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03 Computer Networks

The document provides study notes on computer networks, detailing the OSI model with its seven layers and associated protocols. It compares TCP and UDP, highlighting their characteristics and use cases, and explains IP addressing, subnetting, and routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Additionally, it lists various application layer protocols and their corresponding ports.

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youssefsaad2002
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6 views1 page

03 Computer Networks

The document provides study notes on computer networks, detailing the OSI model with its seven layers and associated protocols. It compares TCP and UDP, highlighting their characteristics and use cases, and explains IP addressing, subnetting, and routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Additionally, it lists various application layer protocols and their corresponding ports.

Uploaded by

youssefsaad2002
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Computer Networks – Study Notes

Subject: Networking

1. OSI Model

Layer Name Protocol/Example

7 Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS

6 Presentation SSL/TLS, JPEG, ASCII

5 Session NetBIOS, RPC

4 Transport TCP, UDP

3 Network IP, ICMP, OSPF

2 Data Link Ethernet, PPP, MAC

1 Physical Cables, Hubs, Bits

2. TCP vs UDP
TCP: Connection-oriented, reliable, ordered, flow/congestion control. Uses 3-way handshake (SYN,
SYN-ACK, ACK). Used for HTTP, FTP, email.

UDP: Connectionless, unreliable, no ordering. Faster, lower overhead. Used for DNS, VoIP, video
streaming, gaming.

3. IP Addressing & Subnetting


IPv4: 32-bit address. Classes: A ([Link]-[Link]), B (128-191.x.x.x), C (192-223.x.x.x).

CIDR: /n notation where n = number of network bits. Subnet mask: /24 = [Link] = 256 hosts
(254 usable).

Subnetting formula: Hosts per subnet = 2h - 2 where h = host bits. Subnets = 2s where s = stolen bits.

4. Routing Protocols
RIP: Distance vector, max 15 hops, uses Bellman-Ford, updates every 30s.

OSPF: Link state, uses Dijkstra, faster convergence, no hop limit, uses areas.

BGP: Path vector, used between autonomous systems (Internet backbone).

5. Application Layer Protocols


HTTP (port 80), HTTPS (443), FTP (21), SSH (22), DNS (53), DHCP (67/68), SMTP (25), POP3 (110),
IMAP (143).

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