SCIENCE 9
Pointers:
1. Volcanoes
2. Climate
3. Constellations
Volcanoes
- It is a vent, hill, or mountain that erupts.
Classification of Volcanoes
Active
- Have erupted within the last 600 years.
- Have erupted at least once in the past 10 000 years.
Examples:
Mount Mayon, Mt. Biliran, Mt. Hibok-hibok
Dormant
- Active but not erupting.
- Expected to erupt anytime soon.
Example:
Mahagnao Volcano
Extinct
- Have not had any eruption in the past 10 000 years.
- Expected not to erupt anymore in the future.
Example:
Mount Guinsiliban
Types of Volcanoes
Cinder Cone - simplest type of volcano
Ex: Smith Volcano
Composite/Stratovolcanoes - are symmetrical cones
Ex: Mt. Mayon, Mt. Fuji
Shield - are formed from lava flows producing broad sloping sides and shield-like
structures
Ex: Kilauea Volcano
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
- Can be classified as either effusive or explosive.
- Effusive eruptions involve a pour of basaltic magma that is relatively low in
viscosity and gas content.
- Explosive eruptions involve magma of high viscosity and gas content.
Phreatic
- It's a steam-driven explosion and often precedes or accompanies another type
of volcanic eruption.
Ex: Eruption of Mt. Kanlaon in December 2017
Phreatomagmatic
- Involves the eruption of magma that reacts to external water.
Ex: Eruption of Mt. Taal in January 2020
Strombolian
- Fountains of bursting glowing lava. This eruption creates eruptive products
such as scoria (hardened chunks of bubbly lava) and lava bombs
Ex: Mt. Mayon in November 2009
Vulcanian
- Tall eruptions that go up to 20km high. Short, explosive and violent.
- Ex: Mt. Mayon in April 1968
Plinian
- Most destructive and violent eruptions. Volcanic materials go more than 20km
high and form an eruption column.
Ex: Mt. Pinatubo in June 1991
Volcanic Formation
1. Magma creates large pressure,
rises up creating cracks in the
surrounding rock.
2. The magma reaches the earth’s
surface.
3. At the surface, the magma ejects
lava flow and ash deposits.
4. Over time, the lava flow and ash
deposit will cool down and solidify.
5. The magma will continue to eject
lava & ash deposits until it gets
bigger and bigger.
Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
Climate
Weather
- Day-to-day atmospheric conditions
Climate
- Average weather prevailing in a given area over a long period of time
Factors Affecting Climate
● Latitude - the distance (in degrees) to the north and south from the equator
● Prevailing Winds - wind direction an area or region experiences most
frequently
● Altitude - height above sea level
● Distance from the Sea - coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland areas
Types of Climate
Tropical
- found in places near the equator; dry and wet seasons
Dry
- Very hot summers with seldom rains; arid or semiarid places
Temperate
- Moderate rainfall across the year, warm summers and cool winters
- Common to places found in mid latitudes
Continental
- Variation of temperatures year-round: hot summers, cold winters, and a small
amount of rainfall
Polar
- Cool summers and very cold long winters; permafrost
The Greenhouse Effect
- Natural heating process of the Earth
Global Warming
- Gradual increase on the Earth’s temperature
Climate Change
- Change in the average weather found in a place
Impacts of Climate Change
Effects on the Environment
- Scientists believe that it will severely affect the environment
- Cause increase in the global temperature, changes in rainfall patterns, more
heat waves, intense typhoons & hurricanes, increase in wildfires, rising sea
levels, and shrinking glaciers.
Effects on the economy
- Poses a threat to economic stability.
- Can cause disruptions to Agricultural production, limited food, and limit
productivity or capacity to work of some workers.
Effects on health
- Extreme air temperatures contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory
diseases. Stronger and more frequent typhoons, rising sea levels contribute to
its effects on health too.
- Effects can be damage to properties and homes leaving people homeless.
- Affects on the air, clean water, food, and shelter
Effects on Society
- With more frequent disasters happening, health, agriculture, food and water
supply and other cultural or social needs will be affected. These are all
important to society.
Microclimate
- climatic conditions in localized areas near the Earth’s surface
- defined by temperature, moisture, winds, vegetation, soil, elevation, latitude,
and season.
Crypto Climate
- climate inside a building or an airplane; artificial
The Global Climate Phenomenon
Monsoons
- a seasonal shift in the direction of the prevailing winds of a region.
- According to Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA), PH experiences 2 kinds of monsoons
Amihan (northeast monsoon)
- Occurs in PH from late October to March
- Brings cool dry air from a high pressure over Siberia.
Habagat (southwest monsoon)
- Affects the western part of PH from July to September
- Brings hot and humid weather with heavy rainfall
ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)
- a significant climate phenomena that can change the atmospheric circulation
of the world
- Affects temperature and precipitation.
El Nino
- “little boy” (spanish)
- warming of the coastal waters
- often occurs during the Christmas holiday
La Nina
- “Little girl” (spanish)
- Cold phase of ENSO
Tropical Cyclones
- Rapid rotating storm over tropical oceans
Classifications:
Hurricane
- type of Tropical Cyclone that forms over tropical or subtropical waters.
- It has winds of 74 mph or more.
- The term hurricane is used if it originates in the North Atlantic, Central North
Pacific and eastern North Pacific.
Typhoon
- Mature tropical cyclone thats usually from northwest pacific
Public Storm Warning System
- To help warn locals the possible impact or damage a typhoon or tropical
cyclones
Star
- It is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity.
Characteristics of Stars
1. Brightness
2. Color
3. Temperature
4. Size
5. Mass
Brightness
- It can be expressed in terms of luminosity and magnitude.
- It depends on the composition and distance.
Apparent
- Distance of the star from our perspective on Earth.
Absolute
- Actual brightness of the star.
Take note:
- The brightest are the blue stars.
- The least bright are the red stars.
Color
- It is related to its temperature.
- Star colors range from red, yellow to blue.
- The hottest stars are bluish in color, and the coolest stars are reddish in color.
Surface Temperature
- Stellar temperatures are in the range of 2500 to 50,000 K.
- The temperature of a star helps determine its color.
Interpretation: Hottest to coolest, arranged respectively. (Blue, Blue-white, White,
Yellow-white, Yellow, Orange, Red)
Remember: The hotter stars emit more blue light while the cooler stars emit red light.
Size
- The radius of the sun is usually the basis for other stars.
- The size affects the brightness of the star because luminosity is directly
proportional to the square of the star’s radius.
- The sizes of the stars can be classified as supergiant, giant, medium and dwarf
from most massive to the least massive respectively.
Remember: Larger star = More luminous
Smaller star = Less luminous
Mass
- Mass or stellar mass is used to describe the mass of the star.
- Stellar mass is usually measured in terms of the sun’s mass.
- The mass affects the star’s temperature.
Remember: More mass = Hotter temperature
Less mass = Cooler temperature
Life Cycle of a Star
Cycle of large stars
- Nebula -> Main Sequence Star -> Supergiant -> Supernova -> Neutron Star
(core collapses and becomes very dense)
- Nebula -> Main Sequence Star -> Supergiant -> Supernova -> Black hole (core
collapses completely and vanishes)
Cycle of small stars
- Nebula -> Main Sequence Star -> Red Giant -> Planetary Nebula -> White Dwarf
-> White Dwarf Cooling -> Black Dwarf
Constellation
- Group of stars
- There are 88 constellations covering the entire northern and southern skies.
Asterism
- A group of stars that is not a constellation but can be a part of a constellation.
International Astronomical Union (IAU)
- It is the organization that promotes and safeguard the science of astronomy.
Why do stars seem to travel across the sky at night differently?
1. The Earth rotates on its axis.
2. The Earth revolves around the sun.
Zodiac Constellations
Constellation English Name Image
Capricorn Goat
Aquarius Water Bearer
Pisces Fish
Aries Ram
Taurus Bull
Gemini Twins
Cancer Crab
Leo Lion
Virgo Maiden/Virgin
Libra Scales
Scorpio Scorpion
Sagittarius Centaur/Archer
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Proofread by:
SGD
Ms. April Anne G. Elenzano
Science 9 Teacher
(February 7, 2025)