DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

SUBJECT CODE: EE-208

LAB FILE

1
 INDEX

Exp Objective Page No. Date

No.
0 STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS 3-8 14/1/26
1 NL & BR TEST ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 9-13 21/1/26
2 LOADING OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 14-20 28/1/26
3 SPEED CONTROL OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 21-25 4/2/26
4 OCC & SCC TEST ON ALTERNATOR 26-31 25/2/26
5 NL & BR TEST ON 1 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 32-36 8/4/26
6 DIRECT AND QUADRATURE AXIS SYNCHRONOUS 37-38 1/4/26
REACTANCES
7 STUDY OF SPEED CONTROL BY V/F METHOD 39-41 8/4/26

2
EXPERIMENT 0
AIM: Study of Different Components

THEORY:
An induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor) is an AC electric motor in which
the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic
induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. Unlike synchronous motors, induction
motors operate at a speed slightly less than the synchronous speed, which is why they are
called asynchronous machines. The construction of an induction motor can be broadly divided
into two main parts: the stationary part called the Stator, and the rotating part called the Rotor.

1. The Stator (Stationary Part)

The stator is the outermost, stationary component of the motor. It receives the AC supply and
is responsible for producing the rotating magnetic field (RMF). It consists of three main parts:

●​ Stator Frame: This is the outer body of the motor. Its primary function is to support the
stator core and protect the inner parts of the machine from environmental hazards. For
small machines, it is usually made of cast iron, while for larger machines, it is
fabricated from rolled steel.

●​ Stator Core: Placed inside the stator frame, the core is made up of high-grade silicon
steel stampings (laminations). The laminations are insulated from each other to
minimize eddy current losses, while the silicon steel minimizes hysteresis losses. The
inner periphery of the core has slots to carry the stator windings.

●​ Stator Winding: Copper or aluminium coils are placed in the stator slots. In a 3-phase
induction motor, these are 3-phase windings connected in either star or delta
configuration. When a 3-phase AC supply is given to these windings, a Rotating
Magnetic Field (RMF) is produced.

2. The Rotor (Rotating Part)

The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit. It is placed inside the stator core
and is separated by a small, uniform air gap. There are two primary types of rotors used in
induction motors:

●​ Squirrel Cage Rotor: This is the most common and robust type of rotor. Instead of wire
windings, it consists of thick aluminium or copper bars placed in the rotor slots.

●​ Wound Rotor (Slip Ring Rotor): Used primarily in applications requiring high starting
torque, this rotor has a 3-phase double-layer distributed winding, similar to the stator.
The windings are usually star-connected, and the three ends are brought out and
connected to three insulated slip rings mounted on the shaft. This allows external
resistors to be connected to the rotor circuit during starting to increase torque.

3
3. Other Essential Mechanical Components (Figure 0.2)

●​ Shaft: The rotor is mounted on a solid steel shaft. The shaft transmits the mechanical
power from the rotor to the load.

●​ Bearings: Bearings (typically ball or roller bearings) are mounted on the shaft to
support the rotor within the stator. They reduce friction and ensure smooth rotation.

●​ Cooling Fan: Most induction motors are totally enclosed and fan-cooled. A fan is
attached to the non-drive end of the shaft to force air over the stator frame (which often
has cooling fins) to dissipate the heat generated during operation.

●​ Air Gap: This is the physical gap between the stator and the rotor. It is kept as small as
mechanically possible (usually ranging from 0.4 mm to 4 mm) to reduce the reluctance
of the magnetic path, which helps in maintaining a high-power factor.

4. Other Components
●​ Tachometer: A tachometer is a measurement instrument used to determine the
rotational speed of a motor or generator's shaft. In an electric machines lab, it is
essential for recording data to plot speed-torque or speed-voltage characteristics.

●​ Alternator: An alternator is an AC generator that converts mechanical energy into

alternating current electrical energy at a specific frequency. In the lab, it is usually
mechanically coupled to a prime mover (like a DC motor or an induction motor).

●​ Variac: A variac is a type of transformer with a single continuous winding and a

rotating carbon brush that allows you to tap off any fraction of the input voltage.

●​ Rheostats: Rheostats are large, wire-wound variable resistors with a sliding contact,
typically housed in protective metal casings in the lab.

4
 Table 0.1 Different Components used in Lab

S. No. Component Specification Function / Purpose Description

3-Phase 415 V, 14 A, 50 Hz, Acts as prime mover to drive

1 Induction Provides mechanical input
1440 RPM the alternator
Motor

3-Phase 415–440 V, 8.4 A, 50 Hz, Generates 3-phase AC Used to obtain OCC/SCC

2
Alternator 1500 RPM output characteristics

Controls input voltage

3 3-Phase Variac 440V/0–470 V, 15 A Used for voltage variation
smoothly

Measures rotational speed Used to monitor and

4 Tachometer 10000 RPM
(RPM) maintain constant speed

Controls current in Used for adjusting

5 Rheostats 1000 Ω
field/armature circuits excitation

PC: 600V/300V, Actual power = (meter

Measures power in the
6 Wattmeter reading × multiplying
CC: 5A/10A circuit
factor)

Measures voltage, current, Used for general electrical

7 Multimeter
resistance measurements

5
 Table 0.2 Different Types of Electrical Machines

Different types of Electrical Machines

Features Synchronous
DC Machine Induction Machine Transformer
Machine

Basic Type Rotating Rotating Rotating Static

Supply Type DC AC AC AC

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic Magnetic locking

Working Principle induction with induction (no electrical between rotor & stator Mutual induction
commutator connection to rotor) fields

Slightly less than

Constant
Speed Variable synchronous speed No moving parts
(synchronous speed)
(slip present)

Starting Self-starting Self-starting Not self-starting Not required

Construction High (commutator Complex (field

Simple and rugged Simple
Complexity & brushes) excitation needed)

Maintenance High Low Moderate Very low

Efficiency Moderate High Very high Very high

Can be controlled
Power Factor Depends on load Low at light load Depends on load
(leading/lagging)

Cost High Low High Moderate

Power plants,
Electric traction, Fans, pumps, Power transmission &
Applications synchronous
cranes, elevators compressors distribution
condensers

6
 Table 0.3 Different Components of Induction Machine

Component Location Function Material Used Description

Provides path for Laminated silicon Laminations reduce eddy

Stator Core Outer stationary part
magnetic flux steel current losses

Produces rotating Copper / Connected to 3-phase AC

Stator Winding Slots in stator core
magnetic field Aluminium supply

Carries rotor
Rotor Core Inner rotating part Laminated steel Mounted on shaft
conductors and flux

Rotor Winding Induced current flows Aluminium / Bars short-circuited by

Rotor slots
(Squirrel Cage) to produce torque Copper bars end rings

Rotor Winding (Slip Allows external

Rotor slots Copper winding Used for speed control
Ring) resistance connection

Between stator & Allows magnetic Kept very small for

Air Gap Air
rotor coupling efficiency

Transmits mechanical
Shaft Center of rotor Steel Connected to load
power

Between shaft & Reduce friction during

Bearings Ball/Roller bearings Require lubrication
frame rotation

Supports and protects Provides mechanical

Frame (Yoke) Outer body Cast iron / Steel
machine strength

Cooling Fan Mounted on shaft Provides cooling Plastic / Metal Prevents overheating

Terminal Box Outside frame Electrical connections Insulated enclosure Houses supply terminals

7
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

8
EXPERIMENT 1

AIM: To compute per phase equivalent circuit parameters of a given three phase induction
motor by performing no load and blocked rotor tests.

APPRATUS: Three phase induction motor, Three phase variac(400/0-470V, 15A),

Voltmeter(600V), Voltmeter(150V), Ammeter(0-5A), Three phase wattmeter(PC:
600V/300V, CC: 5A/10A).

THEORY: The per phase dc resistance of the stator 𝑟1can be measured using a dc
'
voltmeter-ammeter, a Wheatstone bridge (or a Kelvin double bridge) or a digital multimeter. 𝑅
is the average dc resistance across two stator terminals.
'
𝑅 3
𝑟1 = 2
for star connection and 𝑟1 = 2
𝑅for delta.

No load test: The induction motor is supplied with rated voltage and frequency and made to
run freely at no load. The applied voltage 𝑉𝑁𝐿, the current drawn 𝐼𝑁𝐿and the input (three
phase) active power 𝑃𝑁𝐿is measured.

The circuit diagram for the no load test is shown in Fig. 1. The no load slip being small (𝑠→0),
'
𝑟2
the resistance 𝑠 ( )
is very large effecting the parallel combination of 𝑗𝑥2 and 𝑗𝑥𝑚to only 𝑗𝑥𝑚.
'

Thus, the effective no load resistance and reactance per phase are given by
𝑃𝑁𝐿
3
𝑅𝑁𝐿 = 2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) (1)
(𝐼𝑁𝐿)

𝑃𝑁𝐿/3
𝑅𝑁𝐿 = 2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (2)
(𝐼𝑁𝐿/ 3)

Also,

2
𝑋𝑁𝐿 =
2
𝑍𝑁𝐿 − 𝑅𝑁𝐿 =
2
( ) 𝑉𝑁𝐿/ 3
𝐼𝑁𝐿
2
− 𝑅𝑁𝐿 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟) (3)

or

𝑋𝑁𝐿 = ( ) 𝑉𝑁𝐿

𝐼𝑁𝐿/ 3
2
− 𝑅𝑁𝐿 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎) (4)

But from the stator terminals, 𝑋𝑁𝐿 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑚. Also, 𝑅𝑁𝐿 = 𝑟1 + 𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑡, where 𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑡is a
resistance representing the per phase rotational loss.

9
Blocked rotor test: This test is analogous to the short circuit test of a transformer. The rotor is
held stationary (blocked) and the stator is supplied with a low voltage such that rated current
flows in the motor. Readings are taken of the applied voltage 𝑉𝐵𝑅, the current 𝐼𝐵𝑅and the
motor input power 𝑃𝐵𝑅.

The circuit diagram for the blocked rotor test is shown in Fig. 2. There is no mechanical
losses, and the core loss is negligible. Hence,
𝑃𝐵𝑅
3
𝑅𝐵𝑅 = 2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (5)
(𝐼𝐵𝑅)

2
𝑅𝐵𝑅 =
𝑃𝐵𝑅/3

(𝐼𝐵𝑅/ 3)
2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎) (6)𝑋𝐵𝑅 =
2 2
𝑍𝐵𝑅 − 𝑅𝐵𝑅 = ( )𝑉𝐵𝑅/ 3
𝐼𝐵𝑅
2
− 𝑅𝐵𝑅 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟) (7)

or

𝑋𝐵𝑅 = ( ) 𝑉𝐵𝑅

𝐼𝐵𝑅/ 3
2
− 𝑅𝐵𝑅 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎) (8)

PROCEDURE:

1.​ Make connections for no load test as shown in connection diagram (Figure. 1.1).
2.​ Switch on the ac supply. Start the motor by gradual increase of the variac output.
Increase the applied voltage up to the rated value.
3.​ Note the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings (Table 1.1). Also note the no load
speed.
4.​ Make connections for blocked rotor test as shown in connection diagram (Figure. 1.1).
5.​ Switch on the ac supply. Keeping the rotor blocked, gradually increase the variac
output such that the ammeter shows rated current. Note the voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter readings.
6.​ Reduce the variac output to zero and switch off the supply.
7.​ Compute parameters as outlined above using equivalent circuit (Figure 1.2).

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table 1.1 No load and BR Test

No Load Test Blocked Rotor Test

VOC (V) IOC (A) POWER (W) VBR (V) IBR POWER (W)
(A)
400 2.25 40*2 = 80 60 4.2 200
Reduced V Test:
Table 1.2 Reduced Voltage Test

VOLTAGE (V) SPEED (RPM) POWER (W)

10
 400 1499.1 80

320 1497.3 40

120 1496 20

60 1493 5

10 1417 2.5

CALCULATIONS:

11
RESULT: The per phase equivalent circuit parameters have been computed.

Znl = 177.78Ω, Rnl = 5.267Ω, Xnl= 177.01Ω, Zbr = 14.28Ω, Rbr = 3.78Ω, Xbr = 13.77Ω,
Xls = Xlr = 6.885Ω, Xm = 170.12Ω, Rs = 1.68Ω, Rr = 2.1Ω.

The P vs V graph (Figure 1.5) is not a perfectly straight line; the slope gets steeper as the
voltage increases. This perfectly illustrates the theoretical principle that core losses increase
exponentially with voltage. The jump from 320V to 400V adds 40W of power loss, whereas
the jump from 10V to 120V only adds 17.5W, highlighting how dominant core losses become
at the rated voltage.

PRECAUTIONS:
1.​ The wattmeter reading(s) should be appropriately multiplied by the respective
multiplying factor(s) to get the input power.
2.​ Verify the connections before switching ON.
3.​ Run the motor only for the required time (avoid overheating).

12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

13
EXPERIMENT 2
AIM: To perform the load test on a three-phase induction motor and to obtain torque-slip
characteristics.

APPARATUS: Three phase induction motor, Three phase variac(440V/0-470V,

5A), Single phase resistive load, Voltmeter(600V AC, 250/300V DC),
Ammeter(20A), Wattmeter(300/600V), Digital Tachometer.

THEORY:
Induction motor output = DC shunt generator output, Taking the DC generator efficiency as
0.7,
𝑉𝐷𝐶×𝐼𝐷𝐶
𝑇×ω = 0.7
(1)

𝑉𝐷𝐶×𝐼𝐷𝐶×60
𝑇= 0.7×2π×𝑁
(2)

where 𝑉𝐷𝐶is the load terminal voltage, 𝐼𝐷𝐶is the load current and ‘𝑁’ is the speed of the
machine in rpm.
The induction motor slip is given by,
𝑁𝑠−𝑁
𝑠= 𝑁𝑠
(3)

PROCEDURE:
1.​ Make connections as shown in connection diagram (Figure 2.1).
2.​ Switch on the ac supply. Start the motor at no load by gradual increase of the variac
output. Increase the applied voltage up to the rated value.
3.​ Check the terminal voltage of the dc shunt generator. If necessary, reverse the
voltmeter connections.
4.​ Load the dc generator in steps, through a resistive load.
5.​ At each value of the resistive load, measure the load terminal voltage, the load current
and the motor speed (by a tachometer).
6.​ Tabulate the observations(Table 2.1 & 2.2) and draw the torque-slip characteristics
(Figure 2.2).

14
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table 2.1 Observations

Vs (V) Is (A) POWER (W) S2 S1 SPEED (RPM)

410 1.3 200 0 0 1498

410 1.4 300 1 0 1496

410 1.5 400 2 1 1494

410 1.6 600 3 1 1490

410 1.8 700 4 1 1484

410 1.9 800 5 1 1478

410 2.1 1000 6 1 1468

410 2.2 1150 7 2 1450

410 2.4 1250 8 2 1446

410 3.4 2000 13 4 1440

410 3.6 2050 13.5 4 1440

15
 Table 2.2 Calculations

F = S1-S2 TORQUE POWER SLIP Cos(Φ) η%

(N) (W)

0 0 0 0.26 0.217 0

1 1.127 176.46 0.26 0.301 58.8

1 1.127 176.23 0.4 0.375 44.05

2 2.254 351 0.67 0.52 58.5

3 3.381 525 1.067 0.54 75

4 4.508 697 1.47 0.59 87.12

5 5.635 866 2.13 0.67 86.6

5 5.635 855 3.33 0.73 74.3

6 6.762 1023 3.6 0.733 81.84

9 10.143 1528 4 0.82 76.4

9.5 10.706 1613 4 0.802 78.7

16
RESULT: The torque-slip characteristics of the induction motor have been plotted as
shown.

17
As illustrated in Figure 2.2, the torque-slip characteristic demonstrates a predominantly linear
relationship within this specific testing range. As the percentage slip increases from near zero
up to approximately four, the developed torque rises proportionally. This trend conforms
strictly to the theoretical behavior of an induction motor operating in its stable, low-slip
region. In this normal operating zone, any increase in mechanical load requires a
proportionally larger induced rotor current, which inherently mandates a corresponding
increase in motor slip to generate the necessary driving torque.

Figure 2.3 portrays the efficiency profile of the induction motor relative to its mechanical
power output. Initially, at extremely low loads, the operational efficiency is remarkably poor
because the motor's constant core and mechanical losses dominate the system. However, as
the output power steadily increases, the efficiency climbs steeply and reaches a distinct peak
before experiencing a gradual decline at the highest recorded loads. This optimal peak
efficiency theoretically occurs at the precise operational threshold where the motor's variable
copper losses perfectly equalize with its constant fixed losses.

The direct relationship between developed shaft torque and mechanical power output is
clearly depicted in Figure 2.4. The plotted data exhibits an almost perfectly linear trajectory
across the entire experimental load range. Because the operating speed of a standard induction
motor decreases only marginally under normal loading conditions, the mechanical power
output remains fundamentally proportional to the applied torque. Consequently, any
incremental addition in the mechanical load demands a corresponding, linear increase in the
torque produced by the motor.

Figure 2.5 illustrates the essential speed-torque drooping characteristic of the tested induction
machine. Operating exceptionally close to its synchronous speed at no load, the motor exhibits
a steady and gradual decline in rotational speed as the physical load torque progressively
increases. This characteristic speed reduction is fundamentally necessary for motor operation;
an increase in mechanical load requires a higher induced rotor current, which in turn
necessitates a larger relative slip and a correspondingly lower shaft speed to successfully drive
the load.

The continuous variation of the electrical power factor concerning the mechanical power
output is shown in Figure 2.6. Under initial no-load conditions, the power factor remains
exceptionally low because the motor primarily draws reactive magnetizing current simply to
establish the necessary stator magnetic field. As the mechanical load on the shaft increases,
the motor is forced to draw a significantly larger proportion of active, real current from the
electrical supply to perform the physical work. Consequently, the power factor improves
steadily and plateaus at a much higher value under heavy load conditions.

18
MATLAB SIMULATIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The current should not exceed the rated value.
2. All possible combinations of the load voltages should be taken.

19
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20
EXPERIMENT 3
AIM: To control the speed of a given 3 phase slip ring induction motor by varying rotor
circuit resistance.

APPARATUS: Three phase induction motor(960 RPM), Three phase variac(440V/0-470V,

15A), Single phase resistive load, Voltmeter(600V AC, 70/140/280V DC), Ammeter(2.5/5A),
Digital Tachometer, Variable rheostat, Three phase bridge rectifier

THEORY:
Neglecting the rotor internal resistance in comparison with the external resistance, the rotor
circuit copper loss ≈ 𝑉𝐷𝐶 × 𝐼𝐷𝐶 = 𝑠𝑃𝑎𝑔, where 𝑃𝑎𝑔is air gap power, 𝑉𝐷𝐶and 𝐼𝐷𝐶are the voltage
and current, respectively, through the external resistance and slip
𝑁𝑠−𝑁
𝑠= 𝑁𝑠
(1)

From eqn. (1), the induction motor developed torque

𝑃𝑎𝑔 𝑉𝐷𝐶×𝐼𝐷𝐶×60
𝑇= ω𝑠
= 2π×𝑠×𝑁𝑠
(2)

where synchronous speed 𝑛𝑠is in rpm

The effective rotor circuit resistance is
𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑅2𝑒𝑓𝑓 ≈ 𝐼𝐷𝐶
(4)

PROCEDURE:
1.​ Make connections as shown in connection diagram (Figure 3.1). At first, keep the rotor
circuit open.
2.​ Switch on the ac supply. Gradually increase the variac output up to the rated value.
Check the voltmeter readings and compute the stator-rotor turns ratio. Decrease the
variac output to zero and switch off the ac supply.
3.​ Connect the rotor external resistance. Keeping it at its minimum value, switch on the
ac supply and start the motor by gradual increase of the variac output. Increase the
applied voltage up to the rated value.
4.​ Check the voltmeter and ammeter readings, if any. If necessary, reverse the voltmeter
and ammeter connections. Measure the motor speed.
5.​ Gradually increase the rotor external resistance in small steps, successively taking the
readings of the voltmeter, the ammeter and the motor speed, at each step.
6.​ Tabulate the observations(Table 3.1) and draw the current vs speed characteristics by
varying rotor resistance.

21
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table 3.1 Observations

VOLTMETER AMMETER SPEED SLIP

298 0 30 0.98
295 0 40 0.97
220 5.5 160 0.89
195 5.7 200 0.86
160 5.9 350 0.76
150 6.3 440 0.706
120 6.0 520 0.653
105 5.8 570 0.62
90 5.5 610 0.59
80 5.2 645 0.57
75 5.0 700 0.53
65 4.6 750 0.5
60 4.2 780 0.48
40 4.2 840 0.44
30 4.4 870 0.42
20 3.7 907 0.39
15 3.1 928 0.38
10 3.0 990 0.34

RESULT: The speed rotor resistance characteristics of the slip ring induction motor have

been plotted as shown.

22
As illustrated in Figure 3.2, the curve representing current versus rotational speed
demonstrates a highly specific, non-linear operational trajectory. During the initial
acceleration phase from a near-standstill condition, the drawn current experiences an
exceptionally steep and rapid ascent. After this dramatic initial surge, the electrical demand
broadens and eventually crests at its absolute maximum value during the intermediate speed
range. However, as the rotational velocity continues to increase towards the upper limits of the
recorded test, the current exhibits a steady and progressive decline. This distinct behavioural
pattern effectively highlights the dynamic electrical characteristics of the machine as it
transitions from a heavy initial demand phase into a more stabilized, higher-speed operational
state.

23
MATLAB SIMULATION:

24
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The current should not exceed the rated value.
2. Do not keep high rotor resistance for long duration.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

25
EXPERIMENT 4
AIM: To perform OCC & SCC Test on 3 phase alternator

APPARATUS: Alternator(440V, 8.4A, 1500rpm), Voltmeter(0-500V), Ammeter(0-10A,

0-5A), Resistors(105 Ω, 4.5A; 1k Ω, 1.2A; 1k Ω, 1.4A), Motor, 220V supply

THEORY:
Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC):
The Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC) of an alternator represents the relationship between
the generated emf (open circuit terminal voltage) and the field current when the alternator is
running at rated speed with no load connected.
In this test, the alternator is driven at synchronous speed and the field current is gradually
increased. The corresponding terminal voltage is measured. Since the armature current is zero
under no-load condition, there is no armature reaction and the generated emf depends only on
the field excitation.
Initially, the curve is linear due to unsaturated magnetic conditions. As the field current
increases further, magnetic saturation occurs and the curve deviates from linearity. This
characteristic is also known as the magnetization curve of the alternator.
Short Circuit Characteristic (SCC):
The Short Circuit Characteristic (SCC) of an alternator shows the relationship between the
armature current and the field current when the armature terminals are short-circuited.
In this test, the alternator is again driven at rated speed, and the armature terminals are
shorted through an ammeter. The field current is gradually increased and the corresponding
armature current is measured.
Since the terminal voltage is zero under short circuit condition, the magnetic circuit remains
unsaturated. Therefore, the armature current varies linearly with the field current, resulting in
a straight-line characteristic.

PROCEDURE:
A. Open Circuit Test (OCC)
1.​ Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (Figure 4.1). Keep the alternator
terminals open (no load condition).
2.​ Start the prime mover and bring the alternator to its rated (synchronous) speed.
3.​ Keep the field rheostat at minimum position and switch ON the DC field supply.

26
 4.​ Gradually increase the field current 𝐼𝑓and note the corresponding terminal voltage 𝑉at
each step.
5.​ Continue increasing the field current until the terminal voltage reaches about
120–130% of rated voltage.
6.​ Record all readings in a tabular form (Table 4.1).
7.​ Reduce the field current to zero and switch OFF the supply.
B. Short Circuit Test (SCC)
1.​ Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (Figure 4.1) with the armature
terminals short-circuited through an ammeter.
2.​ Keep the field rheostat at minimum position.
3.​ Start the prime mover and bring the alternator to rated speed.
4.​ Switch ON the DC field supply.
5.​ Gradually increase the field current 𝐼𝑓and note the corresponding armature current 𝐼𝑠𝑐.

6.​ Record the readings carefully (Table 4.2).

7.​ Reduce the field current to zero and switch OFF the supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

A.​OCC TEST
Table 4.1 OCC TEST

Voc (V) If (A)

83 0.25
90 0.25
113.2 0.3
150 0.4
178.5 0.5
202 0.6
230 0.7
250 0.8
270 0.9
290 1
304 1.1
320 1.2
333 1.3
350 1.4
360 1.5
400 2.1

27
B.​SCC TEST
Table 4.2 SCC TEST

IF (A) ISC (A)

0.3 4

0.55 6

0.85 8.4

28
RESULT: The Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC) and Short Circuit Characteristic

(SCC) of the given alternator have been obtained at rated speed.

As depicted in Figure 4.2, the Open Circuit Characteristics (OCC) curve illustrates the
fundamental relationship between the generated open-circuit voltage and the applied field
current. In the initial operating region, where the field excitation remains relatively low, the
induced stator voltage rises in a strictly linear fashion because the magnetic core material is
entirely unsaturated. However, as the field current steadily increases beyond a specific
operational threshold, the slope of the curve gradually diminishes. This pronounced flattening
effect visually represents the unavoidable onset of magnetic saturation within the alternator's
iron core. In this saturated region, any subsequent increases in field current yield progressively
smaller increments in the generated terminal voltage.

29
Figure 4.3 presents the Short Circuit Characteristics (SCC), detailing the direct correlation
between the short-circuit armature current and the corresponding field current. Unlike the
previously observed open-circuit behavior, this specific graph maintains a perfectly straight
and continuous linear trajectory throughout the entire plotted testing range. This unwavering
linearity occurs because, under sustained short-circuit conditions, the internal power factor of
the machine is extremely low and heavily lagging. Consequently, the resulting armature
reaction exerts a severe demagnetizing effect, which effectively restricts the net magnetic flux
and permanently prevents the machine's internal magnetic circuit from ever reaching a state of
saturation.

30
MATLAB SIMULATION:

PRECAUTIONS:
1.​ The alternator should be driven at constant (rated) speed throughout both tests.
2.​ All connections must be checked properly before switching ON the supply.

31
EXPERIMENT 5

AIM: To compute the equivalent circuit parameters of a given single phase induction motor
by performing no load and blocked rotor tests.

APPARATUS: Single phase induction motor, Single phase variac (230V/0-270V, 15A),
Voltmeter(150V/300V), Ammeter (0-5/10A), Wattmeter(PC: 300V/150V, CC: 5A/10A).

THEORY:
The dc resistance of the stator ‘r₁’ can be measured using a dc voltmeter-ammeter, a
Wheatstone bridge (or a Kelvin double bridge) or a digital multimeter.
No-load test: The induction motor is supplied with rated voltage and frequency and made to
run freely at no load. The applied voltage 𝑉𝑁𝐿, the current drawn 𝐼𝑁𝐿and the input active
power 𝑃𝑁𝐿is measured.

The connection diagram for the no load test is shown in Fig. 1. The equivalent circuit for the
'
𝑟2
no load test is shown in Fig. 2. The no load slip being small (0), the resistance 𝑠
is very large
( )
effecting the parallel combination of 𝑗𝑥2 and 𝑗𝑥𝑚to only 𝑗𝑥𝑚. Thus, the effective no load
resistance and reactance are given by

2
𝑅𝑁𝐿 =
𝑃𝑁𝐿

(𝐼𝑁𝐿)
2 (1) 𝑋𝑁𝐿 =
2
𝑍𝑁𝐿 − 𝑅𝑁𝐿 =
2
( )
𝑉𝑁𝐿
𝐼𝑁𝐿
2
− 𝑅𝑁𝐿 (2)

But from the stator terminals,

'
𝑥𝑚 𝑥2
𝑋𝑁𝐿 = 𝑥1 + 2
+ 2
(3)

Also,
'
𝑟2
𝑅𝑁𝐿 = 𝑟1 + 2
+ 𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑇 (4)

where 𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑇is a resistance representing the per phase rotational loss.

Blocked rotor test: This test is analogous to the short-circuit test of a transformer. The rotor is
held stationary (blocked) and the stator is supplied with a low voltage such that rated current
flows in the motor. Readings are taken of the applied voltage 𝑉𝐵𝑅, the current 𝐼𝐵𝑅and the
motor input power 𝑃𝐵𝑅.

The equivalent circuit for the blocked rotor test is shown in Fig. 3. There is no mechanical
losses, and the core loss is negligible. Hence,

2
𝑅𝐵𝑅 =
𝑃𝐵𝑅

(𝐼𝐵𝑅)
2 (5) 𝑋𝐵𝑅 =
2
𝑍𝐵𝑅 − 𝑅𝐵𝑅 =
2
( )
𝑉𝐵𝑅
𝐼𝐵𝑅
2
− 𝑅𝐵𝑅 (6)

32
But from the stator terminals,
' '
𝑋𝐵𝑅 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 (7) 𝑅𝐵𝑅 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 (8)

Take,
' 𝑋𝐵𝑅 '
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 2
(9) 𝑟2 = 𝑅𝐵𝑅 − 𝑟1 (10)

Substitute these values in the expressions for 𝑋𝑁𝐿and 𝑅𝑁𝐿to get all the parameters.

PROCEDURE:
1.​ Make connections for no load test as shown in connection diagram (Figure 7.2).
2.​ Switch on the ac supply. Start the motor by gradual increase of the variac output.
Increase the applied voltage up to the rated value.
3.​ Note line voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings. Also note the no load speed.
4.​ Reduce the variac output to zero and switch off the supply.
5.​ Make connections for blocked rotor test as shown in connection diagram (Figure 7.3).
6.​ Switch on the ac supply. Keeping the rotor blocked, gradually increase the variac
output such that the ammeter shows rated current. Note the voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter readings.
7.​ Reduce the variac output to zero and switch off the supply.
8.​ Compute parameters as outlined above.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table 7.1 Observations of NL and BR Test

No Load Test Blocked Rotor Test

VOC (V) IOC (A) POWER (W) VBR (V) IBR (A) POWER (W)
220 5.7 30.5 × 8 = 244 71 7.6 42.5 × 8 = 340

33
CALCULATIONS:
𝑉𝐵𝑅 71
𝑍𝐵𝑅 = 𝐼𝐵𝑅
= 7.6
= 9. 342 Ω

𝑃𝐵𝑅
𝑅𝐵𝑅 = 2
𝐼𝐵𝑅
=
340
2
7.6
= 5. 886 Ω𝑋𝐵𝑅 = (𝑍 2
𝐵𝑅
− 𝑅𝐵𝑅 =
2
) (9. 3422 − 2
5. 886 )= 7. 255 Ω

'
𝑅𝐵𝑅 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

'
5. 886 = 2. 6 + 𝑟2

'
𝑟2 = 3. 686 Ω

'
𝑋𝐵𝑅 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 2𝑥1

' 7.255
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 2
= 3. 628 Ω

𝑉𝑁𝐿 220
𝑍𝑁𝐿 = 𝐼𝑁𝐿
= 5.7
= 38. 596 Ω

𝑃𝑁𝐿 244
𝑅𝑁𝐿 = 2 = 2 = 7. 510 Ω
𝐼𝑁𝐿 5.7

2 2 2 2
𝑋𝑁𝐿 = 𝑍𝑁𝐿 − 𝑅𝑁𝐿 = 38. 596 − 7. 510 = 37. 858 Ω
'
𝑥𝑚 𝑥2
𝑋𝑁𝐿 = 𝑥1 + 2
+ 2

𝑥𝑚 3.628
37. 858 = 3. 628 + 2
+ 2

𝑥𝑚
37. 858 = 5. 442 + 2

𝑥𝑚
2
= 32. 416

𝑥𝑚 = 64. 832 Ω
'
𝑟2
𝑅𝑁𝐿 = 𝑟1 + 2
+ 𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑇

3.686
7. 510 = 2. 6 + 2
+ 𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑇

𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑇 = 3. 067 Ω

34
RESULT: The per phase equivalent circuit parameters have been computed.​

MATLAB SIMULATION:

PRECAUTIONS:
1.​ The wattmeter reading(s) should be appropriately multiplied by the respective
multiplying factor(s) to get the input power.
2.​ Verify the connections before switching ON.
3.​ Run the motor only for the required time (avoid overheating).

35
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

36
EXPERIMENT 6

AIM: To compute the direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactances by performing slip
test.

APPARATUS: Three phase synchronous machine, DC Shunt Motor, Three phase variac
(440V/0-470V, 15A), Voltmeter (300/600V), Ammeter (5A), Rheostat (1000 Ω, 1.4A; 45 Ω,
5A).

THEORY:

In a salient pole synchronous machine, the air gap is non-uniform, causing the reactance
along the direct axis (d-axis) and quadrature axis (q-axis) to be different. These are called
direct axis reactance 𝑋𝑑and quadrature axis reactance 𝑋𝑞.

The slip test is used to determine these reactances. In this test, the rotor is driven at a speed
slightly less than synchronous speed (small slip), and a low AC voltage is applied to the stator
with the field winding open. Due to the varying reluctance of the rotor, the stator current
fluctuates between maximum and minimum values.
●​ Maximum current corresponds to minimum reactance → 𝑋𝑞

●​ Minimum current corresponds to maximum reactance → 𝑋𝑑

Thus, using the applied voltage and measured currents:

𝑉 𝑉
𝑋𝑑 = 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
, 𝑋𝑞 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥

This method helps in determining the machine parameters required for performance
analysis.

PROCEDURE:

1.​ Make connections as shown in connection diagram (Figure 9.1).

2.​ Switch on the dc supply and start the dc shunt motor. Note its direction of rotation
and stop it by switching off the dc supply.
3.​ Switch on the ac supply. Start the synchronous motor as an induction motor by
gradual increase of the variac output. Check if the direction of rotation is same as that
of dc motor in (2) above. If not, interchange any two leads from the variac output.
4.​ Now start the dc motor again and by gradual variation of the shunt field rheostat,
bring it close to the synchronous speed. Maintain the relative speed between the dc
motor and the synchronously rotating magnetic field to around 5–10 rpm by varying
the armature rheostat.
5.​ Note the maximum and minimum values of the rms armature current and voltage. If
the instrument pointers are oscillating rapidly, change the dc motor speed

37
 appropriately to ensure a slow, readable movement. Take at least 2 sets of readings
and average.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table 9.1 Slip Test Observations

Imin Imax Vmin Vmax

3.6 5.8 107 108
4.9 5.7 121 122

CALCULATIONS:
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑋𝑑 = 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛

108 122
𝑋𝑑1 = 3.6
= 30 Ω, 𝑋𝑑2 = 4.9
= 24. 89 Ω

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑋𝑞 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥

107 121
𝑋𝑞1 = 5.8
= 18. 44 Ω, 𝑋𝑞2 = 5.7
= 21. 22 Ω

(𝑋𝑑1+𝑋𝑑2)
𝑋𝑑 = 2
= 27. 445 Ω

(𝑋𝑞1+𝑋𝑞2)
𝑋𝑞 = 2
= 19. 83 Ω

RESULT: The values of 'Xd' and 'Xq' have been obtained.

PRECAUTIONS:
1.​ The direction of rotation of the synchronous motor and the dc shunt motor should be
same.
2.​ While starting the dc motor, the armature rheostat should be set to maximum.

38
EXPERIMENT 7

AIM: To Study speed control of Induction Motor by V/f control method

THEORY:
The speed of a three-phase induction motor is given by
120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = 𝑃

where 𝑓is the supply frequency and 𝑃is the number of poles. Hence, the speed of the motor
can be controlled by varying the supply frequency.

In V/f (Volts per Hertz) control method, the stator voltage 𝑉is varied in proportion to the
𝑉
supply frequency 𝑓so that the ratio 𝑓
remains constant. This is necessary because the air-gap
𝑉
flux Φin the motor is directly proportional to 𝑓
. If the ratio is kept constant, the flux remains
constant, and the motor operates efficiently without saturation or loss of torque.

At low frequencies, the stator resistance drop becomes significant, so a small voltage boost is
required to maintain constant flux. Above the rated (base) frequency, the voltage cannot be
increased further, so 𝑉is kept constant while 𝑓increases. This leads to a decrease in flux,
known as field weakening, and the motor operates in the constant power region with reduced
torque.

Thus, V/f control provides smooth and efficient speed control of induction motors over a wide
range without affecting performance significantly. It is widely used in variable frequency
drives (VFDs) for industrial applications due to its simplicity, reliability, and energy
efficiency. This method allows precise speed control, reduced starting current, and improved
overall performance of the motor.

Applications:

●​ Industrial Fans and Blowers (HVAC).

●​ Pumps (Centrifugal).

●​ Conveyor Systems.

●​ Compressors.

39
 Constant Torque Region (Below Base Constant Power Region (Above Base
Parameter
Speed) Speed)

Speed Range 0 to Rated Speed (N ≤ N_rated) Above Rated Speed (N > N_rated)

Supply Frequency
Decreased below base frequency Increased above base frequency
(f)

Decreased proportionally with

Stator Voltage (V) Kept constant at maximum rated voltage
frequency

V/f Ratio Constant Decreasing

Air-Gap Flux (Φ) Constant at optimal/rated value Decreasing (Field Weakening)

Maximum Torque
Constant Decreasing (proportional to 1/f²)
(T_max)

Maximum Power
Increases linearly with speed Constant
(P_max)

At very low speeds, stator resistance

Torque drops significantly; high frequency
Primary Limitation (Rs) causes voltage drops, requiring a
may cause stalling or mechanical limits.
slight voltage boost.

Advantages Disadvantages

Wide range of speed control (0 to >100%). Not suitable for high-precision, fast-response
applications.

Maintains constant flux, preventing saturation. At very low speeds, voltage drop across stator resistance
becomes significant (needs boost).

Provides high starting torque. Cannot control torque directly (unlike Field Oriented
Control).

Excellent efficiency. Complex and costly compared to simple methods.

40
RESULT:

The family of torque-speed curves illustrates the operational behavior of an

induction motor under constant Volts-per-Hertz (V/f) speed control. By
simultaneously adjusting the applied stator voltage and the supply frequency to
maintain a constant mathematical ratio, the internal air-gap magnetic flux is
deliberately preserved. Consequently, the synchronous operational speed of the
machine shifts smoothly and linearly across the horizontal axis, extending from
450 RPM at 15 Hz up to a maximum of 1800 RPM at the rated 60 Hz.
Throughout the upper operational frequency range, the motor successfully
maintains a fundamentally consistent maximum pull-out torque. However, at
significantly reduced operational frequencies, such as the 15 Hz and 30 Hz test
cases, a visible reduction in the peak torque capacity becomes apparent. This
specific deviation occurs because the internal stator resistance voltage drop
becomes disproportionately large compared to the heavily reduced terminal
voltage, which inevitably weakens the effective magnetizing flux unless
specialized low-speed voltage boosting is intentionally applied.

41