FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
TOPIC: Trigonometric functions
The basic trigonometric ratios can be defined in two ways:
(i)traditional definition;
(ii) modern definition.
Traditional Definition
The basic trigonometric ratios can be defined in terms of the sides of a right – angled
triangle.
Q
r p
P ѳ
q R
Fig. 14.3
∆PQR in Fig 14.3 in a right angled triangle with QPR = ѳ and PRQ = 90◦. We define the
three basic rations as follows:
PR q
Cosine of angle ѳ = =
PQ r
QR p
Sine of angle ѳ = =
PQ r
QR p
Tangent of ѳ = =
PR q
The cosine of angle ѳ, sine of angle ѳ and the tangent of angle ѳ will be abbreviated
cosѳ, sinѳ and tanѳ respectively.
Thus:
q
Cosѳ =
r
p
Sinѳ =
r
p
Tanѳ –
q
Also:
Sinθ p /r p
= = =tanθ
cos q/r q
sinθ
tanѳ =
cosθ
Ratios of the General Angle
First Quadrant
P1
ѳ 1
Y
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Q x
FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
Fig 14.7
In Fig. 14.7 ∆OP1N1 is a right – angled triangle constructed from a unit circle.
OP1 =1
P1N1 = y
ON1 =x
P1ON1=ѳ1
Sinѳ1 = y
Cos̴ѳ1 = x
y
Tanѳ1 =
x
Second Quadrant
P2
1
y
Ѳ2 (a)
N2-x
P2 P1
Ѳ1 ѳ2 ѳ1
x
(b)
Fig. 14.8
From Fig. 14.8(a)
Sinѳ2 = y
Cosѳ2 = -x
y
Tanѳ2 =
−x
−y
=
x
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
From Fig. 14.8(b)
Ѳ1 + ѳ2 = 180◦
Ѳ2 = 180◦ - ѳ1
: Sinѳ2 = sin(180◦ - ѳ1) = y = sinѳ1
: Sin(180◦ - ѳ) = sinѳ
: Cosѳ2 = cos(180◦ - ѳ1) = -x = -cosѳ1
:Cos(180◦ - ѳ) = -cosѳ
Similarly,
y
Tanѳ2 = tan (180◦ - ѳ1) = =−tanθ 1
x
: tan (180◦ - ѳ) = -tanѳ
Hence in the second quadrant:
Sin(180◦ - ѳ) = sinѳ
Cos(180◦ - ѳ) = -cosѳ
Tan(180◦ - ѳ) = -tanѳ
Third Quadrant
N1– x ѳ3 (a)
-y Q
P3 1
y
P1
(b) ѳ1
Ѳ1
Ѳ1
P3
Fig. 14.9
Sinѳ3 = -y
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
Cosѳ3 = -x
−y y
Tanѳ3 = sinѲ3 = =
−x x
cosѲ3
From Fig. 14.9(b)
Ѳ1 = 180◦ + Ѳ1
SInѳ3 = sin(180◦ + Ѳ) = -y = -sinѲ1
:sin(180◦ + Ѳ) = -sinѲ
Cosѳ3 = cos(180◦ + Ѳ) = -x = -cosѲ1
: cos(180◦ + Ѳ) = -sinѲ
Similarly,
−y
Tanѳ3 = tan (180◦ + Ѳ1)= = tanѳ1
−x
: tan(180◦ + ѳ) = tanѳ
Hence in the third quadrant:
Sin(180◦ + ѳ) = -sinѳ
Cos(180◦ + ѳ) = -cosѳ
Tan(180◦ + ѳ) = tanѳ
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
Fourth Quadrant
(a)
-y
Ѳ1 1
P4
(b) P1
Ѳ1
Ѳ1 x
Ѳ1
P2
Fig. 14.10
Sinѳ4 = y
Cosѳ4 = x
−y
Tanѳ4 =
x
From Fig, 14.10(b)
Ѳ4 + Ѳ1= 360◦
Ѳ4 = 360◦ - ѳ
SInѳ1 = sin(360◦ + Ѳ) = -y = -sinѲ1
: sin(360◦ + Ѳ) = -sinѲ
Cosѳ1 = cos(360◦ + Ѳ) = -x = -cosѲ1
: cos(360◦ + Ѳ) = -sinѲ
−y
Tanѳ4 = tan (360◦ + Ѳ)= = -tanѳ
−x
: tan(360◦ + ѳ) = -tanѳ
Hence in the third quadrant:
Sin(360◦ + ѳ) = -sinѳ
Cos(360◦ + ѳ) = cosѳ
Tan(360◦ + ѳ) = -tanѳ
(a) In the first quadrant, all the ratios are positive.
(b) In the second quadrant, only sin ratio is positive, while the rest are negative.
(c) In the third quadrant, only tangent ratio is positive, while the rest are negative.
(d) In the fourth quadrant, only cosine ratio is positive, while the rest are negative.
These observations can be summarized in the figure below:
y y
SINL ALL S A
T C
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
(a) (b)
Negative Angles
y
360◦ - 0
x x
Q
P
Ps Ѳ
(a) (b)
-y
Fig. 14.12
Since negative angles are measured in the clockwise sense, the direction of OP when
rotated through –ѳ is the same as where it is rotated through 360◦ - ѳ.
Hence in the forth quadrant:
Sin(-ѳ) sin sin(360◦ - ѳ) = -sinѳ
Cos(-ѳ) cos(360◦ - ѳ) = -cosѳ
Tan(-ѳ) tan(360◦ - ѳ) = -tanѳ
Use tables to evaluate each of the following:
(a) sin 143◦ (b) cos 115◦
(c) tan 125◦
Solution
(a) 143◦ is in the second quadrant, so
Sin143◦ = sin(180◦ - 143◦)
= sin37◦
= 0.6018
(b) 115◦ is in the second quadrant, so
Cos115◦ = -cos(180◦ - 115◦)
= -cos65◦
= -0.4226
(c) 125◦ is in the second quadrant, so
Tan125◦ = -tan(180◦ - 125◦)
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
= -tan55◦
= -1.428
Use tables to evaluate each of the following
(a) sin230◦ (b) cos236◦
(c)tan 242◦
Solution
220◦, 236◦ and 242◦ are all in the third quadrant, hence;
(a) sin220◦ = sin(180◦ + 40◦)
= -sin40◦
= -0.6428
(b) cos236◦ = cos(180◦ + 56◦)
= -cos56◦
= -0.5992
(c) tan242◦ = tan(180◦ + 62◦)
= tan62◦
= 1.881
Use tables to evaluate each of the following:
(a) sin310◦ (b) cos285◦
(c) 334◦
Solution
310◦, 285◦ and 334◦ are all in the fourth quadrant, hence;
(a) sin310◦ = sin(360◦ - 50◦)
= -sin50◦
= -0.7660
(b) cos285◦ = cos(360◦ - 75◦)
= cos75◦
= 0.2588
(c) tan334◦ = tan(360◦ - 26◦)
= -tan26◦
= -0.4877
Use tables to evaluate each of the following
(a) cos(-30◦) (b) sin(-60◦)
(c) tan(-120◦)
Solution
(a) cos(-30◦) = cos330◦
= cos30◦
= 0.8660
(b) sin(-60◦) = sin300◦
= -sin60◦
= -8660
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
(c) tan(-120◦) = tan240◦
= tan60◦
= 1.732
Use the table to find the value of ѳ between ѳ◦ and 360◦ which satisfy each of the
following:
(a) cosѳ = -0.4540
(b) tanѳ = 1.176
(c) sinѳ = -0.9336
Solution
(a) The cosine ratio is negative in the second and third quadrants. First find the acute
angle whose cosine is 0.4540
From the tables cos 63◦ = 0.4540
: In the second quadrant
Ѳ = 180◦ - 63◦
= 117◦
In the third quadrant,
Ѳ = 180◦ + 63◦
= 243◦
(b) The tangent ratio is positive in the first and third quadrants.
First find the acute angle whose tangent is 1.176.
From the tables.
Tan49.62◦= 1.176◦
In the first quadrant.
Ѳ = 49.62◦
In the third quadrant.
Ѳ = 180◦+ 49.62◦
= 229.62◦
(c) The sine ratio is negative in the third and fourth quadrant.
First find the acute angles whose sine ratio is 0.9336.
From tables.
Sin69◦ = 0.9336
In the third quadrant
Ѳ = 180◦ + 69◦
= 249◦
In the fourth quadrant.
Ѳ = 360◦ - 69◦
= 291◦
Evaluation
1. In what quadrant are the followings ; tan ( -540) , cos (- 1080)
General Evaluation
(1) Prove that (1 –sinѳ) (1 + sinѳ) = cot2ѳ
sin2ѳ
(2) Show that (secѳ – tanѳ) (secѳ + tanѳ) = 1
(3) Find the values of sin (-210) in surd form
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
Reading Assignment
F/Maths Project 1 pages 225 – 247 Exercise 14 Q1, 3, 5, 7 and 8
Weekend Assignment
4
Given that sinѳ = ∧θis ¿´
5
5 3 4 4
(1)Find cosѳ (a) ( b ) ( c ) ( d )
3 5 3 5
4 3 5 3
(2) Find tanѳ (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 5 4 4
4 3 5 3
(3) Find cosecѳ (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 5 4 4
5 5 3 5
(4) Find secѳ (a) ( b ) ( c ) ( d )
3 4 4 2
3 4 5 5
(5) Find cotѳ (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 5 4 3
THEORY
1) Prove that 1/1+cosx + 1/1-cosx = 2 cosec 2 x
2) Given that sin x = 5/13 and x is acute find cosec x
, cot x and sec x
WEEK 9
TOPIC: Graphs of Trigonometric Function
The graph of the followings will be considered
(a) y = sinѳ, 0◦ ≤ ѳ ≤ 360◦
(b) y = cosѳ, 0◦ ≤ ѳ ≤ 360◦
(c) y = tanѳ, 0◦ ≤ ѳ ≤ 360◦
The graph of y = sinѳ, ѳ◦ ≤ ѳ ≤ 360◦
On the graph sheet, draw a long horizontal axis in the middle. Mark a point 0’, 3cm to
the left of the origin 0. With centre 0’ draw a circle of radius 2cm. Draw a vertical axis
through 0. Call the horizontal axis ѳ – axis and the vertical axis y – axis.
On the ѳ – axis choose a scale of 2cm to 1 unit. Using your protractor, mark the angles:
0◦, 30◦, 60◦, 90◦, 120◦, 150◦ … 330◦ as shown in
Draw a horizontal line through 30◦ on the circle. Draw a vertical line through 30◦ on the
circle. Draw a vertical line through 30◦ on the ѳ – axis to meet the horizontal line. Mark
the point of intersection of these two lines with a small neat cross. Repeat the above
procedure for the angles 60◦, 90◦, 120◦, … 330◦. You will obtain a series of points. Join
the points by a smooth curve. The curve you obtain is the graph of y = sinѳ.
Essential features of the graph of y = sinѳ:
(a) The graph of y = sinѳ forms a wave – like pattern. It is said to oscillate.
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
(b) The maximum value of y = sinѳ is 1 and it occurs when ѳ = 90◦.
(c) The minimum value of y = sinѳ is -1 it occurs when ѳ = 270◦.
(d) The graph repeats itself at intervals of 360◦. The sine function is an example of a
periodic function because it repeats itself at intervals of 360◦. The function is said to
have a periodicity of 360◦.
(e) The length AE on the graph is called the amplitude of the function.
The Graph of y = cosѳ, ѳ◦ ≤ ѳ ≤ 360◦
The graph of y = cosѳ can be drawn in a manner similar to that of y = sinѳ except that
the angles are measured from OR in the clockwise sense as shown in Fig. 14.17. This is
so because cosѳ = sin(90◦ - ѳ).
Essential features of the graph of y = cosѳ:
(a) All the essential features that hold for the graph of y = sinѳ also hold for the graph
of y = cosѳ.
(b) In addition, the cosine curve lags behind the sine curve by a difference of 90◦. The
difference is usually called a Phase difference. In other words, the cosine curve lags
behind the sine curve by a phase difference of 90◦.
(c) Both the sine curve and the cosine curve demonstrate some physical phenomena
like tidal waves, sound waves alternating currents, e.t.c.
The Graph of y = tanѳ, ѳ◦ ≤ 360◦
The graph of y = tanѳ is easier to draw using a table of values than using projections
from a unit circle. Make a table of values of y = tanѳ from 0◦ to 360◦ as shown in Table
14.2
Essential features of the tangent curve:
(a) The curve consists of three parts between 0◦ and 360◦.
(b) Since the tangent function is not defined at 90◦ and 270◦, the function is said to be
discontinuous at these points.(c) The curve rises and falls rapidly at anglesvery close
to 90◦ and 270◦ respectively. The curve approaches the vertical lines at 90◦ and 270◦
but never touches them. These vertical lines at 90◦ and 270◦ ate called Asymptotes.
The asymptotes are shown by dotted lines.
(d) The tangent function is also a periodic function. It has a periodicity of 180◦.
0 0 30 60 75 10 12 15 18 21 24 25 28 31 33 30 36
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 5◦ 0◦ 0◦ 0◦ 0◦ 0◦ 5◦ 5◦ 5◦ 0◦ 0◦ 0◦
y 0 0. 1. 3. - - - 0 0.5 1.7 3.7 - -1 0.5 - 0
= 58 73 73 3.7 1.7 0.5 8 3 3 3.7 8 1.7
ta 3 3 8 3 3
nѳ
Take a scale of 1cm to represent 30◦ on the ѳ- axis and 1cm to represent 1 unit on the
y – axis.
Example
Using the same axis, a scale of 1cm to represent 30◦ on the ѳ axis and 2cm to
represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graphs of the following relations.
(a) y = sinѳ
(b) y = 2sinѳ
(c)y = ½ sinѳ in the interval 0◦ ≤ ѳ ≤ 360◦.
Solution
(Refer to table 14.3 and Fig. 14.19)
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
We observe that the curves:
y = sinѳ
y = 2sinѳ
y = ½ sinѳ
have the same periodicity (360◦), but differ in amplitudes.
The amplitude of y = sinѳ is 1.
The amplitude of y = 2sinѳ is 2.
The amplitude of y = ½ sinѳis ½.
In general, the curve y = Asinѳ has amplitude /A/ abd a periodicity of 360◦. This
property of the same curve is also a characteristic of the cosine curve.
Evaluation
1. Prove that sec2ѳ + cosec2ѳ = (tanѳ + cotѳ) 2.
General Evaluation
(1) Draw the graph of y = 2cosx – 1 in the range 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ at intervals of 30◦.
(2) Draw the graph of y = 3sin x – 1 in the range of 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ at intervals of 30◦
(3) Sketch the graph of:
(i) y = sin2x (ii) y = cosx
(iii) y = sec x (iv) cosec x
all at intervals of 30◦ range 0≤ x ≤ 360.
Weekend Assignment
Given that 4cos x + 3sin x = 5, find the value of
4 5 3 4
(1) Sin x (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
4 5 3 4
(2) Cos x (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
4 5 3 4
(3) Tan ѳ (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
4 5 3 4
(4) Cot ѳ (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
2 7 7 7
(5) Sin x + cos x ( a ) ( b ) ( c) ( d )
4 5 20 12
Theory
π π
(1) Draw the graph of inverse trig function for sin x – ≤x ≤
2 2
(2) Find the inverse of the following and their domains
(a) y = sin x (b) y = cos x (c) y = tan x
(d) y = cosec x (e) y = sec x (e) y = cot x
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
WEEK 10
TOPIC: Trigonometric Identities and graphs of inverse trigonometric ratios
Pythagoras Theorem
1
Ѳ
y
x
0 x
N
Fig. 10 a
Fig 10a shows a unit circle ∆OPN is a right – angled triangle with OP = 1, ON = x and PN
= y, PON – ѳ. Find the definition of trigonometric ratios.
x = cosѳ …(1)
y = sinѳ …(2)
From (1) x2 = cos2ѳ …(3)
From (2) y2 = sin2ѳ …(4)
Adding (3) and (4)
x2 + y2 = cosѳ2 + sinѳ2 …(5)
Since ∆OPN is a right – angled triangle
ON2 + NP2 = OP2
x2 + y2 = 1 …(6)
Equating (5) and (6)
cos2ѳ+ sin2ѳ = 1 …(7)
Dividing both sides of (7) by cos2ѳ
cos2ѳ + sin2ѳ = 1
cos ѳ cos ѳ cos ѳ
2 2 2
: 1 + tan2ѳ = sec2ѳ
Dividing (7) through by sin2ѳ
Cos2ѳ + 1 = cosec2ѳ
: 1 + cot2ѳ = cosec2ѳ
Example
Show that (3 – sin2ѳ) cosec2ѳ = 2cosec2ѳ + cot2ѳ
Solution
LHS = 3cose2ѳ – sin2ѳ cosec2ѳ
= 3cosec2ѳ – sin2ѳ
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
Sin2ѳ
= 3cosec ѳ
2
–1
= 3cosec2ѳ – (cosec2ѳ- cot2ѳ)
= 3cosec2ѳ – cosec2ѳ + cot2ѳ
= 2cosec2ѳ + cot2ѳ
= RHS
Example
1 1
Prove that + =¿ 2cosec2ѳ
1+ cosѳ 1−cosѳ
Solution
( 1−cosθ ) +(1+ cosθ)
LHS =
( 1+ cosθ ) (1−cosθ)
= 2
1 – cos2ѳ
LHS = 2
sins2ѳ
= 2cosec2ѳ
= RHs
Example
1+cosѳ 1−cosѳ
Show that + = 4cot2ѳ + 2
1−cosѳ 1+cosѳ
Solution
LHS
1+cosѳ 1−cosѳ
¿ +
1−cosѳ 1+cosѳ
= (1 + cosѳ)2 + (1 – cosѳ)2
(1 – cosѳ)(1 + cosѳ)
= 1 + 2cosѳ + cos2ѳ + 1 – 2cosѳ + cos2ѳ
1 – cos2ѳ
= 2cos2ѳ + 2
Sin2ѳ
= 2(cos2ѳ + 1)
Sin2ѳ
= 2(cot2ѳ + cosec2ѳ)
= 2(cot2ѳ + 1 + cot2ѳ)
= 2(2cot2ѳ + 1)
= 4cot2ѳ + 2
= RHS
Example
If asinѳ + bcosѳ = p
andacosѳ – bsinѳ = q
show that a2 + b2 = p2 + q2
Solution
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
asinѳ + bcosѳ = p …(1)
acosѳ – bsinѳ = q …(2)
Squaring both sides of (1)
(asinѳ + bcos)2 = p2
: a sin ѳ + 2absinѳ cosѳ + b2cos2ѳ = p2
2 2
…(3)
Squaring both sides of (2)
(acosѳ – bsinѳ)2 = q2
a2cos2ѳ – 2absinѳ cosѳ + b2cos2ѳ = q2 …(4)
Adding (3) and (4)
a2sin2ѳ + 2absinѳ cosѳ + b2cos2ѳ + a2cosѳ – 2absinѳ cosѳ + b2sin2ѳ = p2q2
: a2sin2ѳ + a2cos2ѳ + b2cos2ѳ + b2sin2ѳ = p2 + q2
a2(sin2ѳ + cos2ѳ) + b2(cos2ѳ + sin2ѳ) = p2 + q2
But sin2ѳ + cos2ѳ = 1
: a2 + b 2 = p 2 + q 2
Trigonometric Equations
A trigonometric equation is an equation containing trigonometric ratios.
Since trigonometric functions are periodic functions, there are infinite numbers of
solutions for trigonometric equations. It is therefore the tradition to find some solutions
within a given range.
If asinѳ + = 0(a ≠ 0)
then, asinѳ = -b
−b
sinθ=
a
[ ]
Ѳ = sin 1
−b
a
[ ]
Sin1
−b
a
means the angles whose sine ratio is
−b
a
It is called sine inverse of
[ ]
−b
a
it is also denoted as sin
[ ]
−b
a
thus:
−b
Sinѳ =
a
Ѳ = sin-1
[ ]
−b
a
= arc sin
[ ]
−b
a
Similarly, if acosѳ + b = 0, (a ≠ 0)
−b
then cosѳ =
a
ѳ = cos-1
[ ]−b
a
Evaluation
Sketch the graph of:
(i) y = sin2x (ii) y = cos x
(iii) y = sec x (iv) cosec x
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FIRST TERM Further Mathematics E-LEARNING NOTE
all at intervals of 30◦ range 0≤ x ≤ 360.
General Evaluation
(1) Draw the graph of y = 2cosx – 1 in the range 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ at intervals of 30◦.
(2) Draw the graph of y = 3sin x – 1 in the range of 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ at intervals of 30◦
(3) Prove that sec2ѳ + cosec2ѳ = (tanѳ + cotѳ) 2.
Weekend Assignment
Given that 4cos x + 3sin x = 5, find the value of
4 5 3 4
(1) Sin x (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
4 5 3 4
(2) Cos x (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
4 5 3 4
(3) Tan ѳ (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
4 5 3 4
(4) Cot ѳ (a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
5 3 5 3
2 7 7 7
(5) Sin x + cos x ( a ) ( b ) ( c) ( d )
4 5 20 12
Theory
π π
(1) Draw the graph of inverse trig function for sin x – ≤x ≤
2 2
(2) Find the inverse of the following and their domains
(a) y = sin x (b) y = cos x (c) y = tan x
(d) y = cosec x (e) y = sec x (e) y = cot x
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