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Complex

The document outlines the fundamental operations and properties of complex numbers, represented as z = a + bi. It covers topics such as the real and imaginary parts, conjugate, modulus, argument, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponential form, polar form, and roots. Additionally, it discusses the compatibility of complex conjugation with algebra operations and the advantages of using polar form for various calculations.

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Nunuishaka
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12 views2 pages

Complex

The document outlines the fundamental operations and properties of complex numbers, represented as z = a + bi. It covers topics such as the real and imaginary parts, conjugate, modulus, argument, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponential form, polar form, and roots. Additionally, it discusses the compatibility of complex conjugation with algebra operations and the advantages of using polar form for various calculations.

Uploaded by

Nunuishaka
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

COMPLEX NUMBERS.

We summarize here the basic operations with complex numbers z = a + bi.


(1) The real and imaginary parts of z = a + bi are a and b, respectively.
(2) The conjugate of z:
z = a − bi.
(3) The modulus, or the absolute value, of z:
√ √
|z| = zz = a2 + b2 .
This is the length of the vector (a, b).
(4) the argument of z:
arg(z) = arctan(b/a).
This is the angle that the vector (a, b) makes with the positive x-axis.
(5) Addition, subtraction, multiplication:
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i, (a + bi)(c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi2 .
(6) Division
1 z a − bi a b
= = 2 2
= 2 2
− 2 i.
z zz a +b a +b a + b2
(7) Exponential
ea+bi = ea ebi = ea (cos b + i sin b).
The equality of ebi above comes from the Taylor series:
bi (bi)2 (bi)3 b2 b b3
ebi = 1 + + + + . . . = (1 − + . . .) + ( − + . . .)i = cos b + i sin b.
1! 2! 3! 2! 1! 3!
(8) The polar form of z:
z = reiθ , r = |z|, θ = arg(z).
(9) Powers. To find z n , bring z to polar form and compute the power:
(reiθ )n = rn einθ .
(10) Roots. A nonzero complex number z has 2 different square roots, 3 different third
roots, and n different n-th roots. To find one n-th root, bring z to polar form and
raise to the power n1 :
1 1 iθ
(reiθ ) n = r n e n .
The other n-th roots come from adding a multiple of 2π to θ. This does not change
z, but it does change the n-th root. The list of all n-th roots is:
1 iθ 1 i(θ+2π) 1 i(θ+4π) 1 i(θ+2(n−1)π)
rne n , rne n , rne n ,..., rne n .
1
2 COMPLEX NUMBERS.

Compatibility of various operations:


(1) Complex conjugation is compatible with all algebra operations
z + w = z + w, zw = z̄ w̄, reiθ = re−iθ .
(2) Polar form is good for multiplying complex numbers, computing powers and
roots. For example, the absolute value |reiθ | = r satisfies
|z| = |z|, |zw| = |z||w|, |z n | = |z|n .
One can write down analogous properties for the angle θ.

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