Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Numerical Techniques (MA–201)

Tutorial–6

1. Using Newton forward divided difference formula, compute first derivative for the tabulated
function:

x 1 2 3 4
f (x) 2 5 7 10

2. Given the values of empirical function f (x) for certain value of x:

x 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

f (x) 0.0000 0.1280 0.5440 1.2960 2.4320 4.0000

Find the first and second derivatives of the function f (x) at the point x = 1.1.

3. Use the forward-difference formulas and backward-difference formulas to determine f ′ (x) for the
tabulated function:
x 0.5 0.6 0.7 x 0.0 0.2 0.4
(a) (b)
f (x) 0.4794 0.5646 0.6442 f (x) 0.00000 0.74140 1.3718

The above data were taken from the functions (a) f (x) = sin x and (b) f (x) = ex − 2x2 + 3x − 1,
respectively. Compute the actual errors and find error bounds using the error formulas.

4. Use the most accurate 3-point formula to determine f ′ (x) for the tabulated function:

x 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

(a)
f (x) 9.025013 11.02318 13.46374 16.44465

x 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7

(b)
f (x) 16.94410 17.56492 18.19056 18.82091

The above data were taken from the functions (a) f (x) = e2x and (b) f (x) = x ln x, respectively.
Compute the actual errors and find error bounds using the error formulas.

5. Derive the rectangular rule with the error term

b
(b − a)2 ′
Z
f (x) dx = (b − a)f (a) + f (ξ), ξ ∈ (a, b)
a 2

and hence write the composite rule with error terms.

6. Approximate the following integrals using the (i) Trapezoidal rule, (ii) Simpson’s 1/3 rule, (iii)
Simpson’s 3/8 rule and (iv) Midpoint rule. Also, find a bound for the error using the error
formula, and compare this to the actual error.

1
 Z 1.5 Z 1
(a) 2
x ln xdx (b) x2 e−x dx
1 0
Z π/4 Z π/4
(c) x sin xdx (d) e3x sin 2xdx
0 0

2
e2x
Z
7. Evaluate the integral dx, using composite Trapezoidal rule with 6 functional values
1 1 + x2
i.e. h = 0.2.
Z 1
8. Evaluate the integral x2 e−x dx, using composite Simpson’s 1
3 rule with spacing h = 0.25.
−1

9. Use (i) Composite Trapezoidal rule, (ii) Composite Simpson’s 1/3 rule, and (iii) Composite
Simpson’s 3/8 rule with the indicated values of n to approximate the following integrals.
Z 2 Z π
2
(a) 2
dx, n = 6 (b) x2 cos x dx, n = 6
0 x +4 0

Z 2 Z 5
2x 1
(c) e sin 3x dx, n = 8 (d) √ dx, n = 8
0 3 x2 −4
Z 2
10. Approximate x2 ln(x2 + 1) dx using h = 0.25. Use
0

(a) Composite Trapezoidal rule

(b) Composite Simpson’s rule
(c) Composite Midpoint rule
Z 1
1
11. If we want to approximate the value of π by using 2
dx, then find the minimum number
0 1+x
of subintervals used in composite Trapezoidal rule, which approximate the value of π up to 4
decimal places.
Z 2
1
12. Determine the values of n and h required to approximate dx to within 10−5 and
0 x+4
compute the approximation. Use

(a) Composite Trapezoidal rule

(b) Composite Simpson’s rule
Z 1
13. Using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules, approximate the value of the integral 2xf (x) dx,
0
where f is given by

x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
f (x) 0.667 0.671 0.689 0.711 0.742 0.790 0.841 0.910 0.975 1.052 1.130
Z 1
14. The quadrature formula f (x) dx = c0 f (−1) + c1 f (0) + c2 f (1) is exact for all polynomials of
−1
degree less than or equal to 2. Determine c0 , c1 , and c2 .

15. Find x0 , x1 , A0 , A1 , and α so that the following rule is exact for all polynomials of degree as
high as possible
Z 1
f (x) dx = A0 f (x0 ) + A1 f (x1 ) + αf (4) (ξ), for some ξ ∈ (−1, 1).
−1

2
16. Find x1 , A0 , A1 , α so that the following integration rule is exact for a polynomial of degree as
high as possible
Z 1√  
1
xf (x) dx = A0 f + A1 f (x1 ) + αf ′′′ (ξ), ξ ∈ (0, 1).
0 3

17. Approximate the value of each of the following integrals using two-point Gaussian Legendre rule
(basic formula).
Z 1 Z 1 2
e−x
Z 1
−x 1
(a) e dx (b) 2
dx (c) √ dx
−1 −1 1 + x −1 1 − x2
Z 1
2
18. Obtain the approximate value of I = e−x cos x dx using Gauss-Legendre integration method
−1
for n = 2, 3.

19. Determine the minimum number of subintervals needed to approximate the integral
Z π/4  
2 3
3x − sin(2x) dx
0 2

by composite trapezoidal rule such that the error committed is guaranteed not to exceed ±0.005.

20. Find the degree of precision for Simpson’s 1/3 rule.

21. For the method

−3f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) − f (x2 ) h2 ′′′

f ′ (x0 ) = + f (ξ), x0 < ξ < x2
2h 3

determine the optimal value of h, using the criteria

(a) |RE|=|TE|
(b) |RE| + |TE|=minimum.

Here RE and TE denote the round-off error and truncation error respectively.