Python – Unit -2
Python's flow control statements
Python's flow control statements regulate the order in which a program's instructions are executed,
moving beyond the default top-to-bottom sequence. They are categorized into conditional
statements, looping statements, and control flow altering statements.
Conditional Statements (Decision Making)
These statements allow a program to execute specific code blocks based on whether a condition
is True or False.
if statement: Executes a block of code if its condition is True.
example:
age = 20
if age >= 18:
print("Eligible to vote.") # This line executes
if-else statement: Executes the if block if the condition is True, and the else block if it is False
example:
age = 16
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult.")
else:
print("You are a minor.") # This line executes
if-elif-else chain: Checks multiple conditions sequentially. The code block for the first True condition
is executed. The final else block runs if none of the preceding conditions are met.
example:
score = 75
if score >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade: B")
elif score >= 70:
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSOR -ASHISH TRIPATHI ( Dept. CSE)
Python – Unit -2
print("Grade: C") # This line executes
else:
print("Grade: D or F")
nested if statement in Python
example :
username = "Emil"
password = "python123"
is_active = True
if username:
if password:
if is_active:
print("Login successful")
else:
print("Account is not active")
else:
print("Password required")
else:
print("Username required")
Looping Statements (Iteration)
These statements allow a block of code to be executed repeatedly as long as a certain condition is
met or for each item in a sequence.
for loop: Iterates over the items of any sequence (a list, tuple, string, or range).
example:
for num in range(1, 6):
if num % 2 != 0:
continue # Skip odd numbers
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSOR -ASHISH TRIPATHI ( Dept. CSE)
Python – Unit -2
print(f"{num} is even")
while loop: Repeats a block of code as long as its specified condition remains True
example:
count = 0
while count < 5:
print("Count is:", count)
count += 1
else clause on loops: A unique Python feature, the else block can be used with loops. It executes
after the loop finishes naturally (i.e., without encountering a break statement).
example:
for a in range(5):
print(a)
else:
print(“loop finished”)
nested loop in Python
A nested loop in Python is a loop placed inside the body of another loop. The inner loop runs
completely for every single iteration of the outer loop. This structure is useful for working with
multi-dimensional data structures (like lists of lists), generating combinations, and printing
pattern
example:
# Print a right-aligned triangle of stars
n=5
for i in range(n):
# Inner loop for spaces
for j in range(n - i - 1):
print(" ", end="")
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSOR -ASHISH TRIPATHI ( Dept. CSE)
Python – Unit -2
# Inner loop for stars
for k in range(i + 1):
print("*", end="")
# Newline after each row
print()
Control Flow Altering Statements (Jump Statements)
These keywords alter the normal flow of a loop's execution.
Unstop
• break statement: Immediately terminates the entire enclosing loop and transfers control to
the next statement after the loop.
example:
x=0
while x < 10:
print("x:", x)
if x == 5:
print("Breaking...")
break
x += 1
print("End")
• continue statement: Skips the rest of the current iteration of the loop and continues with the
next iteration.
example:
for letter in "Python":
# continue when letter is 'h'
if letter == "h":
continue
print("Current Letter :", letter)
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSOR -ASHISH TRIPATHI ( Dept. CSE)
Python – Unit -2
• pass statement: A null operation; nothing happens when it executes. It is used as a
placeholder where a statement is syntactically required but no action is needed.
example:
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
pass # No action needed if b is greater than a
else:
print("b is not greater than a")
The match Statement
Python supports Match-Case statement, which can also be used as a part of decision making. If a
pattern matches the expression, the code under that case will execute.
example:
def checkVowel(n):
match n:
case 'a': return "Vowel alphabet"
case 'e': return "Vowel alphabet"
case 'i': return "Vowel alphabet"
case 'o': return "Vowel alphabet"
case 'u': return "Vowel alphabet"
case _: return "Simple alphabet"
print (checkVowel('a'))
print (checkVowel('m'))
print (checkVowel('o'))
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSOR -ASHISH TRIPATHI ( Dept. CSE)