THE

ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Understanding the Body’s Hormone
Control System
Presented by: GROUP 5
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is the body’s hormone control center.

It uses glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
These hormones help regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction,
and homeostasis.
It works closely with the nervous system to maintain the body’s
balance.
 -A system of glands that produce
hormones to regulate body activities.

I E W
E R V Functions:
OV F THE E • Maintains homeostasis
O C RIN • Controls metabolism
N D O M
E YST E • Regulates growth and development
S • Supports reproduction
• Controls response to stress
 • Regulation of blood sugar
IO N S
U N C T • Water and electrolyte balance
F T HE • Mood and emotional regulation
F
O RINE • Tissue development
N D O C
E S T EM • Sleep patterns
SY • Body temperature control
 Endocrine System Function:
C RIN E • Uses hormones → long-term
DO
EN VS control (growth, metabolism)

V O US
E R
N TEM
SY S

Nervous System Function:

→
• Uses nerve impulses quick
response (movement, reflexes)
 • Chemical messengers

ONES
HORM

Functions:
• Communicate between glands and organs
• Regulate organ activity
• Maintain internal stability
 TYPES OF
HORMONES
Steroid Hormones:
• Regulate metabolism,
inflammation, reproduction.
Peptide Hormones:
• Control growth and glucose levels
Amino Acid–Based Hormones:
• Control heart rate and metabolism
 MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Content:
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Thymus gland
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Gonads (ovaries/testes)
 MUS
HALA
POT
HY

Functions:
• Controls hunger, thirst, temperature
• Maintains homeostasis
• Sends signals to pituitary gland
• Controls sleep-wake cycle
 MU S
HA LA
YPO T NE S
H R MO
HO
TRH – stimulates thyroid
CRH – triggers cortisol
GnRH – controls reproductive hormones
GHRH – stimulates growth
Somatostatin – stops GH and TSH
Dopamine – stops prolactin
 T AR Y
ITU I
P AN D
GL

Functions:
• Coordinate actions of other glands
• Regulate growth, blood pressure, reproduction
 RIOR
T E
AN ITARY
I TU
P MON ES
HO R
GH – growth of bones/muscles
TSH – activates thyroid
ACTH – stimulates cortisol
FSH – egg/sperm production
LH – triggers ovulation/testosterone
Prolactin – milk production
 IO R
TER Y
S
PO UITA S R
IT
P MO NE
H OR ADH:
• Water balance; reduces urine output
Oxytocin:
• Labor contractions
• Milk let-down
• Bonding and affection
 ND
GLA
OID
HYR
T
Functions:
• Controls metabolism
• Regulates heart rate
• Influences body temperature
• Supports brain development
 THYROID
HORMONES
T3 & T4:
• Increase metabolism
• Control oxygen use
• Boost energy production
Calcitonin:
• Lowers calcium levels
 ROID
A THY
R
PA LAND
G
Functions:
• Regulate calcium and phosphorus
• Maintain healthy bones
• Support nerve and muscle activity
 H
PT ROID
T HY
AR A E)
(P ON
R M
HO
PTH:
• Raises blood calcium
• Releases calcium from bones
• Absorbs calcium in intestines
• Reduces calcium loss in urine
 M US
Y
TH ND
GL A

Located behind the sternum (middle of the chest).

Active mainly during childhood.
Part of both the endocrine and immune systems.
Produces hormones important for immunity.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE
THYMUS
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
Matures T-lymphocytes (T-cells) — essential for immune defense.
Produces thymosin, a hormone that supports T-cell development.
Protects the body from infections by building early immune
responses.
Shrinks after puberty (process called involution).
 E NA L
AD R
L AN D
G
Functions:
• Regulate stress response
• Control blood pressure
• Manage metabolism
• Produce sex hormones
Cortisol:
• Stress response
• Increases blood sugar
• Reduces inflammation

RT EX
Aldosterone:
L CO
• Sodium and potassium regulation
RE NA E S
AD M O N
• Controls blood pressure
HO R
Androgens:
• Secondary sex traits
 Epinephrine (Adrenaline):
• Increases heart rate
ENA L • Improves muscle strength
DR
A ULLA • Fight-or-flight response
M ED ES
M ON
HO R

Norepinephrine:
• Increases blood pressure
• Sharpens alertness
 Insulin:

A TI C • Lowers blood sugar

NC RE S
• Stores glucose in cells
PA ON E
HO RM

Glucagon:
• Raises blood sugar
• Releases stored glucose
 REAS
PANC

Functions:
• Regulates blood sugar
• Produces digestive enzymes
• Maintains energy balance
 N EAL
PI ND
GLA Functions:
• Produces melatonin
• Controls sleep cycle
• Detects light and darkness
 N ADS
O
G ES AN D
VA RI )
(O ESTE S
T
Functions:
• Produce reproductive hormones
• Control puberty
• Support fertility
 Estrogen:
• Female traits
RIE S • Menstrual cycle regulation
VA
O +
TIO N
FU NC

Progesterone:
• Prepares uterus for pregnancy
 ST ES
TE
+ N
C T IO
FUN

Testosterone:
• Male traits
• Muscle and bone growth
• Sperm production
 Functions affected:
• Growth
RIN E
N D OC S
• Reproduction E RD ER
• Metabolism IS O
D RVIEW
• Stress response O VE
 Type 1: no insulin
Type 2: insulin resistance
T ES
A BE
DI US
LIT
M EL
Function affected:
• Blood sugar regulation
 Hyperthyroidism:
• Too much metabolism
RO ID
T HY RS
OR DE
DIS

Hypothyroidism:
• Too slow metabolism
 EN AL Cushing’s Syndrome:
A DR RS
OR DE • Too much cortisol
DIS • High blood pressure, weight gain

Addison’s Disease:
• Low cortisol
• Weakness, low BP
 Main Functions of the Endocrine
System:

• Controls growth
• Regulates metabolism
CONCLUSION • Balances hormones
• Supports reproduction
• Responds to stress
• Maintains homeostasis
THANK YOU