MODULE 3: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
Definition of Terms:
Chemical Equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a
chemical reaction. Chemical Reaction A process in which a substance (or
substances) is changed into one or more new substances.
Empirical Formula The smallest whole-number ratio of atoms present in a
compound; also called empirical formula.
Excess Reactant The reactants present in quantities greater than
necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent.
Formula Weight
The mass, in atomic mass units, of one formula unit of a substance.
Numerically equal to the mass, in grams, of one mole of the
substance (see Molar mass).
This number is obtained by adding the atomic weights of the
atoms specified in the formula.
Limiting Reactant The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction.
The available amount of it determines the maximum possible reaction
yield.
Molar mass The mass of substance in one mole of the substance;
numerically equal to the formula weight of the substance.
Mole
6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number of) formula units (or molecules,
for a molecular substance) of
the substance under discussion.
The mass of one mole, in grams, is numerically equal to the
formula (molecular) weight of the substance.
Molecular Weight
The mass, in atomic mass units, of onemoleculeof a nonionic
(molecular) substance. Numerically equal to the mass, in grams, of
one mole of such a substance.
This number is obtained by adding the atomic weights of the
atoms specified in the formula.
Molecule The smallest particle of an element or compound that can have
a stable independent existence. Percent Composition The mass
percentage of each element in a compound.
Product is the substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometric Amount Amount that is in the proportions indicated by the
balanced equation.
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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass (sometimes called atomicweight)isthe mass of the
atomin atomic mass units(amu).
One atomic mass unit is definedasamassexactly equal to one-
twelfth themassofonecarbon-12 atom.
Carbon-12 is the carbon isotopethat hassixprotons and six
neutrons. Settingtheatomicmass of carbon-12 at 12
amuprovidesthestandard for measuring the atomic
massoftheother elements.
Atomic masses do not convert easily to grams
They can’t be weighed (they are too small)
Why do we need to use atomic mass?
Masses give information about #of p+, n0,e–
It is useful to know relative mass
It is useful to associate atomic mass with a mass in grams. It has
been found that 1 gH, 12gC,or23gNa have 6.02 x 10^23 atoms
THE MOLE (n)
Avogadro’s Number and the Molar MassofanElement
In chemistry, particles such as atoms, molecules,and ions are
counted by the mole(abbreviated mol in calculations), which
contains 6.022x10^23 items. This value, known as Avogadro’s
number, is a very big number because atoms are so small that it
takes an extremely large number of atoms to provide a sufficient
amount to weigh and use in chemical reactions.
Avogadro’s number is named for Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856),
an Italian physicist.
6.02 x 10^23 is a “mole” or “Avogadro’s number”“mol” is used in
equations, “mole” is used in writing; one gram = 1 g, one mole = 1
mol. 6.022 x 10^23 = 602 200 000 000 000 000 000 000
Using Avogadro’s Number as a Conversion Factor
Example:
How many molecules are present in 1.75 mol of
carbon dioxide?
Moles of Elements in a Chemical Compound
Molar Mass (MM)
To determine the molar mass of a compound, multiply the molar mass of
each element by its subscript in the formula and add the results.
Molar mass is the quantity in grams that equals the atomic mass
of that element. We are counting 6.022 x 10^23 atoms of an
element when we weigh out the number of grams equal to its
molar mass.
For example, carbon has an atomic mass of 12.01 on the periodic table.
This means 1 mol of carbon atoms has a mass of 12.01 g. Then to
obtain 1 mol of carbon atoms, we would need to weigh out 12.01 g of
carbon. Thus, the molar mass of carbon is found by looking at its
atomic mass on the periodic table.
Example Calculate the molar mass for lithium carbonate, Li2CO3, used
to treat bipolar disorder.
Molar mass of Li2CO3 is the sumof the masses of each element:
The molar mass of an element is one of the most useful
conversion factors in chemistry because it converts moles of a
substance to grams,or grams to moles. For example, 1 mol of
silver has a mass of 107.9 g. To express molar mass of Ag as an
equality, we write
1 mol Ag =107.9gAg From this equality for the molar mass, two
conversion factors can be written as:
Conversion between moles and grams:
Example
Silver metal is used in the manufacture of table ware, mirrors, jewelry,
and dental alloys. If the design for a piece of jewelry requires 0.750
mol of silver,how many grams of silver are needed?
Conversion between mass and moles of a compound:
Example
A salt shaker contains 73.7 g of NaCl. How many moles of NaCl are
present?
Solution:
First, determine the Molar Mass of NaCl and form conversion factors.
MM is 58.44 g/mol
Converting between grams of compound and grams of element:
Example:
Hot packs are used to reduce muscle aches, inflammation, and muscle
spasms. A hot pack consists of a bag of water and an inner bag
containing 10.2 g of CaCl2. When the bag is broken, the CaCl2
dissolves in the water and heat is released. How many grams of Cl are
in the CaCl2 in the inner bag?
Solution:
conversion factors for molar mass and mole factors are obtained for
this example:
Mass Percent Composition we can calculate its mass percent
composition or mass percent, which is the mass of an element divided
by the total mass of the compound and multiplied by 100%.
Example
The odor of pears is due to the compound propyl acetate, which has a
formula of C5H10O2. What is the mass percent composition of propyl
acetate?
Solution
Determine the total mass of each element in the molar mass of a
formula.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A chemical change occurs when a substance is converted into one or
more new substances. For example, when silver tarnishes, the shiny
silver metal(Ag) reacts with sulfur (S) to become the dull, black
substance we call tarnish (Ag2S).
WRITING A CHEMICAL EQUATION
Consider what happens when hydrogen gas(H2)burns in air (which
contains oxygen, O2)to form water (H 2 O). This reaction can be
represented by the chemical equation
where the “plus” sign means “reacts with”andthearrow means “to
yield.” Thus, this symbolic expression can be read: “Molecular
hydrogen reacts with molecular oxygen to yield water.” The reaction is
assumed to proceed from left to right as the arrow indicates Generally,
each formula in an equation is followed by an abbreviation, in
parentheses, that gives the physical state of the substance:
solid(s),liquid (l), or gas (g). If a substanceis dissolved in water, it is in
an aqueous (aq) solution. The delta sign(∆) indicates that heat was
used to start the reaction.
Evidence of Chemical Reactions
Visible evidence of chemical reactions include:
o color change
o the formation of a solid (precipitate) in a previously clear
solution
o the formation of a gas when you add a substance to a
solution
o a change in energy (heat, light)
Chemical reactions may occur w/o any obvious signs, yet chemical
analysis may show that a reaction has indeed occurred.
Chemical Equations
Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations.
We often specify the state of each reactant or product in
parentheses next to their formulas:
Abbreviation State
(g) gas
(l) liquid
(s) solid
(aq) aqueous → indicates that a substance is dissolved in
water.
When a substance dissolves in water, the
mixture is called a solution.
Chemical Equations
The reaction occurring in a natural gas flame is methane reacting
with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
CH₄(g) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)
Balancing Equations
Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemical (equation) reaction, matter is neither created nor
destroyed.
If an equation obeys the Law of Conservation, it is balanced.
Types of Chemical Reaction
1. Synthesis
A + B → AB
2. Decomposition
AB → A + B
3. Single Replacement
AB + C → AC + B
4. Double Replacement
AB + CD → AD + BC
5. Combustion