l""(^^) ' x^ - . ^>^^°°
^. -(rx) h«$ V^^s ^efrc^)^ X=^^^l^>=-^?<=^ "y

5. ^->^ 13 -F ) = c^y-ocz^^) +18

^ i^

.
^V.2
39
 Now, consider the polynomial function g(x) = (x-3)2(x-l)(x+2)

Observations:

(. Lcn^ Te^ ; ()..) ^W ^ >

U O^tr rs tt ("ev^) . LC. /s, ^'.x^so^ U|P
^ ^^± ^. ^ ^t)Q^>^
2. 6-cx> hc^s 5 ?-^s
^~^^3^^-2
3. a^/d-; a6y ^<f-3) 6-<X2-) ''
--Ig '

Geometric Perspective on RepeatedRoots zeros) oforder 2

Consider the quadratic in factored form: f{x) = (x-1)2

' A)I o^r 2 se^s

Ctehl^e f:^P?lok$

Figure 2. 3.1

40
 Consider the polynomial function in factored form: h(t) =(t+1) (2t - 5)

Observations:

i. ^e^f-y rer^/^ (-/.) C^) - ^

-?? or^er TS ^ ^eo^N) ^e^^ ^

Z, ^0) ^s 2, ^^, ^ ^^1 ^ ^^

Of^r^

3. t)-;/^- - ^/o) ^ C))^ ^ -^

Geometric Perspective on RepeatedRoots (zeros) oforder 3

Consider the function /(jc) =(x- 1)

A\ o<z) r? 2^^
Z^-z^ ^w^^ ^ ^^

0^^ / 6^ $W^^^
("&rsr^fl z^-zc.j^)

Figure 2. 3.2

41
Example 2.3.1
Sketch a (possible) graphof f(x) = -2x(x+l)(x-2)

Ce^^rc/^: (-^X^6>0
--e^. ^-
neyihr^
^^^^^ (%. xa -'> CBO
^
^-y o^>^ ^50-":?> "~

Ze^s. ". 'x^-S^=-Z,

-y ^=0
.

+1
\ y-'-<: fc^ ^0

Families of Functions

Polynomial functions which share the same C?rC? cl < are "broadly related" (e. g.
all quadratics arein the "order2 family").

Polynomial Functions which share the same 0<tte(~ ^ S- /'<3^

are more tightly related.

PolynomialFunctionswhichsharethesameO'O)^ 2.^^^, 's}- n<) teV^t^A^

are like siblings.

Example 2.3.2
The family of functions of order 4, with zeros x = -1, 0, 3, 5 can be expressed as:

^ = a (f x+0 ( xto')C^-3y?<-?')
1 T^e LC. ^^^^<°s ^rr»
^n\^ A)^?b(3r3:,
42
 \^ ^ ^^^
(^ »

^
1k
^

^& ^ %
^. t r ^r x ^ -X ^ <c/
^ ! ok^ \\ {) fl ^
^ '? *' ?
^ ^
I
r\j
c^ 0
^- ^
^ <b
^
^ A i
-^ ^
^ 'X A
® "^ -t^
n \Y ^
^ s-
^M (^
rj N
^*s r^s
^ ff
IM
-S- 3-
n p
c^ ^ S£ ©
s^
N s- S
03
c/
.

X -X Is
I Q-^ \1 -r ^
I
* .!< ^ t ^
^
J: ^
^
?" ^ ^
w
^. t
vM
^^ i I CT'
."
^
%
<^' 0
i-b
^ ^
^
^ ^ ^ CE ^
^ . »" ^

2, '^ ^
s-
n
^

+
to

^-^

s ^
^
'-s~^
^ ^? -SP
1^
f^ ^
^-"
^i
 Example 2.3.5
Determine the quartic function, f(x) , with zeros at x = -2, 0, 1, 3, if/(-I)= -2
S^r^^/ Z/^s

foe) c: a ^^z) (f^+oYA-1)^ - J)

L^^.^ ^;& /v,^s t« ^^ u-^

//^ P/»<) a.

(-^ q ^-0^?) C6i))^-i) (^-D -.5)

"z^ ^ ^/)^-0^-2)^4)
-2_ -^
^ ^
Ix ^ Q
^

I
7«
^» = ^(fx^y^-o^-s)

Success Criteria:
. I can determinethe equationofa polynomial functionin factored fonn
. I candeterminethebehaviourofa zero basedon the order/exponentofthat factor

44
 2, a ^ ividing a QtynQiniaI by a ^olynamial
(The Hunt for Factors)

LearningGoal: We are learningto divide a polynomial 1?ya polynomial usinglong division

Note: In this course we will almost

always be dividing a polynomial by
amo^^S\
I^Cfccr Jt^Tsor ^ )<,^') C^^ (Cl. -S-)
Before embarking, we should considersome "basic"terms (and notation):

' dividend ,,. remainder *+ll(° ^t^^' , 0^)-

. c^f<^ ~-"""= quotient +
Over
Jt^^
/ . <,.
+i^ ^ ^a^ l -^e
C^^M-^^ ^ ^^cjer^

T^e P'^T^ Sfe/i0^^^

OiV;<^^ -^ (. &^^^)^)^isor) + fiewor-Jer-

Note: The Divisor and the Quotient will both be

FAcTVKS
IF

-N?^ r^na^d^- rs 2<^^

45
 Example 2.4.1
Use LONG DIVISION for the following division problem:
5x4 +3x3-2x2+6^-7
x-1
Please read Example 1 (Part A) on
Pgs. 162-163 in your textbook.
^^+isy'2-k2^r^'
51 ^-nss- (<s> ^4?
X-2j5^+^-Z^-^6^-7
.

^(.^ "i0^) Cx^Cs-^ ^^

^) ftace $~xJ /h ci ^<^^^^

1^!
^^-2^) ^ Wthf^ S^ ^Y % <?^ -Z J

,/ f^f^ ^ ^ F^<y/M^^
z^^ ^(t^vin^
-(2^-^K) ^ 6>s-^^^
<?\> > ie^
-(S^ -1°^ 3
+l0| rxxi 5^)^s^
C. )^^) =2M^
f^y^) "-^x
^ 5^ ^3-Z^^. -7 =(^5+ ^x^-^Z^^^X^-2) +^1

KEY OBSERVATION:

C/-z) k ^or ^-^c^T <%;-/-^

Pd^k7^ c( 46
 Cao^; A^^ t-^i^ 0^
0^ OAZ y -^^ ^ ev^ ("-F
Example 2.4.2
/_ . ^.
Using Long Division, divide
2x5'+3x3-4x-l ^tiey QrC. ^^-rC
^ +Zx ^^z-+?-x ^(
X-l 2xy+-Ox^Sx^- ?x2--^x-j
'(^-T. ^ ^ .
Z^ r^
-(z^-z<?)
^ +(»'.
-Co?-$-x^
$-^ - Ll>
-(S-AZ-^)
x -\
<. -0
*-'<ff
2x-^^^^ ^ C^-i)(z^z^ ^^ i-^ti)

KEYOBSERVATION: .

Classwork: Pg. 169 #5 (Yep, that's it for today)

Success Criteria:
. I can use long division to detennine the quotient and remainder ofpolynomial division
. I can identify a factor of a polynomial if, after long division, there is no remainder

47
 2. b ividing a olynomial by a olynomial
(The Hunt for Factors - Part 2)

Learning Goal: We are learning to divide a polynomial by a polynomial using synthetic division

Here we will examinean alternative form ofpolynomial divisioncalled Synthetic Division.

Don't be fooled! This is not "fake division". You're thinking with the wrong meaning for
"synthetic". (Do a search online and see if you can come up with the meaning I am taking!)

InSynthetic Divisionweconcern ourselves with i^l ^ C£^<o<f^:>c-^^ ^ ^^~ 'MT?

^L^C^ ct^ ^e <z>e^ op ^ c)^sor.
SyntheticDivisionuses

nuiw^f i^ov^^^c^ a^ 3 Of^^fons

-5)W^ d^>^ j-j/^ S^ Q^ cf^
i' e: ^^^ 3^'s>-) QQ^ us<fr
[i^&sr d'i^<^s

Zx-^ /. x-^S ^

The Set-up
^/( ^t^$ ^US+ ^
ffe^^-
^e^> ^ CoeW^Jo ^ ^ ^^^
^s^-r
/)L>^ei$ CL^/^ ^rorn
^
la^l
^ f^W^ G^
0>e^cie^ ^ 6^^ \ ^^ 48
 r- ^ro X^2.
.

Example 2. 4.3
(^-®
Divideusing syntheticdivision:
(4x3-5x2+2x-l)-(x-2) ^ n^ Q^^)
> T-^^s ^
^ ti -^ 2. '} A^^
+ + ->-.
^^ ^ ^ t6
^ $ ? f^J)Re^^3v-
^
y
y ' x" "Oya?^ y<B<^--S <Z-^ ^- ^ S^^.

/, H^-^2 rz>-\ = ^-^)C4 ^ ^3x 1-8) ^ '.$-

5
7J^> ^ ^-|
Example 2.4.4 ^~
.

Divideusing ^nthetic division: (> (^

4x4+3x2-2x+l
x+\

-(^03 2 1
^

' ^ ^ ^ -7 ^

1 ^ 7 ^ \0
rty^o^er

/. ^t^^^Z^i] --C^^f)(iq^^^^-h7> -ci) +/

49
 x-rl C^r )
Example 2.4.5
Divide using your choice of method (am! you choose synthetic tUvision... amen}
(2;c3-9jc2+jc+12)-(2^-3)

^ 2 \ 12
S. Z; ^ .^
TT"
c\
J/ 3 -c\ -iz
^.
~z \
-J 2. -6 -? 0 (^K9 ifMQt^tS^)

',.$^^< ^^'^ 0^^r^5

^^v ^ Cc^^Y^t- ^5 4, ^^ ^^-
by 2 . ^± -3 -ti

/. Z. ^^^^1-^ = rZ ?<-3Y^-3K-M')
-=
r^-^cx-l1yx +l)
^t- ^ ^esc^^y^
Example 2.4.6
Is 3x-1 a factor ofthe function /(x) =6x-xs+2+ 3x4 ?
.
S^-^to^-K^-^2.

'4 5-^0 ^ 2
^ \0 0 ^
^00^ .J
^. ^x-l ^^c. ^^^<xt^^e
\^^ re/rxy^^,
 Example2.4.7 (OK.. .this is a lot ofexamples!)

Consider again (from Example 2.4.6) f(x) =3x -x +6x+2, and calculate f\-:\.

f<i)-W-(ff-^^
^fA-f^)^^
^ ti
[^^!!) /^/r ^ yii? ^/>?f ^e/^^^rJe^-
t^l-?^ ^i^c)^ Jx -/jj

Example 2.4.8

Consider Example 2.4.5. Let g(x) =2x -9x +x+l2, and calculate g

3®-Yi)s'V^^i)^2
'Y^ -Y?)^ 1^2
6
v ^) -^ ^
v 1 Ll ti
0 I
l1 =0
he emainder r heorem

Given a polynomial function, /(x), dividedby a

linear binomial, x-k^ then the remainder ofthe division
is the value

51
zs

(uisjosqi jspurems-a sql)

J3pU reUI9J OU SI 9J3Vft 'UOISTAIpoip^uXs jsyB 'ji iBiuiouXiod B JO JOpB J B ^? 9pl ITCO i .

UOTSIAIp
[BimouXtodjo jspurems^ pws ^usponb sql suiiiusisp o^ uoisiAip oi^q^uXs ssn UBO i .
,,qmoqvp,, si uoisiATpoipqiuXs^qi siBpsjddBUBOi .
:eua^u3 ssaaang

9 ^ -^p/y^^ ',
^
0^- ^- 0^ ^
-^ vu}^
(IS-^-J^
^^K St ^<?^',<?

0^'^-^^S<^P?
NOIlDNm ^-x
-" . '""'".

D 3Aoifisni/\l SM iiiillVM OS-^£-^SJ

6-^-Z aidmexg

^ = ^
j^. (^b . <-^-^) = ^ (^^S
(0;
^ ^ ' (^ ^) = <yy
;^-^u9f^f$ l^/S^'f ^/ l^ti.
^h ^5
^) 'c^ ^5l^
msjosqj^ j9puiBui9^ sq^jojoojj
 2. 5 The Theorem
(Factors have been FOUND)

LearningGoal: We are learningthe connectionsbetweena polynomial function andits

remainderwhendividedby a binomial

r he Tactor r heorem

Given a polynomial function, /(x), then X-a is a

factorof/(^) F^ onS Or>^ i^P

-P^ ^0
Example 2.5.1
Use the Factor Theorem to factor x3+2x2-5x-6. \ WAIT!!!! We need a FUNCTION

^A) = >s^^-^-^
^>r^ XH , -. ''<=-/
ft^c^^ ^^^ f^^^rs^^e,
^T'l)5 -(-Zf-l)'1-^-!)-^
fo, = ^-a)(>^)C>-c) -= -j -^ Z ^-6 ^o[
(^a)(;o = -^
S'o^ (^xtf) 7s ^ (^cfer.
/, y^e frc^j MJ^ c^iM^ -

^^
_, 1 2 -ST -^
^ -I -1
r^ ^-i', /. ^^+i j )'t ;xl --6'° 0
^1) =(f)?^Z^)t-S-^)-^ /. ^TZ. 2-r, ^^6<rt)Cx^-^
^ - 8 we £
^^YX ^)^^
53
 ^»a
0<3 5- a
^ )
r
^\ ^ ^ s rs)
3sa-L 5~
4- s
L "so ^0
0 .< ^ ^ 0
-^ 0
^"" \ )

~^\ ( 0 r-si
f^-s ^ c^ tN)
r< \ '*/ \
+-^ c^
I
^
'<-\
^
'^< ^-^
c^
^ I
II
/7s

^-^ ^
<\
(A- ® N
4.<
<\)^
-t-\
?
00
^1-
+
t.^
tx»
s-
^ ^s .V ^T-
^
+ rJ f^
^ '^ OQ N
^
^0
\
^
.^
'.0 'fsj
^-
^
I
vs^3
^J
0 5
^
K <y\
>->
\
1\ )
^ (NJ
M
.3
\
^' (>0
y:
f^
i c^
in ^
(S K .

-^ \
u
&
(J-l
^ ? <sA_
\ c^
X
sL '^0
X.
<^ \
^
w ^ Q £o° 0 -<
^ \ u
^ n tl \
^ .9 t?
^
^ ^
@> c0
 Example2.5.3 (Pg 177 #6c inyour text)
Factor fully x4 + Sx} + 4x2 - 4Sx
1^0^ ^ -fi^> ^CK'>)C'xs^<rx2 -^LlK -4'^'

/UW T^ ^x-z) K-Z ^^- CZ)s^^)l^^O-4?

=^ +12 f-8 -^s ^o^
z 1 3 ^ -Lf?
4-
^ z Zo ^
^ -ftx)^ ^)(^X-Z)^X?-^0^ t2L 1^)
; 10 ^1 0
^6<Xx-z)^^yx^

Example2.5.4 {Pg177#10) (^
^c
When ax3 -x2 +2x+b is divided b jc -1 the remainder is 10. en it is divided by /c'J9a%^
^r-2 the remainder is 51. indaan . | I ^,
This problem is very instructive. | '^ /
^rC<-'))^<^1 l "'----------- |
^ ^ aa^ -c^^ ^"' ^ ^J^\^
)« Q^ ] ^ ^ - 10
^''-T ^'a
^^(^- ^ ^^ ^s")
» ^ ^r^f ^b »^| 0+^3 ^ ^
^OL ^ =S-(
/jcA4 s^^e ^e <r/A^^ ^f ^^rj^6^$
ga +-b --S-1 &>1. =<1
a -(-b ^
-'. 0=^
7^ _-^ -. -. k=5
Success Criteria:
1:

. I can
can use test values to find the factors ofa polynomial function
. I can factor a polynomial ofdegreethree or greaterby usingthe factortheorem
. I canrecognizewhena polynomial function is not factorable

55
 2.6 actoring Sums an : ifferences of Cubes
patternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatterns
atternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternsp
tternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspa
ternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspattcrnspat
ernspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatt
rnspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspatternspattcrnspatternspatternspatte

Knowing how to factor a sum or difference of cubes is a simple matter ofremembering patterns.

Learning Goal: We are learning to factor a sum or difference of cubes.

Example 2. 6. 1 (Recalling thepattern for factoring a Difference of Squares)

Factor 4x2-25

(Zy-^(^ > Note: Sums of Squares

DONOTfactor!!

e. g. Simplify jc + 4

(^^Y^^)

^ ^+ ^)
Differencesof Cubes

^0 ^ Pattern S^e S^s'^ AI^VS ^ri^^

[t'uhf^-cube^=[cuberoor^ - cuberoot^ttb^rooi1-^- ruhcru'-n. xcuberoot^ .}- cuberoot^
.

[-LUUt;^ J
-

yi^ill'CrLIUI^
-
Luuc-f
uui^ f^i. tii'i.'f wi^ ~T iMui. 'i/'-i.

^-w -'^ --^(^ +_6^,J<-- ,

TWO POSITIVES and ONE NEGATIVE

+- e\

Sums of Cubes (These DO factor!!)

Pattern

((. »/?<',+ ciibe^)= ((uhe''ooi^ ciiberoot^[riih(J!-uo' - 'xcuberoot^ ^ ciiberoot2

^x ^f-Z7--(7> + ^ )(^' 6x + ci )
56
 ^ I 9
z

Example2.6.2 SG?A^ 0
Factor x3-8

'=(. --0^ +^ ^^)

Example 2.6.3
Factor 27x3+125,
-=^^ -^ 5^>) fc? Xt-J^X^ ^ Z^z)
f ^

Example 2.6.4

16s7')
Factor 1 - 64z3
= (1-^^(1 ^- H-s +-
I ^ ^z

Example 2.6.5
Factor 1000x3+27

to^+3 ^(lo^-t-zYfoo^7---30x 41^

Example 2.6.6
Factor x6 - 729

;fz
^/-^^^ +^^ +21)
4
^
w^/r 1
x

^^yx --s)(^^^ ^g|

.}

Success Criteria:
. I canusepatterns to factor a sum ofcubes
. I canusepatterns to factor a differenceofcubes

57